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Cancer is a disease mainly caused by uncontrolled division of body cells in any part in the human body. Cancer is epidemiologically one of major non communicable disease and considered to be main health issue in the community across the world. In medicine, we are often interested in how disease or its treatment affects quality of life (QOL), which is generally considered health-related quality of life. All cancer patients should be subjected to attain all dimensions of quality of life i.e. Physical, Mental, Social & Functional Health. QOL is not easy to measure but despite this, there are many models and scales available to assess & ensure QOL among cancer patients. Good QOL also ensures more life expectancy among cancer patients and they can live more social & productive life. Maintenance of good QOL must be integral part of all cancer prevention & treatment.

Immunizations are generally considered the most successful and cost-effective public health intervention employed today. Vaccine is an immunebiological substance designed to produce specic protection against given disease and also stimulates the production of protective antibody and other immune mechanisms. National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) conducted during 2015-16 reported that only 13.1 % children in between the age of 12-23 months are fully immunized in district Nuh. Study aimed to determine the knowledge and awareness of mothers of 12-23 months children about immunization in rural areas of district Nuh. A cross sectional study was conducted among mothers having children aged 12-23 months in the eld practice area of SHKM government medical college, Nuh. Data was collected using a pre-tested semi structured questionnaire from 228 mothers during a period of 12 months. In the study it was found that most of the mothers (92.1%) knew about immunization. Majority (89%) took their child for immunization. Most of (94.3%) mothers knew about the immunization programmes run by government while only 32.5% mothers knew names of vaccines given to children of 1 year age. It was also found that most of (78.1%) mothers had immunization card with them. Majority (96.9%) thought that government medicines were good but only (34.6%) knew about list of vaccines. In the study it was seen that 69.3% mothers knew about importance of vaccines and (60.1%) knew about AEFI management. Awareness generation campaigns can be planned and organized periodically to improve the knowledge, awareness and practices of immunization in the community.

Background: Unsafe injection is an important cause of transmitting blood-borne infections such as hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis C virus. In a country-like India, health system usually suffers from the paucity of workforce and nursing personnel are the most susceptible to unsafe injection and needle stick injury. Aim: The present study was carried out with the aim to assess the knowledge and skills among nursing personnel regarding safe injection practices and to measure the change following training session. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study, included all 230 nursing personnel those who were currently working in the hospital. A pretested, predesigned, standardized questionnaire was used. Everyday activity of the study was divided into three parts. First part of activity included pretest second part of activity consisted of 3–4 h training session and third part was posttest. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed using the SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0. Results: Nearly 52.9% of the participants were aware of diseases transmitted through unsafe injection and 45.5% of participants were aware about appropriate sharp waste disposal. Only 20.6% of participants wore gloves before injection administration, and 56.1% used needle destroyer for disposing off the needles. Conclusion: Periodic reinforcement of the nursing personnel with hands on training sessions is the need of the hour to protect them from needle stick injuries and prevent the spread of blood borne pathogens in public at large.

Background: In this modern era, chronic non communicable diseases (NCDs) are a major global health challenge with numerous grave complications on the human body. Old age population tends to carry risk of almost all kind of diseases including non communicable diseases. Hypertension is one of biggest well known risk factor for many of non-communicable diseases usually found in the outdoor patients. Method: This cross sectional study was undertaken to provide the data on the Prevalence & Pattern of hypertension amongst patients who were aged 60 years & above and who attended the Out Patients Department of the Rural Health & Training Centre of tertiary care hospital of Chandigarh city of India. Results: Majority of patients belonging to age group 60-69 years were found to be diastolic hypertensive (24.46%). Majority of male patients were found to be diastolic hypertensive (28.43%) (P< 0.05). More of less same trend was found among female patients. Conclusion: Hypertension was found to be highly prevalent among the outdoor elderly patients of Rural Health & Training Centre of Chandigarh, India. This study warrants the need of an early detection of hypertension, which can be accomplished by a periodic screening of the people. Keywords: Hypertension; Elderly; India.

