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Durante 2019 Chile fue protagonista de masivas manifestaciones ciudadanas motivadas por desigualdades históricas. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la percepción de adultos emergentes y adultos chilenos sobre la protesta social y su relación con salud mental y bienestar social. 771 personas respondieron una encuesta en línea sobre las variables de estudio. Los resultados indican que los adultos sobre 30 años presentan mayor interés en la política y ambos grupos manifiestan un rechazo transversal al uso de violencia en protestas ciudadanas. Además, los adultos emergentes lideraron en anomia y afecto negativo, mientras que los adultos presentan mayor bienestar social y satisfacción con la vida. La protesta social chilena ha tenido consecuencias políticas y socioemocionales, las cuales permanecen hasta la actualidad.

RESUMEN Es cada vez más frecuente la exposición de los adultos emergentes a prácticas socioculturales que afectan su salud mental, cumpliendo un papel importante en la manifestación de la obsesión por la delgadez y la musculatura. Por ello, el propósito del estudio fue comparar la obsesión por la delgadez y la musculatura entre mujeres adultas emergentes universitarias de Chile y España respecto a factores socio-culturales, satisfacción corporal y variables psicológicas vinculadas a la imagen corporal. De esta forma, la presente investigación se realizó desde un enfoque cuantitativo, con un diseño no experimental transversal, de alcance correlacional, con una muestra compuesta por 230 participantes (n chilenas= 155; n españolas= 75). Los resultados evidenciaron una diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos en la obsesión por la musculatura, siendo mayor en España. El modelo predictivo de obsesión por la delgadez estuvo compuesto por las variables de perfeccionismo, satisfacción corporal en forma negativa, presión social de la familia, de los medios de comunicación y nacionalidad española, explicando así el 45% de la varianza, mientras que el modelo explicativo para obsesión por la musculatura permite predecir un 16% de su varianza a partir de la nacionalidad española, la obsesión por la delgadez, la presión social de la familia y la actividad física regular. Finalmente, se plantea la necesidad de fomentar indagaciones futuras y profundizar más en las temáticas que permitan prevenir en las jóvenes mujeres con mayor riesgo de padecer alguna de estas problemáticas.

Resumen Introducción: este artículo tiene por objetivo estimar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Reacciones ante Experiencias de Trato Desigual en Salud de Baeza-Rivera (2015) y establecer si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre quienes se atienden en el sistema privado y público y la pertenencia o no a la etnia mapuche. Materiales y métodos: participaron 337 personas cuyo promedio de edad fue de 31 años, en su mayoría mujeres. El 57 % reportó ser usuario del sistema público de salud y el 32 % declaró su pertenencia a la etnia mapuche. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio, análisis de confiabilidad y Anova factorial. Resultados: los hallazgos dan cuenta de un instrumento con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, que puede usarse en población con características similares a la muestra empleada. Además, se observa que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función del sistema de salud en que se atiende la persona y la pertenencia a la etnia mapuche. Conclusiones: el instrumento tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas que presenta dos factores relacionados, que sirve para ser utilizado en contextos de salud, lo que permite comprender los procesos de salud-enfermedad. Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to estimate the psychometric properties of the Scale of Reactions to Experiences of Unequal Treatment in Health, from Baeza-Rivera (2015), and to determine any statistically significant differences between those using the private and public healthcare systems and those belonging to the Mapuche ethnic group. Materials and Methods: The Scale of Reactions to Experiences of Unequal Treatment in Health was used in 337 participants (mostly women) with a mean age of 31 years. Of these, 57% reportedly used the public healthcare system and 32% belonged to the Mapuche ethnic group. Subsequently, exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha and factorial analysis of variance were conducted. Results: The findings demonstrated that this scale has ideal psychometric properties, such as reliability and factorial validity, and it can be used in a population with characteristics similar to those of the sample population used in this study. Additionally, statistically significant differences were observed between those using the healthcare systems and those belonging to the Mapuche ethnic group. Conclusions: This scale shows adequate psychometric properties, such as the two related factors reliability and factorial validity, and can be used in health-related contexts, thus allowing for an understanding of health-disease processes. Resumo Introdução: este artigo tem por objetivo estimar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Reações ante Experiências de Trato Desigual em Saúde, de Baeza-Rivera (2015), e estabelecer se existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre quem se atendem no sistema privado e público e a pertença ou não à etnia mapuche. Materiais e métodos: participaram 337 pessoas cuja média de idade foi de 31 anos, em sua maioria mulheres, 57% reportou ser usuário do sistema público de saúde e 32% declarou pertencer à etnia mapuche. Se realizou análise fatorial exploratório, análise de confiabilidade e a Anova fatorial. Resultados: se conta com um instrumento com adequadas propriedades psicométricas, que pode ser utilizado em população com características similares à amostra utilizada. Adicionalmente, se observa que existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas em função do sistema de saúde em que se atende a pessoa e a pertença ou não a etnia mapuche. Conclusões: o instrumento tem adequadas propriedades psicométricas, apresenta dois fatores relacionados, e serve para ser utilizado em contextos de saúde, permitindo compreender os processos de saúde-doença.

