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The various extensions of the fuzzy set are considerably applied in many complex problems of real world to describes the improper information. The PFS (pythagorean fuzzy set) which is the expanded form of IFS (intuitionistic fuzzy set) is more applicable and precise to measure the uncertainty. The research work presents the novel entropy measure defined on PFS which satisfied axioms of the entropy. The entropy measure is determined the uncertainty that defined the fuzziness degree on the fuzzy set. The applicability of the entropy is verified in selection of the advertising company and results compared to the existing entropies defined on PFS. The outcomes of the illustrative example show that the new entropy measure is more precise, simpler, and consistent as compare to existing entropies on PFS.

The polling system has a considerable role in the democratic nation. The uncertainty of the people’s participation in polling generally affects the electoral-based system. Therefore, PFS (picture fuzzy set) is the furthermost efficient and useful extension of IFS (intuitionistic fuzzy set) in a fuzzy system capable of precisely handling human perception in the decision-making system. The PFS structure involves the different degrees, i.e., membership, nonmembership, neutral, and hesitancy which are comprehensively applied to such types of complex practical problems in the real-life scenario. This advantage of PFS motivates the author to propose PFSs centred novel entropy measure via this communication, which is comparatively more generalized, reliable, and simplified in place of the existing uncertain measures. The practicability of the proposed present research work is to deal with real-world problems pertaining to the relative importance of the attributes. Therefore, certainly, the proposed novel entropy developed a different approach to handle the uncertainty more precisely as a part of the existing approaches. The validation proof of the proposed entropy measure is proved in an organized manner and practically employed in the perspective of the polling data outcomes about the people’s opinions with the VIKOR-TOPSIS approach.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new Pythagorean fuzzy entropy for Pythagorean fuzzy sets, which is a continuation of the Pythagorean fuzzy entropy of intuitionistic sets. The Pythagorean fuzzy set continues the intuitionistic fuzzy set with the additional advantage that it is well equipped to overcome its imperfections. Its entropy determines the quantity of information in the Pythagorean fuzzy set. Thus, the proposed entropy provides a new flexible tool that is particularly useful in complex multi-criteria problems where uncertain data and inaccurate information are considered. The performance of the introduced method is illustrated in a real-life case study, including a multi-criteria company selection problem. In this example, we provide a numerical illustration to distinguish the entropy measure proposed from some existing entropies used for Pythagorean fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Statistical illustrations show that the proposed entropy measures are reliable for demonstrating the degree of fuzziness of both Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS) and intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS). In addition, a multi-criteria decision-making method complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) was also proposed with weights calculated based on the proposed new entropy measure. Finally, to validate the reliability of the results obtained using the proposed entropy, a comparative analysis was performed with a set of carefully selected reference methods containing other generally used entropy measurement methods. The illustrated numerical example proves that the calculation results of the proposed new method are similar to those of several other up-to-date methods.

Data envelopment analysis is a mathematical linear programming based method where the overall effectiveness of a set of decision-making units is assessed for accomplishing the task. In this communication, we have projected Pythagorean fuzzy entropy DEA model with the inclusion of the Pythagorean fuzzy information which has a more extensive sense of flexibility in contrast with the intuitionistic fuzzy information. Furthermore, an approach to solve a decision-making problem with Pythagorean fuzzy information has been well presented with a defined set of weights. A numerical example based on evaluation of five government universities has also been provided for illustrating the projected methodology.

The picture fuzzy sets (PFSs) are more appropriate in handling the vague, imprecise and uncertain information measure for the MCDM (Multi criteria decision making) issues and therefore, this assertion is designed to introduce new information measure under the PFSs known as (R, S)-norm picture fuzzy information measure. In the present research work, a set of conditions are introduced as a basis for the new introduced information measure under the picture fuzzy environment and besides this, the practical efficacy of introduced (R, S)-norm picture fuzzy information measure along with certain significant properties are taken into practice. Under the application section of introduced work, the new information measure is utilized for electing the chief minister of Himachal Pradesh, State of India based on opinion polls.