Background: In this modern era, chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a major global health challenge with numerous grave complications on the human body. Hypertension is the most common disorder which is being encountered in the outdoor patients Method: This cross sectional study was undertaken to provide the data on the prevalence of hypertension amongst patients who were aged 20 years and above (pre elderly) and who attended the Out Patients Department of the Rural Health & Training Centre of tertiary care hospital of Chandigarh city of India. Results: Association of age with systolic blood pressure & diastolic pressure was found to be highly significant (P < 0.001). On the other hand association gender with systolic blood pressure & diastolic blood pressure was also found to be highly significant (P < 0.001). Logistic regression was also applied & it was found that age and male gender is a better predictor of diastolic hypertension but it was found to be non-significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Hypertension was found to be highly prevalent among the outdoor patients of Rural Health & Training Centre of Chandigarh, India. This study warrants the need of an early detection of hypertension, which can be accomplished by a periodic screening of the people. Key words: Hypertension; India.

Background: Medical professionals are prone to different forms of stress. These stresses start right from the beginning of medical professions. Most of the time such stresses have a negative impact on the psychological and physiological health. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of stress among medical students. To identify the possible stressors in medical students. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional one carried out for a period of one month in Nov 2017 among medical students of 6th & 7th semesters. Assessment of stress was done using Medical Student Stress Questionnaire (MSSQ).The test of association was applied between the level of stress and sociodemographic profile of the participants. Result: A total of 122 students participated in the study. The prevalence of moderate to severe stress was 55.7%. It was more in female students compared with their male counterparts. There was no statistically significant difference in the levels of stress between male and female students among different stressors. Statistically significant association was noted between Academic Related Stressor and sex of the participants and fathers’ occupation. Significant association was also noted between Teaching and Learning Related Stressor and fathers’ occupation. Reliability analysis showed that overall Cronbach’s alpha for MSSQ for Indian students was 0.907. Conclusion: Moderate to severe stress is common among medical students and more common in female students. Most common source of these stresses is academic related issues. Fathers’ occupation is also a potential source of stress. Keywords: PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS, DEMOGRAPHIC FACTOR, MEDICAL STUDENTS

Introduction: Lung cancer is among the five main types of cancer leading to overall cancer mortality contributing about 1.3 million deaths/year globally. There are only few Indian studies on bronchogenic carcinoma in patients below 40 years, describing its pattern and epidemiology. Hence we planned this study to assess treatment response and Pattern among Lung Cancer Patients of age less than 40 years and elderly patients. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study (including retrospective secondary and prospective primary data) using data base of patients of primary lung cancer diagnosed between 1 st January 2006 to 31 st December 2012 in indoor and outdoor of department of Respiratory Medicine, J.L.N. Medical College, Ajmer, a tertiary level hospital and teaching center. Results: In the present study there were 1418 male and 352 female patients with male: female ratio of 4.03 suggesting that the disease was more common in males. The maximum number of cases (46.89%) were from the 41-60 year age group followed by (39.21%) in 61-80 years. 9.03% patient were below the age of 40 year. Maximum patients (50%) benefited with partial relief of symptoms and radiological regression after treatment.