Both distortion and dissatisfaction with body image are crucial in the development of eating disorders. This study analyzes body dissatisfaction (BD) of young adults based on sex and nutritional status, as well as their relation to the construction of the self and others. A total of 73 university students (53% women) aged 18-28 ( M = 21.96, SD = 2.04) answered a BD assessment that includes Anatomical Models Sheets, and the construction of the self and the others with the Grid Technique; In addition, the body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported weight and height. Men reported more body distortion vs. women ( p = .04), as well as participants with normal weight vs. overweight-obesity ( p = .01); conversely, BD was more common in the group with overweight-obesity ( p = .03). In women, perceived BMI correlated positively with social isolation, while self-definition "as obese" was associated with BMI and with lower self-esteem; in men, self-definition only correlated with social isolation. Although men had higher body distortion, in women, BD was related to more aspects of their identity. Resumen Tanto la distorsion como la insatisfaccion con la imagen corporal (IC) son cruciales en el desarrollo de los trastornos alimentarios. Este estudio analiza la IC de jovenes adultos en funcion del sexo y el estatus nutricional, asi como su relacion con la construccion del si mismo y de los otros. Participaron 73 estudiantes universitarios (53% mujeres) de 18-28 anos de edad ( M = 21.96, DE = 2.04). La IC fue evaluada con Laminas de Modelos Anatomicos, y la construccion del si mismo y de los otros con la Tecnica de la Rejilla; ademas, el indice de masa corporal (IMC) fue calculado a partir del peso y la talla autoreportados. La distorsion corporal (DC) estuvo mas presente en hombres vs. mujeres ( p = .04), asi como en los participantes normopeso vs . sobrepeso-obesidad ( p = .01); contrariamente, la insatisfaccion corporal fue mas comun en estos ultimos ( p = .03). En las mujeres, el IMC percibido correlaciono positivamente con aislamiento social, mientras que autodefinirse “como obesas” se asocio tanto con este como con menor autoestima; no asi en los hombres, en quienes dicha autodefinicion solo correlaciono con aislamiento social. Aunque los hombres presentaron mayor DC, en las mujeres la IC se relaciono con mas aspectos de su identidad.

Romantic love promotes and lays the foundation for the development of hegemonic affective sex relationships, guiding the normative ways of feeling and experiencing love. This way of conceiving love is an intrinsic part of women's subordination, and it entails a greater tolerance for situations of violence in sex-affective relationships in which the exercise of asymmetric power relations between men and women is legitimized. With the current advent of the postmodern stage, a wide variety of dissident (non-heterosexual) sexual orientations with heterosexual hegemony have been given greater visibility and legitimacy, and new ways of relating to sex affectively have emerged initially opposed to traditional romantic discourse, the fundamental pillar of monogamy. The aim of the present work was to study whether these different ways of linking us and understanding affective sex relations marked a significant difference with respect to the heterosexual monogamous hegemonic model in the assumption of the mythified ideas of romantic love. Therefore, we studied the relationship between sex, sexual orientation, and the type of sex-affective relationship (monogamous or non-monogamous by consensus) in the assumption of the myths of romantic love. For this purpose, an instrument that showed appropriate psychometric properties was created, and a cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 1,235 people who completed a self-administered online questionnaire. The results indicated that there were no significant differences according to sex, but there were differences in sexual orientation and type of relationship. It may be concluded that a person, regardless of sex, heterosexual or homosexual, monogamous or who has never had affective sex relations, will have a significantly greater probability of assuming the myths of romantic love than a person with a sexual orientation other than heterosexual or homosexual and who is in a non-monogamous consensual relationship.

