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Background: Long COVID has become a burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Research into the etiology and risk factors has been impeded by observing all diverse manifestations as part of a single entity. We aimed to determine patterns of symptoms in convalescing COVID-19 patients. Methods: Symptomatic patients were recruited from four countries. Data were collected regarding demographics, comorbidities, acute disease and persistent symptoms. Factor analysis was performed to elucidate symptom patterns. Associations of the patterns with patients’ characteristics, features of acute disease and effect on daily life were sought. Results: We included 1027 symptomatic post-COVID individuals in the analysis. The majority of participants were graded as having a non-severe acute COVID-19 (N = 763, 74.3%). We identified six patterns of symptoms: cognitive, pain-syndrome, pulmonary, cardiac, anosmia-dysgeusia and headache. The cognitive pattern was the major symptoms pattern, explaining 26.2% of the variance; the other patterns each explained 6.5–9.5% of the variance. The cognitive pattern was higher in patients who were outpatients during the acute disease. The pain-syndrome pattern was associated with acute disease severity, higher in women and increased with age. The pulmonary pattern was associated with prior lung disease and severe acute disease. Only two of the patterns (cognitive and cardiac) were associated with failure to return to pre-COVID occupational and physical activity status. Conclusion: Long COVID diverse symptoms can be grouped into six unique patterns. Using these patterns in future research may improve our understanding of pathophysiology and risk factors of persistent COVID, provide homogenous terminology for clinical research, and direct therapeutic interventions.

Over the last decade, scholars have become more and more interested in the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and tax avoidance. This is because the relationship was ambiguous due to the scarcity of research on this topic. Generally, two perspectives prevail toward this relationship. Firstly, it is argued that CSR has provided tax avoidance and evasion safe havens, because many companies incorporate many of their commercial activities under non-taxable humanitarian and environmental projects. As for the second point of view, social responsibility is considered an incentive and a contributor to making companies more compliant with ethical standards in terms of absolute transparency by declaring commercial and non-commercial activities, financial revenues and taxes paid, and from a political point of view as an incentive to commit to paying taxes in ways that are commensurate with the tax laws imposed in the country in which they operate. In the research the authors are analyzing interrelatedness between CSR and tax avoidance from an academic and applied point of view.

The concept of corporate social responsibility is a renewable concept, as it keeps pace with the economic, social and environmental requirements to maintain the sustainability of profits, human values and ecological life. Starting with philanthropic initiatives, passing through the expansion od academic theories and models, and linked with international conferences, the concept of CSR has evolved to become equivalent to the sustainability concept. CSR report and audit and their correlation with UNGC principles are considered as most recent trends investigated by scholars in the ethical field. For that, the article demonstrated the feasibility of CSR and audit in enhancing competitiveness, raising profitability, reducing production costs, shareholder satisfaction and stakeholder loyalty.

In the context of VUCA conditions, the paper offers a contribution to the sustainability of innovative business development. By focusing on changing consumer needs, taking into account stakeholder interests, and ensuring an efficient and effective supply chain of products and services, marketing and innovation can be integrated. The integration of such strategies builds trust with consumers and stakeholders, and contributes to socially responsible business practices. The paper presents characteristics of VUGA environment, followed by suggestion merging socially responsible strategies with the modern marketing concepts to address VUGA challenges and improve satisfaction of consumers and variant stakeholders in a sustainable manner.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is one of the modern concepts in the management field which become a catalyst in developing the future of the business sector. Several major academic and practical milestones have influenced the development of the concept of CSR. One of the most important milestones that shaped the future of CSR was the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). UNGC's missions and principles formed an application framework for integrating social and environmental approaches into corporate business activities. It has been proved through this paper the interrelationship between the principles of CSR theories and the principles of UNGC. Followed by an analysis of the effectiveness of the UNGC principles in adopting sustainable development goals and enhancing enterprise competitiveness.