Background: Evaluation of jaundice patients should include proper history and examination, laboratory investigation and imaging investigations (non invasive like Ultrasound (U\S), CT and MRI or invasive like ERCP and PTC). Aim of Study: The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the diagnostic reliability of U\S and MRI-MRCP in patients of obstructive jaundice in clinical practice. Original Research Article Rathore et al.; BJMMR, 8(11): 919-930, 2015; Article no.BJMMR.2015.522 920 Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study performed on 60 patients (31 male and 29 female) with an average age of 55.53 +/17.57 years presented with obstructive jaundice for whom abdominal ultrasound (U\S) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) on 3 Tesla was performed in the departments of radiology in Max super speciality teaching hospital, saket, Delhi, India from May 2012 to May 2013. The final diagnosis was achieved by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and \or surgery and confirmed by histopathology. Results: The most common cause of obstructive jaundice in our study was common bile duct stones (51.65%) followed by tumors (33.3%) then benign strictures (10.0%), choledochal cyst (3.33%). In this study, MRI-MRCP could differentiate surgical from medical jaundice in all cases, while U\S could differentiate surgical from medical jaundice in 91.25% of cases. MRI-MRCP correctly defines the level of obstruction in all cases (100%). While U\S correctly define the level of obstruction in only 78% of the total cases. MRI-MRCP correctly suggests the most possible cause of obstruction in 96.25% of cases. While USG is correctly suggests the most possible cause in only 76.3%. Conclusion: So that USG as a screening modality is useful to confirm or exclude biliary dilatation & to choose patients for MRCP examination. MRI-MRCP is a useful non-invasive and essential method in the preoperative evaluation of patients with obstructive jaundice. In addition MRI-MRCP was superior to U\S or ERCP in studying the extent & staging of malignant lesions.

Introduction: Injury is a major, preventable public health problem in terms of morbidity, premature mortality or disability. This study aims to assess the epidemiology of injury in patients admitted to a tertiary care centre in northern India. Materials and Methods: Observational, Descriptive, secondary data based study of injury patients admitted in surgical emergency department of Government Medical College Hospital Chandigarh from July 2009 to June 2010. Results: Out of these total 7222 patients, 4129(57.2%) were of Road Traffic Accident (RTA) and 22.8% were of Assault. Male were at high risk of RTA. Although, overall males were at higher risk of assault but middle aged women were at higher risk than their counterparts. For ‘fall ‘females were at high risk. Assault cases were more prevalent during summer, while RTA cases were more prevalent during winter season and fall during rainy season were reportedly more. Majority (33.0%) of RTA injury was in the age group of 20-39 years(most productive age) and in the age group of

Background: In children under 3 years old, fever is a common presenting symptom to the physician. Fever may be an indication of a mild infectious process such as a viral upper respiratory infection or a more serious infectious process such as bacteremia, bone and joint infections, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, soft tissue infection, bacterial enteritis, meningitis, sepsis and possibly death. The evaluation of fever in this age group has great clinical importance, as any of the serious bacterial infections whose presence it may signal may have grave morbidity if not treated. However, there exists scanty data on risk of bacteraemia among febrile children of developing countries and what clinical predictors, if any, could identify those febrile infants with bacteraemia. Present study aims to determine the prevalence of bacteremia in febrile children and the effect of low birth weight, poor feeding practices & coverage of vaccination and malnutrition which are more prevalent in developing countries like india. Objective: 1. To assess prevalence of bacteremia among hospitalized febrile children aged 3

Background: Cancer related anemia (CRA) is a major healthcare issue among patients suffering with cancer. In the Indian context, these figures are likely to be higher due to the prevailing malnutrition and low socio-economic status in the general population. This observational hospital-based study has been conducted among cancer patients with following objectives to assess the socio demographic profile of different cancer patients admitted at hospital. To measure hemoglobin level among different cancer patients admitted at hospital on the basis of socio demographic profile and type of cancer.Methods: The registers maintained in the department of Radiotherapy were checked and those belonging to the year 2011-12 were used to process and analyse the cancer patient’s data in respect to age, type of cancer, hemoglobin level admitted in health care facility.Results: By far distribution of Hb level is concerned among all cancer patients, 87.56% patients were having Hb level more than 9 gm% and around 12.43 % patients were having Hb level less than 9 gm%. Majority of patients whose Hb level was less than 9gm% were belonging to age group more than 45 years.Conclusions: It is very much evident that anemia among cancer patients is a major healthcare problem and surely adds into morbidity and mortality of cancer patients. It may further aggravate the health condition of cancer patients if not corrected timely. Therefore, anemia among cancer patients should be taken and treated very seriously.