Multi-criteria determination planning (MCDM) is among the examination territories of tasks and the board sciences which have generally concentrated by researchers and specialists. Among all the augmentations of the fuzzy set, the pythagorean fuzzy set is considered as a standout amongst other methodologies in managing the unclear terms with more precision in correlation with the intuitionist fuzzy system. In this writing, we proposed new pythagorean fuzzy entropy for MCDM issues. We have utilized the VIKOR approach to tackle these issues. The VIKOR approach was created to unravel MCDM issues with clashing or non-commensurable standards. We depict an MCDM issue and offer the means of the VIKOR approach inside the pythagorean fuzzy system.

Multi Criteria decision making (MCDM) problems can be handled with the help of fuzzy set theory and moreover, this theory has been extended to a new concept called IFS named as Intuitionistic fuzzy set. There has been an increasing demand in the growing research under the fuzzy environment because of numerous applications such as artificial intelligence, medical science, logic programming, medical diagnosis, neural networks and machine learning. We have systematically conducted a review on this topic after a deep analysis of 50 research papers to provide a new framework from all the existing theoretical results, logic and applications.

The present communication aims to study the Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision Making (TIF-MCDM) problem for finding the best option where the phonetic factors for the criteria are pre-characterized. In perspective of this, a new parametric entropy under α-cut/(α,/β)- cut based distance measures has been proposed and implemented for various conceivable estimations of parameters. A survey structure based on a questionnaire for the purchase of a car has also been studied and devised the ranking procedure for the evaluation criteria. Further, a ranking algorithm for TIF-MCDM issue for the accessible options by processing the various distances between the perfect option and all the accessible options has been proposed. An illustrative example to rank the alternatives in view of different opinions has also been included.

Because of reactive power requested by the industrialists and agriculturists, three-phase induction motors composed at evaluated voltage are working under the appraised voltage particularly in the rural areas, a long way from the utility focuses. The target of this research article is to enhance torque, effectiveness, power developed, and power factor by using double-cage winding with a new combination of stator and rotor design. The rim_003 rotor bar is used with so_012 parallel tooth opening flat bottom stator with different arrangements of stator winding, which are used for 5 HP three-phase squirrel cage induction motor. JMAG Express is used to figure the execution enhancement of motor under appraised voltage.

The psychiatric care of opioid users receiving agonist therapies is often complicated by high rates of illicit drug use (Brooner et al., 2013). The present study evaluates if illicit drug use (i.e., opioids, cocaine, sedatives) detected at the start of psychiatric care affects treatment response. Methadone maintenance patients (n = 125) with at least one current psychiatric disorder completed a 3-month randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of financial incentives on attendance to on-site integrated substance abuse and psychiatric services (Kidorf et al., 2013). The present study re-analyzes the data set by grouping participants into one of two conditions based on the 4-week baseline observation: (1) no illicit drug use (baseline negative; n = 50), or (2) any illicit drug use (baseline positive; n = 75). All participants received a similar schedule of psychiatric services, and had good access to prescribed psychiatric medications. The Global Severity Index (GSI) of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-Revised was administered monthly to evaluate changes in psychiatric distress. Results showed that while both conditions evidenced similar utilization of on-site psychiatric services, baseline negative participants remained in treatment somewhat longer (80.7 vs. 74.8 days, p = .04) and demonstrated greater reductions in GSI scores than baseline positive participants at month 3 (p = .004). These results have implications for interpreting previous studies that have shown inconsistent efficacy of pharmacotherapy and other psychiatric treatments, and for providing clinical care for patients with co-occurring substance use and psychiatric disorders.

The shortest path problem is a classical network optimization problem which has a wide range of applications in various fields of science and engineering. In the present communication, an algorithm to find the shortest path and shortest distance in an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy graph with nodes and links being crisp but the edge weights will be Interval-valued Intuitionistic Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers (IITFNs). Finally, a numerical example has been provided for illustrating the proposed approach.