A question that arises from the literature on therapy is whether second-level treatment is effective for patients with recurrent binge eating who fail first-level treatment. It has been shown that subjects who do not stop binge eating after an initial structured cognitive-behavioural treatment (CBT) programme benefit from additional CBT (A-CBT) sessions; however, it has been suggested that these resistant patients would benefit even more from cue exposure therapy (CET) targeting features associated with poor response (e.g. urge to binge in response to a cue and anxiety experienced in the presence of binge-related cues). We assessed the effectiveness of virtual reality-CET as a second-level treatment strategy for 64 patients with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder who had been treated with limited results after using a structured CBT programme, in comparison with A-CBT. The significant differences observed between the two groups at post-treatment in dimensional (behavioural and attitudinal features, anxiety, food craving) and categorical (abstinence rates) outcomes highlighted the superiority of virtual reality-CET over A-CBT. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.

Purpose: Virtual reality (VR) technologies have been proposed as a new tool able to improve on in vivo exposure in patients with eating disorders. This study assessed the validity of a VR-based software for cue exposure therapy (CET) in people with bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). Methods: Fifty eight outpatients (33 BN and 25 BED) and 135 healthy participants were exposed to 10 craved virtual foods and a neutral cue in four experimental virtual environments (kitchen, dining room, bedroom, and cafeteria). After exposure to each VR scenario, food craving and anxiety were assessed. The frequency/severity of episodes of uncontrollable overeating was also assessed and body mass index was measured prior to the exposure. Results: In both groups, craving and anxiety responses when exposed to the food-related virtual environments were significantly higher than in the neutral-cue virtual environment. However, craving and anxiety levels were higher in the clinical group. Furthermore, cue-elicited anxiety was better at discriminating between clinical and healthy groups than cue-elicited craving. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the ability of food-related VR environments to provoke food craving and anxiety responses in BN and BED patients and highlights the need to consider both responses during treatment. The results support the use of VR-CET in the treatment of eating disorder patients characterized by binge-eating and people with high bulimic symptoms

This article reviews the 6-month followup data of a randomized, multicenter, parallel-group study conducted at five clinical sites in three European cities, which compared two second-level treatments for bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED): virtual reality-based cue exposure therapy (VR-CET) versus additional cognitive behavioral therapy (A-CBT). Post-treatment outcomes of this study were already published in Ferrer- Garcia et al. (2017) and details of its design can be found at clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT02237300, https:// clinicaltrials.gov). This article focuses on the evolution of symptoms assessed after 6 months of followup in a subgroup of 58 patients from the original study. In this study (Ferrer-Garcia et al., 2017) 64 patients with eating disorders (EDs) (35 with BN and 29 with BED), who still showed active episodes of binge eating by the end of a structured CBT program (first-level treatment), were randomly assigned to one of two second-level treatments (A-CBT or VR-CET). Frequency of binge and purge episodes, and attitudinal features of binge-related EDs (bulimia, drive for thinness, and body dissatisfaction) were assessed before starting the second-level treatment (n = 64), at the end (n = 64), and at 6-month followup (n = 58). Mixed between-within subject analyses of variance were used to compare outcomes of both second-level treatments over time. Although both treatment conditions showed statistically significant improvements at the end and after 6-month followup, obtained reductions were greater after VR-CET, regarding binge and purge episodes, as well as the decrease of selfreported tendency to engage in overeating episodes. Accordingly, abstinence from binge episodes were higher in VR-CET than A-CBT at followup (70 percent vs. 26 percent, respectively; v2 = 11.711, p = 0.001). These results provide further support for the use of VR-CET as an effective second-level intervention for BN and BED treatment-resistant patients.