Introduction: The safety and effectiveness of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) (available by the name of “Antara” in Government of India supply) has resulted in inclusion of this injectable contraceptive in the basket of family planning choices and thus has opened the way for clients to avail of a safe, effective, and hassle-free method with full confidentiality, which is also free of cost in public health facilities all over India. Material and Methods: This community-based study with cross-sectional design was conducted during April 2019–October 2019. During first 3 months of the study, all the females who adopted the DMPA contraception were included in the study and the factors for opting DMPA were assessed. Results: Among those who had previously used contraceptives, oral pills were the most prevalent method. Most of the clients who opted to DMPA agreed that they switched because of privacy and confidentiality attached to DMPA. The side effects were reported by more than four-fifth of subjects, and the most common side effects were irregular spotting per vaginally, amenorrhea, and weight gain. Conclusion: The present study has shown some light regarding the factors responsible for injectable DMPA uptake as a family planning method and the facilitators and barriers to consistent injectable DMPA use. The study findings are expected to be utilized for framing policies to improve compliance of DMPA and making it more acceptable, client-friendly initiative.

Background: Active case-finding is provider-initiated and implies systematic searching for TB in individuals who would not spontaneously present to a health service, and bringing them into care for diagnosis and treatment. Aim: The present study was carried out with the objective to assess the yield and feasibility of active case finding strategy among household contacts of newly diagnosed pulmonary TB cases and to determine risk factors in household contact. Methods: This community-based study with cross-sectional design was conducted among the household contacts of all newly diagnosed microbiologically confirmed pulmonary TB patients registered at Tuberculosis Unit (TU), Nuh. Investigator conducted house to house visit and met respective index case and his/her household contacts to build the rapport. Results: In the present study, there were 55 sputum smear-positive index cases and 356 household contacts of index cases. The most common symptom among screening positive household contacts was cough followed by weight loss. A substantial proportion (83.8%) of symptom positive household contacts were investigated for tuberculosis and among them, 18.9% were found to be positive for tuberculosis. The overall prevalence of TB cases among household contacts was found to be 1.97%. Conclusion: The present study concludes that household contact screening for active case finding for TB is a feasible and efficient tool that can potentially result in earlier diagnosis and treatment of active TB, thus minimizing the severity and decreasing transmission. It can also contribute toward improving treatment outcomes, health sequelae, and the social and economic consequences of TB.

Background: Violence against women is a universal phenomenon that persists in all communities and in all countries of the world and the perpetrator of that violence is often well-known to the victim. Domestic violence in particular continues to be frighteningly common and well-accepted as “normal” within too many societies. Objectives: (1) The primary aim of this study is to find out the extent of different type of domestic violence and to identify various risk factors for domestic violence against married women. (2) The secondary aim is to identify the various protective factors of domestic violence against married women. Materials and Methods: The present study was a population based cross-sectional study carried out in the urban area of Gwalior city for a period of one year. Stratified random sampling technique was used for the selection of the samples. The study participants were interviewed using a pretested semi-structured open-ended questionnaire. Proportion, Pearson's, chi-square test and odds ratio were calculated for the analysis of the study. Result: Of the 144 study participants, 68 participants reported some form of domestic violence, which was either physical, sexual or emotional. The most common type of violence reported was physical violence. The most important risk factor for domestic violence was alcoholism followed by literacy status. Majority of the abused women were dependent on their husbands for money, material assets and expenditure. Conclusion: The study hereby recommends that to prevent domestic violence government has to take stringent action for making women more self-reliant especially by making the women more literate and more financially independent.

INTRODUCTION: - Lung cancer is among the five main types of cancer leading to overall cancer mortality contributing about 1.3 million deaths/year globally. There are only few Indian studies on bronchogenic carcinoma in patients below 40 years, describing its pattern and epidemiology. Hence we planned this study to evaluate the profile of lung cancer in patients of age less than 40 years and elderly patients MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study (including retrospective secondary and prospective primary data) using data base of patients of primary lung cancer diagnosed between 1 st January 2006 to 31 st December 2012 in indoor and outdoor of department of Respiratory Medicine, J.L.N. Medical College, Ajmer, a tertiary level hospital and teaching center. RESULTS: - In the present study there were 1418 male and 352 female patients with male: female ratio of 4.03 suggesting that the disease was more common in males.The maximum number of cases (46.89%) were from the 41-60 year age group followed by (39.21%) in 61-80 years. 9.03% patient were below the age of 40 year.

