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The first infections of methicillin-resistant in humans were recorded in 2006, and is now becoming a concern because of its close similarities to human pathogens in the group (SIG). These bacteria have all the properties which a multidrug-resistant possesses. The literature was searched using the term “” in PubMed and other reference databases. The virulence factor and the pathogenicity are under investigation, but reports have suggested that this commensal of animals is transmitted easily via close contact to animals by owners, veterinarians and staff. Resistance to beta-lactams (including methicillin) is a primary concern. Drug resistance to methicillin is a considerable problem in developing countries, as antibiotic use is not regulated. Studies from Europe have reported multidrug resistant isolates from clinical specimens. Although data on drug resistance and pathogenesis of are not sufficient, it is extremely important to identify the pathogen correctly. Only then can its pathogenesis be studied during the course of disease and appropriate measures developed to prevent it becoming a global problem.

Introduction: Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) are one of the most common infections responsible for antibiotic resistance. There are limited antibiotics options for treating the cases due to Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria. Fosfomycin is being used for treating UTIs and has shown promising results even against MDR pathogens. Aim: To determine the fosfomycin sensitivity pattern along with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against uropathogens by agar dilution method. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India, between August 2017 to September 2019. Clean catch, mid stream urine samples were inoculated on Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar and incubated. The significant growths of pathogenic bacteria were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. Fosfomycin (200 µg) disc was used in Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion testing. Fosfomycin trometamol MIC was determined by agar dilution method as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The data collected in the study were analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software version 20.0. Results: Significant growth of pathogenic bacteria was observed in 365 out of total 2725 urine samples. E.coli (72.32%) was the leading isolate followed by Enterococcus species (10.41%). Fosfomycin was recorded as the most active antibiotic against all the bacterial pathogen with 85-100% susceptibility except Proteus species (40%) in disc diffusion method. The MIC of fosfomycin was recorded between 4-64 against most of the isolates by agar dilution method. Conclusion: Fosfomycin is the most active antibiotic against all the uropathogens in the study setup and can be included in empirical treatment of day care patients along with nitrofurantoin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common human pathogen causing a wide range of infections. It is estimated that S.aureus colonizes the anterior nares in approximately 31% of the general population at any given time. The incidence of community acquired & hospital acquired S. aureus has been increasing over the past few decades, predominantly due to continuous upsurge in the drug resistant isolates. Moreover, globally the incidence of methicillin resistant S.aureus (MRSA) is progressively increasing. Hence, it would be imperative to screen all healthcare workers, interns and admitted patients for MRSA carriage and to treat all those who are found positive for the same. With the above background, the current study was undertaken to investigate the carrier rate of S. aureus (including MRSA) among hospital unexposed & exposed medical students. Methods: A total of 181 medical students of Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Study participants were broadly divided into two groups: hospital exposed group (n=107) and hospital unexposed group (n=74). Nasal swabs were obtained & cultured for the detection of S. aureus. Congo red agar and 0.1% Crystal Violet Assay were performed to observe the ability to form in vitro biofilm by S. aureus. Results: Out of total 181 medical students 29.28% were found to be healthy carrier of S. aureus. Among the hospital exposed group 37.38% and among hospital unexposed group 17.57% were found to be healthy carrier of S. aureus. Only one student (hospital exposed group) was found to be positive for MRSA. Beta-lactamase production was noted in 90.57% strains of S. aureus while the significant rate of slime layer production was observed in 73.58% of strains. Conclusion: Prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage increases with the duration of exposure to the hospital environment. The nasal carriage of S. aureus in medical students indicate the potential danger of dissemination of S. aureus including MRSA from them to the hospitalized patients which in turn complicates the treatment of same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a notorious infection and a major health problem in developing countries causing serious local damage and threatening complications. Early and effective treatment based on the knowledge of causative micro-organisms and their antimicrobial sensitivity ensures prompt clinical recovery and possible complications can thus be avoided. Aims: The aim of this study was to isolate the organisms associated with CSOM and to detect the antibiogram of the aerobic isolates. Materials and Methods: A total of 204 patients clinically diagnosed of CSOM were enrolled in the study and the samples were obtained from each patient using sterile cotton swabs and cultured for microbial flora. Drug susceptibility testing for aerobic isolates was conducted using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: The most common causative organisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (48.69%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.89%) amongst the 191 aerobic isolates. Anaerobes accounted for 29.41% of the isolates while 12.25% were fungi. Antimicrobial profile of aerobic isolates revealed maximum sensitivity to amikacin (95.5%), ceftriaxone (83.4%) and gentamicin (82.7%). Conclusion: Knowing the etiological agents of CSOM and their antimicrobial susceptibility is of essential importance for an efficient treatment, prevention of both complications and development of antibiotic resistance and finally, the reduction of the treatment costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.