Background/Objectives: Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is often associated with obesity. In order to identify the variables that allow to better detect the presence of BED, people with overnutrition were compared with and without BED in the presence of cognitive conflicts, eating symptoms and anxious-depressive symptoms. The inclusion of cognitive conflicts had been relevant in bulimia studies but had not been investigated with respect to BED. Method: Two groups with obesity were evaluated, one without BED (OB, n = 54) and the other with BED (OB-BED, n = 48), using a social-demographic questionnaire as well as a semi-structured interview to assess BED, questionnaires (DASS-21, EDE-Q, EEQ) and the Repertory Grid Technique. Results: Overall, the OB-BED group presented more conflicts and more symptoms. The model that best differentiated between the groups included emotional eating and level of cognitive conflicts, correctly classifying 91.4% of the sample. Conclusion: These results highlight the role played by cognitive conflicts and emotional eating as differentiating elements between OB and OB-BED, with a high level of predictive accuracy.

Course of eating disorders (ED) in patients treated in Day Hospital is analyzed by evaluating 24 women at baseline and approximately 3 years after initial assessment, in several variables: personality factors, motivation, psychological symptoms, severity, self-esteem, self-construction, construction of parental figures and polarization. Clinical variables of the history of the disorder are also included. 70.8% of the patients completed treatment and, 3 years after intake, 47.06% relapsed. The following factors seem to be associated with negative course: severity of ED, high scores on relapse (Transtheoretical Model of Change) and opening to experience, long period between onset of symptoms and first treatment, self-perception of fatness body image? low self-esteem prior to ED, and negative perception of their mother.

Introducción: si bien el Trastorno por Atracón es un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria que no se da exclusivamente en personas obesas, es más común en este grupo que en sujetos con normopeso, sin embargo no todas las personas con malnutrición por exceso presentan Trastorno por Atracón. Objetivo: identificar el conocimiento actual respecto a las diferencias y semejanzas existentes entre personas con malnutrición por exceso con y sin Trastorno por Atracón.Método: para lograr el objetivo anterior, se realizó una revisión de artículos científicos en torno al tema.Resultados: primero se analizó la comorbilidad psicopatológica en obesidad y después se detectaron similitudes y diferencias entre los grupos de interés, tanto en sintomatología general, como así también en sintomatología de la conducta alimentaria. Además, se identificaron algunos aspectos controversiales, en que existe evidencia contradictoria respecto a la comparación intergrupal.Conclusión: de esta revisión se concluye que en el estudio de la obesidad se hace necesario conocer en mayor profundidad las características del subgrupo de pacientes que además presenta Trastorno por Atracón, ya que estas personas poseen características distintivas cuyo conocimiento permitirá ofrecer tratamientos integrales más adecuados a las necesidades de los pacientes, lo que posibilitará, en consecuencia, diseñar intervenciones más eficaces.

Eating behavior style (emotional, restrictive, or external) has been proposed as an explanation for the differences in response to food-related cues between people who overeat and those who do not, and has been also considered a target for the treatment of eating disorders (EDs) characterized by lack of control over eating and weight-related (overweight/obesity) conditions. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between eating behavior style and psychophysiological responses (self-reported food craving and anxiety) to food-related virtual reality (VR) environments in outpatients with bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) and to compare them with healthy participants. Fifty-eight outpatients and 135 healthy participants were exposed to palatable foods in four experimental everyday real-life VR environments (kitchen, dining room, bedroom and café). During exposure, cue-elicited food craving and anxiety were assessed. Participants also completed standardized instruments for the study purposes. ED patients reported significantly higher levels of craving and anxiety when exposed to the virtual food than healthy controls. Eating behavior styles showed strong associations with cue-elicited food craving and anxiety. In the healthy group, external eating was the only predictor of cue-elicited craving and anxiety. In participants with BN and BED, external and emotional eating were the best predictors of cue-elicited craving and anxiety, respectively.