INTRODUCTION: - Birth weight of the baby is an important indicator of reproductive health and general health status of population. LBW is considered the single most important predictor of infant mortality, especially of deaths within the first month of life. Since we don’t have any data regarding low birth weight and its associated factors in this area so the present study was conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted at RHTC under the Department of Community Medicine of Govt. Medical College, Chandigarh where female health workers from Department of Health of Chandigarh Administration are also posted. RESULTS: - Out of these the prevalence of low birth weight was 11.7 % for males and 19.5% for females. Total prevalence of LBW babies was found to be 15.5%.

Aim: An epidemiological shift has resulted in increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD). Unlike other NCDs which are easily and definitely preventable, the knowledge of cancer prevention is still limited at present. Various aetiological factors are difficult to control since those are habit forming. Hence an available remedy remains its secondary and tertiary prevention for which appropriate planning is of paramount importance. Evidence based planning requires careful analysis of data with a view to prioritize various cancers. Keeping in view the fact that the adaptation of smoking free status in Chandigarh city might have a far reaching positive effect on the cancer related morbidity of the people, the following study was undertaken to provide base line data to be used for future comparisons. Methods: The registers maintained in the Department of Radiotherapy were checked and those belonging to the years 1999 to 2009 were utilized to analyze the cancer morbidity in respect to age, sex, and year of presentation to health care facility. Results: A total of 4,600 cancer patients (males=2276, females=2324) demonstrated a gradual increase in the number of cancer cases from 150 in the year 1999 to 783 in the year 2009. The most common cancers amongst males were cancer of gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) and lung (including larynx) constituting 37.3% and 27.1% of the total, respectively. In females these were cancers of breast and cervix representing 33.3% & 17.6% of total cancer cases, respectively, and lung cancer constituted 5.3%. The maximum cases of bone cancer (53.8% of all bone cancers) were observed amongst children aged less than 20 years and lung cancer (48.2% of all lung cancers) among the elderly aged 60-69 years. The.

Background: Obesity is a complex disorder that involves some degree of over-consumption1 coupled with a metabolic derangement. As ADA has been putatively associated with inflammation, and adipose tissue inflammation is the hallmark of insulin resistance in obese T2DM patients. This study attempted to compare serum ADA in T2DM subjects.Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry at MGM Medical College and MY Hospital. All the patients and controls were clinically examined, and routine biochemical tests were analyzed for all subjects. ANOVA has been applied to assess the variance between groups.Results: Mean age of controls was 56.91 years where as mean age in the group of a subject with Obesity with diabetes was 40.91 years and with Obesity without diabetes was 48.10 years. ADA level was more among diabetes patients having obesity than diabetes patients having no obesity and controls.Conclusions: This is very much evident through this study that ADA may be treated as prognostic predictor of diabetes either linked to obesity or not, though more studies are warranted in same direction to make this finding conclusive and acceptable biochemical evidence.

Background: Maternal and child healthcare services are very important for the health outcomes of the mother and that of the child by ensuring that both maternal and child deaths are prevented. Present study has been planned to study the trend of utilization of antenatal care services among women registered at field practice area of Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh.Methods: Secondary data of pregnant women registered at field practice area of Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh has been collected from records of respective health set up. Data has been analyzed to find out trend of different ANC service indicators like year of registration, season of registration, TT immunization, Parity, his risk behavior of pregnancy, JSY registration, MTP (medical termination of pregnancy), hemoglobin level etc.Results: Out of all registration trend of registration of new pregnancy was almost similar during all four years (2013-2017). Although after careful analysis of data it more in rainy season (10.1%) in year 2013-14 whereas summer season reported more new pregnancies (10.4%) in the year 2016-17. out of total doses received of TT 1st dose among all reported pregnant women majority of doses (11.9%) received in summer season of year 2016-17 followed by 9.2% in rainy season of year 2013-14. Number of registration of pregnant women was almost equal among all years of registration.Conclusions: It provides future direction to conduct more such studies to find out trend considering some public health related correlates. Simultaneously it also urges researchers to find out reasons of such trends in a bid to make results more applicable.