Background and objectives Maternal buprenorphine maintenance predisposes the infant to exhibit neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), but there is insufficient published information regarding the nature of NAS and factors that contribute to its severity in buprenorphine-exposed infants. Methods The present study evaluated forty-one infants of buprenorphine-maintained women in comprehensive substance use disorder treatment who participated in an open-label study examining the effects of maternal buprenorphine maintenance on infant outcomes. Modifiers of the infant outcomes, including maternal treatment and substance use disorder parameters, were also evaluated. Results Fifty-nine percent of offspring exhibited NAS that required pharmacologic management. Both maternal buprenorphine dose as well as prenatal polysubstance exposure to illicit substance use/licit substance misuse were independently associated with NAS expression. Polysubstance exposure was associated with more severe NAS expression after controlling for the effects of buprenorphine dose. Other exposures, including cigarette smoking and SRI use, were not related to outcomes. Maternal buprenorphine dose was positively associated with lower birth weight and length. Conclusions Polysubstance exposure was the most potent predictor of NAS severity in this sample of buprenorphine-exposed neonates. This finding suggests the need for interventions that reduce maternal polysubstance use during medication assisted treatment for opioid use disorder, and highlights the necessity of a comprehensive approach, beyond buprenorphine treatment alone, for the optimal care for pregnant women with opioid use disorders.

In the present communication, we study some preservation properties of the Laplace transform ordering and the moment generating function ordering of residual life and inactivity time under the reliability operation of convolution. These results are in addition to the existing results available in the literature.

The benefits of integrating substance abuse and psychiatric care may be limited by poor service utilization. This randomized clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of using contingency management to improve utilization of psychiatric services co-located and integrated within a community-based methadone maintenance treatment program.Opioid-dependent outpatients (n=125) with any current psychiatric disorder were randomly assigned to: (1) reinforced on-site integrated care (ROIC), with vouchers (worth $25.00) contingent on full adherence to each week of scheduled psychiatric services; or (2) standard on-site integrated care (SOIC). All participants received access to the same schedule of psychiatrist and mental health counseling sessions for 12-weeks.ROIC participants attended more overall psychiatric sessions at month 1 (M=7.53 vs. 3.97, p.001), month 2 (M=6.31 vs. 2.81, p.001), and month 3 (M=5.71 vs. 2.44, p.001). Both conditions evidenced reductions in psychiatric distress (p.001) and similar rates of drug-positive urine samples. No differences in study retention were observed.These findings suggest that contingency management can improve utilization of psychiatric services scheduled within an on-site and integrated treatment model. Delivering evidenced-based mental health counseling, or modifying the contingency plan to include illicit drug use, may be required to facilitate greater changes in psychiatric and substance abuse outcomes.

Background Gestational opioid use/misuse is escalating in the United States; however, little is understood about the fetal effects of medications used to treat maternal opioid use disorders. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of maternal buprenorphine administration on longitudinal fetal neurobehavioral development. Study Design Forty-nine buprenorphine-maintained women who attended a substance use disorder treatment facility with generally uncomplicated pregnancies underwent fetal monitoring for 60 minutes at times of trough and peak maternal buprenorphine levels. Data were collected at 24, 28, 32, and 36 weeks gestation. Fetal neurobehavioral indicators (ie, heart rate, motor activity, and their integration [fetal movement–fetal heart rate coupling]) were collected via an actocardiograph, digitized and quantified. Longitudinal data analysis relied on hierarchic linear modeling. Results Fetal heart rate, heart rate variability, and heart rate accelerations were significantly reduced at peak vs trough maternal buprenorphine levels. Effects were significant either by or after 28 weeks gestation and tended to intensify with advancing gestation. Fetal motor activity and fetal movement–fetal heart rate coupling were depressed from peak to trough at 36 weeks gestation. Polysubstance exposure did not significantly affect fetal neurobehavioral parameters, with the exception that fetuses of heavier smokers moved significantly less than those of lighter smokers at 36 weeks gestation. By the end of gestation, higher maternal buprenorphine dose was related to depression of baseline fetal cardiac measures at trough. Conclusion Maternal buprenorphine administration has acute suppressive effects on fetal heart rate and movement, and the magnitude of these effects increases as gestation progresses. Higher dose (≥13 mg) appears to exert greater depressive effects on measures of fetal heart rate and variability. These findings should be balanced against comparisons to gestational methadone effects, relatively good outcomes of buprenorphine-exposed infants, and recognition of the benefits of medication-assisted treatment for pregnant women with opioid use disorders in optimizing pregnancy outcomes.