The implementation of information and telecommunication technologies in information processes is aimed at achieving a number of goals: accelerating information processing processes and reducing the cost of their implementation, saving a person from the need to perform routine actions and eliminating the negative impact of the human factor on the result of work. The use of electronic teaching aids, that is, using computer technologies in education, not only allows us to achieve these goals, but also allows us to realize a number of unique features that are not available when using traditional teaching aids. Впровадження інформаційно-телекомунікаційних технологій в інформаційних процесах спрямоване на досягнення низки цілей: прискорення процесів обробки інформації та зниження витрат на їх реалізацію, рятування людини від необхідності виконувати рутинні дії та усунення негативного впливу людський фактор за результатом праці. Використання електронних навчальних посібників, тобто використання комп’ютерних технологій в освіті, не тільки дозволяє нам досягти цих цілей, але і дозволяє реалізувати низку унікальних особливостей, недоступних при використанні традиційних навчальних посібників.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a modern concept in the field of business ethics and management which attracts governmental bodies and international organizations and companies to adopt it in the recent decade. Thousands of scholars and scientists have transformed the concept of CSR from a philanthropic form into an applied theoretical framework that influence the economic, social and environmental sustainability. However, implementing CSR approaches required several steps that must be done by decision makers inside a company or organization. An accurate description and suggestion for the hierarchal steps that must be followed by decision makers and entrepreneurs to implement CSR in the most efficient way has been suggested through these papers.

These papers discuss the perceives for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) approaches in a developing country. CSR was considered as a new economic terminology in the business and management field five decades ago. Several definitions have been given to CSR, but most of it claim that CSR is a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations. CSR is considered one of the significant scientific methods in the business ethics sphere nowadays. CSR change the perceive toward business companies from a factor of gaining profits to an element that satisfy the social needs and environmental needs. Since societies needs vary from one economic context to another economic context, this means that the implication of CSR approaches also varies from one economic context to another. The papers analyse the implementation situation of CSR approaches in developing economic context and compare it with that in a developed economic context. The papers have been divided into five main parts. Firstly, introduction and literature reviews toward the subject have been presented. Secondly, comparative analysis methods between the approaches of CSR in developing country and the developed country has been done, followed by defining the relationship between corporation and government regarding social responsibilities in the second part. Thirdly, results for the comparison has been presented to determine the general situation of CSR approaches to the global market. Fourthly, discussion toward signifying new CSR perceives in Developing economic context. Finally, new concerns for promoting CSR approaches of developing countries to the level of that in developed countries have been concluded and recommended.

The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved considerably for the last 50 years. The multiplicity of historical reviews and confusion mentioning some of events and neglecting other events have led dispersion of models and theories related to CSR. Through this article, a new investigation has been made toward the most notable academic and practical events that affect the development of CSR. A comprehensive literature review method has fragmented the academic evolution of the CSR concept depending on milestones-basis. It has been proved through this article that some valuable political and sociable milestones have affected CSR context development. Analyzing the historical development perspectives of CSR have showed the relationship between CSR theories and between the implementation process of CSR by an enterprise. It has been proved that there is a clear relation between the development of CSR theories and the adaptation of CSR practices by international communities and international companies. Сьогодні інтерес до соціальної відповідальності бізнесу стрімко зростає. У широкому розумінні соціальна відповідальність бізнесу означає здатність підприємства приносити вигоду не тільки собі, а й забезпечувати сталий соціальний розвиток суспільства. Соціальна відповідальність достатньо широке поняття, яке включає в себе такі сфери, як екологія та соціальна справедливість. Концепція корпоративної соціальної відповідальності (КСВ) суттєво змінилася за останні п’ятдесят років. Більшість історичних оглядів в академічній літературі ділять історичний розвиток концепції КСВ відповідно до часової шкали, чому і присвячено дане дослідження. В даній статті авторами було проведено оригінальне дослідження найбільш помітних наукових і практичних подій, які впливають на розвиток КСВ у світовому масштабі. Аналіз історичних тенденцій розвитку КСВ показав чіткий взаємозв'язок між теоріями КСВ і процесом впровадження КСВ керівництвом підприємств. У даній статті авторами показано, існування чіткого взаємозв'язку між розвитком теорій КСВ і використанням підходів КСВ міжнародними співтовариствами та міжнародними компаніями. Історичний огляд етапів розвитку КСВ був спрямований на те, щоб допомогти особам, які приймають рішення, зрозуміти зміст КСВ і переконати їх у тому, що теорії реалізації КСВ не обмежені соціальними і екологічними вигодами для суспільства у цілому, але також вони мають стратегічні переваги для самої компанії, а саме: зміцнення конкурентоспроможності, забезпечення стандартів якості та підвищення репутації компанії. В результаті дослідження стає зрозумілим, що міжнародне співтовариство у співпраці з міжнародними установами, які займаються розробкою стандартів якості для КСВ, прагнуть перетворити концепцію корпоративної соціальної відповідальності з факультативної концепції в обов'язковий принцип функціонування усіх підприємств незалежно від форми власності. Перетворення корпоративної соціальної відповідальності в обов'язковий принцип обмежить жадібність бізнесменів, обмежить ризики і забезпечить майбутнє для наступних поколінь.