Information technology has radically changed the way that many people work and think. Over the years, technology has touched a new acme and now it is not confined to developed countries. Developing countries such as India have kept pace with the world in modern technology. Healthcare professionals can no longer ignore the application of information technology to healthcare because they are key to e-health. This study was conducted to enlighten the perspective and implications of computers among healthcare professionals, with the objective to assess the knowledge, use, and need of computers among healthcare professionals. A cross-sectional study of 240 healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, lab technicians, and pharmacists, was conducted. Each participant was interviewed using a pretested, semistructured format. Of 240 healthcare professionals, 57.91% were knowledgeable about computers. Of them, 22.08% had extensive knowledge and 35.83% had partial knowledge. Computer knowledge was greater among the age group 20-25 years (high knowledge-43.33% and partial knowledge-46.66%). Of 99 males, 21.21% were found to have good knowledge and 42.42% had partial knowledge. A majority of doctors and nurses used computer for study purposes. The remaining healthcare professionals used it basically for the sake of entertainment, Internet, and e-mail. A majority of all healthcare professionals (95.41%) requested computer training, which according to them would definitely help to make their future more bright and nurtured as well as to enhance their knowledge regarding computers.

Background: Lung cancer is among the five main types of cancer leading to overall cancer mortality contributing about 1.3 million deaths/year globally. Completion of treatment among lung cancer patients is one of key factor for the survival and longevity of patients. So, we have tried to find out prevalence of treatment default through this study.Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study (including retrospective secondary and prospective primary data) using data base of patients of primary lung cancer diagnosed between 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2012 in indoor and outdoor of department of Respiratory Medicine, J.L.N. Medical College, Ajmer, a tertiary level hospital and teaching center.Results: Incidence of lung cancer is significantly higher among young female (10.23%) as compared to young male (8.74 %). Whereas in older group number of male suffering from lung cancer than female. Total 269 (20.7%) patients defaulted from planned treatment and most of them ultimately drop-out from chemotherapy cycles. Intercycle delay of 2 weeks-1m commonly seen.Conclusions: It provides future implication to researchers to explore reasons of these defaults and drop outs so that more evidences can be generated in this direction for the ultimate betterment of lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Mental disorders are among the most burdensome in the world, and their burden will increase over the next decades. The mental and behavioral disorders account for about 12% of the global burden of disease. By 2020, it is likely to increase to 15%. Depression, OCD, schizophrenia, anxiety, phobia and bipolar disorders constitute the top 10 conditions contributing to the global burden of disease among mainly the age group of 15-44 years. In India, little is known about the extent, severity and unmet need of treatment of mental disorders. The objective of the study was to assess the socio-demographic determinants of psychiatric patients. Methods: This was an observational cross sectional study which was undertaken in a psychiatric outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary care hospital (S.G.M.H) affiliated to S. S. Medical College Rewa, MP, India. The total sample size was 108; it was collected randomly by face to face interviews with the help of pre-designed questionnaire based proforma. All new cases were selected in the study. Duration of study was three months i.e. from 1st November 2014 to 30 January 2015. Data were analysed by using EPI info 2000. Results: Out of total 108 interviewed patients, 59.25% were males 40.74% were female; most of them (45.37%) were belong to age group of 21-40 years. Mental disorders (78.70%) were more common in un-married or separated patients. In case of educational status most of them (87.96%), belong to low education status. Depression was most common mental illness 43 (39.81%) among of all types of disorders. Conclusions: As per the findings of the present study it can be concluded that there must be a kin observation for prevention and control of mental disorders over particularly low educational status group and unmarried/separated group of people hence mental disorders are more common among of those group. Infact we need more studies for validate our findings. Key words: Psychiatric illness, OPD, Patients Language: en