Developing bridges between community syringe exchange programs (SEPs) and substance abuse treatment could benefit syringe exchangers and the public health. Kidorf et al. (2009) showed that motivational approaches employed at an SEP site improved rates of treatment enrollment and reduced drug use over a 4-month observation window. The present study extends this report by evaluating rates of treatment enrollment and re-enrollment over a 12-month period.Opioid dependent individuals (n = 281) newly registered at an SEP were randomly assigned to one of three referral interventions: (1) 8 individual motivational enhancement sessions and 16 treatment readiness group sessions designed to improve treatment interest and readiness (motivated referral condition; MRC-only); (2) MRC-only with monetary incentives for attending sessions and enrolling in treatment (MRC+I); or (3) standard referral (SRC). MRC-only and MRC+I participants discharged from treatment could attend a treatment re-engagement group designed to facilitate return to treatment (MRC+I participants received incentives for attending sessions and re-enrolling in treatment).The 4-month outcomes generally extended over 12 months. MRC+I participants were more likely to enroll in methadone maintenance than MRC-only or SRC participants, and to re-enroll in treatment following discharge. MRC+I participants also reported more days of treatment and less heroin and injection use.The good harm reduction outcomes for many SEP participants can be enhanced through strategies designed to facilitate treatment enrollment and re-enrollment.

Reliability Properties of Residual Life Time and Inactivity Time of Series and Parallel SystemThe concepts of residual life time and inactivity time are extensively used in reliability theory for modeling life time data. In this paper we prove some new results on stochastic comparisons of residual life time and inactivity time in series and parallel systems. These results are in addition to the existing results of Li & Zhang (2003) and Li & Lu (2003). We also present sufficient conditions for aging properties of the residual life time and inactivity life time of series and parallel systems. Some examples from Weibull and Gompertz distributions are provided to support the results as well.

the present communication, we discuss some reliability properties of mean inactivity time order and study the preservation of mean inactivity time under some weight function. Weighted Distribution methods arise in the context of research related to reliability, data gathering, ecology, inference, modeling, bio-medicine and several other areas. In general, weighted distributions have wide role for the analysis of life time data.

In the present communication, we have applied the concept of Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Numbers (TIFNs) to the study of a Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem for finding the best alternative where the linguistic variables for the criteria are intuitively predefined in the form of TIFNs. On the basis of decision maker's qualitative opinions as well as the management's opinions to the criteria, the weight of each criterion is being calculated with the help of parametric entropy and 'useful' parametric entropy under a -- cut/(a, s) -- cut based distance measures for different possible values of parameters. Also, an algorithm for Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision Making (TIF-MCDM) problem where the ranking of the available alternatives by calculating the various distances between the ideal alternative and all the available alternatives has been provided. An illustrative example showing the procedure to rank the alternatives in view of the different opinions has also been provided.

Equilibrium distribution finds various applications in reliability, stochastic processes, repairable systems and many areas of applied probability such as renewal risk model etc. This paper deals with some of the reliability properties of reliability structures under equilibrium random variable(s). The likelihood ratio ordering for the series and parallel systems has been established under equilibrium. Further, the log-concavity properties of series and parallel systems having independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.) components under the condition of equilibrium have been studied.

In the present communication, we have implemented the concept of intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy numbers (ITFNs) to the study of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) problem for evaluating the best vendor/supplier whose information take the form of ITFNs. We propose a new algorithm for ITF-MCDM problem where the weights of the involved attributes are supposed to be completely unknown. These weights have been calculated on the basis of the decision maker's qualitative opinion to the attributes with the help of pre-defined linguistic variables and an entropy measure. Finally, the ranking of the vendors/suppliers has been determined by calculating the hamming distance between the ideal alternative and all the available alternatives.

Analysis method used for measuring and evaluating the efficiency of decision making units is basically a linear programming based technique. It has number of inputs and outputs included in the analysis and takes account of the relationship between inputs and outputs. Analysis method has clear advantages over competing approaches such as data envelopment analysis (DEA). In the present paper, we propose a new algorithm for decision making units in context of intuitionistic fuzzy weighted entropy in order to rank decision making units in data envelopment analysis.