Background: Obesity is a complex disorder that involves some degree of over-consumption1 coupled with a metabolic derangement. There are some direct and indirect anthropometric and bio chemical indicators which if measured can provide some clue about development of diabetes among vulnerable group of population.Methods: This observational cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry at MGM Medical College and MY Hospital. All the patients and controls were clinically examined, and routine biochemical tests were analyzed for all subjects.Results: Positive and significant correlation was found between BMI and FBS, HBA1C, Leptin, HOMA IR respectively, whereas negative correlation was found between BMI and adiponectin. Same way positive correlation was found between W/H ratio and Leptin, HOMA IR respectively and negative correlation was found with adiponectin.Conclusions: This is very much evident through this study that various anthropometric and biochemical indicators may be treated as prognostic predictor of diabetes either linked to obesity or not.

Introduction: On account of improved life expectancy, better education and health facilities in India, the proportion of the geriatric population has gone up. In India, prevalence of depression estimated to be 4.5% in the year 2015, which affects about 57 million people. Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression and its epidemiological correlates among geriatric people residing in southern Haryana, India. Material and Methods: This community based study with cross-sectional design was conducted in rural and urban field practice areas of department of Community Medicine. Geriatric people were contacted by investigators through house to house visit. Study subjects were screened for depression by using standard shorter version Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Pearson’s Chi-square test was used for categorical variables. Stepwise multiple logistic regression was used to find out an independent factors associated with depression. Result: A total of 308 elderly persons belonging to rural and urban areas participated in our study. Prevalence of depression (GDS score >5) among the elderly population in the present study was found to be 22.72% (95% CI: 18.2-27.8). Conclusion: Present study depicted that every fourth elderly person was suffering with depression. Nuclear family, sleep problems, not consulting elderly in decisions, chronic morbidity, lack of physical activities, and death of close relatives were identified as risk factors of depression.

Background: Cancer related anemia (CRA) is a major healthcare problem. In the Indian context, these figures are likely to be higher due to the prevailing malnutrition in the general population. We have conducted this observational hospital based study on cancer patients with following objectives: 1) to assess the socio demographic profile of different cancer patients admitted at hospital; 2) to measure hemoglobin level among different cancer patients admitted at hospital on the basis of socio demographic profile and type of cancer.Methods: The registers maintained in the department of Radiotherapy were checked and those belonging to the year 2011-12 were utilized to analyze the cancer patient’s data in respect to age, type of cancer, hemoglobin level admitted in health care facility.Results: As far as distribution of Hb level is concerned among all cancer patients, 87.56% patients were having Hb level more than 9gm% and around 12.43% patients were having Hb level less than 9 gm%. Majority of patients whose Hb level was less than 9gm% were belonging to age group more than 45 years.Conclusions: It is very much evident that anemia among cancer patients is a major healthcare problem and should be taken seriously.

Tuberculosis is one of the oldest diseases known to mankind. However, still practitioners are unaware of various facts associated with it.(1) To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices adopted by practitioners of both government and private sectors in diagnosis and management of TB patients. (2) To assess the views of practitioners in strengthening the RNTCP programme.200 allopathic practitioners from both government and private sectors providing their services in Gwalior District were interviewed using pre-designed pre-tested structured questionnaire.The mean score of knowledge related to tuberculosis and RNTCP was higher among government practitioners (9.8) compared to private practitioners (6.1). All practitioners were having positive attitude towards regular up gradation of knowledge while statistically significant differences were noted on issues related to management of TB patients as per RNTCP guidelines. X-ray was the most preferred modality for diagnosis and follow up among private practitioners compared to sputum examination among government practitioners. Referral of poor and serious patients was also very low among private practitioners.The present study hereby concludes that there is a large gap in Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on TB and RNTCP among the practitioners of both the sectors. There is an urgent need for upgrading the knowledge on various issues and regular Continuing Medical Education (CME) involving various professional bodies.

BACKGROUND AND AIS: An epidemiological shift in the form of increase in the incidence of cancer and decrease in the incidence of smoking is universally realized today. This study was conducted to observe an association of smoking, use of alcohol and tobacco and cancers of the oral cavity, larynx and esophagusit was a case control study conducted at Deptt. of Radiotherapy at GMCH, Chandigarh. The registers from radiology department were utilized and studied for the presence of history of alcohol consumption, smoking and tobacco intake. Statistical analysis was done by calculating Odds ratio along with 95% confidence interval.Out of 363 cases with the diagnosis of Laryngeal, Esophageal and Oral Cancer along with 568 controls studied, 42 (11.6%) were in the age group of 30-44 years, 153 (42.1%) in the age group of 45-59 years and rest 171 (47.1%) in the age group of 60+ years. Among cases, the percentage of tobacco use, smoking and alcohol consumption was 10.5, 60.6 and 33.6 respectively as against the similar percentages among controls 1.4, 9.0 and 6.3. The odds ratio for tobacco use in relation to patients aged 60+ years was 2.39, in the age group of 45-59 years was 11.19 and increased to 55.35 in the age group 30-44 years. Similarly the overall odds ratio for alcohol consumption was 7.48 and it was 4.98 in the age group 60+ years, 6.30 in the age group 45-59 years and increasing to 17.00 in the age group of 30-44 years.Finding suggests that risk of cancer of the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts is higher with tobacco and alcohol use. Further studies are required.

As the present era is of science and technology, computer one of its grains gradually catering every field of the world including field of medicine. This study was done to enlighten the perspective and implications of computer among medical students with the objective to assess the use and need of computer among them. A cross sectional study was carried out on 125 medical students including undergraduates (UGs) and post graduates (PGs). All were interviewed by using pretested, semi structured Proforma. Out of 125 students 87% UGs & 100 % PGs having computer knowledge. Majority of students 82 (73.21%) have got their computer knowledge through self learning. 1 to 2 times per week to once in month was most common frequency among UGs 69(79.3%) and in PGs it was daily (approx) to 2 to 3 times per week use 22(88%). 98.8% UG’s use computer 2 hr/day (88%). Cyber cafe & their institution were most common places for use of computer in UGs (77.01%) in contrast to PGs who use same in personal rooms (88%). Internet & email was most common purpose of use of computer in UGs (95.4%) where as in PGs it was for study (100%). Majority of PGs (100%) & UGs (95%) got agreed for inclusion of computer in medical curriculum which might boost up their carrier development. There is urgent need of inclusion of computer and internet in the curriculum of medical students to make their carrier more bright and nurtured.

Background: Obesity has become a major chronic disorder affecting the larger population more than any other disease in the world. Objectives: 1) To determine the prevalence of obesity in both sexes in persons aged 30 years and above. 2) To determine the relationship of epidemiological determinants on the obesity status in the study subjects. Materials and Methods: The present study had been undertaken in literate high income group colonies of Gwalior city in which persons aged 30 years and above, in a family, were interviewed. A house-to-house survey method on a pre-designed, pre- tested structured questionnaire was used. Information regarding socio-demographic profile, eating habits and current health status were recorded. Anthropometric data regarding height, weight and blood pressure was also taken. The data was collected and analyzed using statistical software and chi square and proportional statistical test were applied. Results: The study showed that 34.4% of males and 31.3 % of females, both aged 30years and above were either obese or over weight. There was a statistically significant difference noted in the likening of fried food and fast food between obese and overweight persons and persons with normal body mass index. Conclusions: It can be concluded from the present study that obesity is a chronic illness. Early detection of it can prevent various complications associated with it. BMI plays a crucial role in its early detection as it is simple to calculate and can even detect the pre-obesity stage in time.