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In the current study, it was aimed to determine the sediment in Sparus aurata (Linnaeus 1758) tissues and Salicornia europaea L. Cu, Zn Fe, Hg, Cd, Pb and Mn concentration distributions in Güllük Lagoon which is located in the south of Aegean Sea and under the influence of anthropogenic activities by means of metal pollution and health indices and to investigate the effects of these metals on public health. The concentration range of Cu, Zn, Fe, Hg, Cd, Pb and Mn in sediment samples was determined as 12.16-26.00, 1.62-2.03, 7.77-8.36, 7.52-16.15, 0.071-0.40, 7.99-13.74 and 12.11-12.63 mg kg

Bu çalışmada, Gökova Körfezi kuzey kıyı şeridi boyunca seçilen yedi istasyonun bazı fiziko-kimyasal parametreleri aylık olarak incelenmiştir. Daha sonra toplanan veriler çok değişkenli istatistiksel analizlerle değerlendirilmiştir. Su kalitesi parametrelerinin dağılımı box plot kullanılarak aylık ve istasyonlar olacak şekilde dağılım grafikleri oluşturulmuştur. Parametreler Spearman's rho korelasyonu ile incelendiğinde en yüksek pozitif korelasyonlar DO (Çözünmüş oksijen)‒SO (Doymuş oksijen), EC (Elektriksel iletkenlik)‒Salt (Tuzluluk), DO‒BOD5 (Biyolojik oksijen ihtiyacı), SO‒BOD5, TP (Toplam fosfor)‒PO4 (Orto-fosfat) arasında iken en yüksek negatif korelasyonlar WT (Su sıcaklığı)‒DO, EC‒NO3 (Nitrat azotu), Salt‒NO3, WT‒SO olarak tespit edilmiştir. Su kalitesi parametrelerine Kruskal Wallis Test uygulandığında örnekleme ayları açısından WT, DO, SO, SUS (askıda katılar), TP, NO2, PO4, NH4, NO3, BOD5 anlamlı farklılık gösterirken (p, In this study, some physico-chemical parameters of seven selected sampling sites (SSs) along the northern coastal line of Gökova Bay were investigated monthly. Then collected data were evaluated through the multivariate statistical analyses. Monthly distribution of water quality parameters was created using box plot across the SSs. When the parameters were examined with Spearman's rho correlation, the highest positive correlations were found to be between DO (Dissolved oxygen)‒SO (Saturated oxygen), EC (Electrical conductivity)‒Salt (Salinity), DO‒BOD5 (Biological oxygen demand), SO‒BOD5, TP (Total phosphorus)‒PO4 (Ortho-phosphate), while the highest negative correlations were found to be between WT (Water temperature)‒DO, EC‒NO3 (Nitrate nitrogen), Salt‒NO3, WT‒SO. When Kruskal Wallis Test was applied to water quality parameters, WT, DO, SO, SUS (Suspended solids), TP, NO2, PO4, NH4, NO3, BOD5 differed significantly in terms of sampling months (p

In this study, the effects of a number of commonly used pesticides on the activity of the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme from pesticide-free and pesticide-applied ‘Jonagold’ apples were comparatively evaluated. Substrates 4-methylcatechol, pyrocatechol, pyrogallol and L-tyrosine were used to determine the substrate specificity of the PPO enzyme obtained from apple. According to the results, on the contrary, PPO enzyme from ‘Jonagold’ apple did not show any activity against L-tyrosine substrate which is a monophenolic substrate, the enzyme had high affinity against 4-methylcatechol, pyrocatechol and pyrogallol which are di and tri phenolic substrates. Km values of PPO enzyme obtained from pesticide-free apples against 4-methylcatechol, pyrocatechol, and pyrogallol substrates were determined as followed 0.27 mM, 2.27 mM, and 0.37 mM, respectively. Vmax values were found as 0.133 mM/min, 0.081 mM/min, and 0.051 mM/min. Optimum pH values were found to be 4.5 for 4-methylcatechol, 7.0 for pyrocatechol, and 7.5 for pyrogallol. Optimum temperature values were determined as 40 °C for 4-methylcatechol, 10 °C for pyrocatechol, and 50 °C for pyrogallol. Km values for PPO enzyme activity obtained from pesticide-treated apples against 4-methylcatechol, pyrocatechol, and pyrogallol substrates were 0.98 mM, 3.94 mM, and 0.37 mM, Vmax values were 0.08 mM/min, 0.02 mM/min, and 0.034 mM/min. Optimum pH values were found to be 7.0 for 4-methylcatechol and pyrocatechol and 7.5 for pyrogallol. Optimum temperature values were determined as 50 °C for 4-methylcatechol, 30 °C for pyrocatechol, and 40 °C for pyrogallol. Overall, the results showed that the PPO enzyme from pesticide-free apples had higher activity than pesticide-treated apples. The effects of metals and storage stability on PPO enzyme activity were also investigated. The results reveal that pesticide use affects PPO enzyme activity. The obtained data bring to light new pesticide functional features of great interest in the medicinal, agro-chemical and environmental circles.

Monitoring heavy metal contaminants in fish is important for the assessment of environmental quality as well as food safety. In this study, European eel samples were collected from Lake Koycegiz and Lake Vortsjarv in 2017 and 2018. The concentrations of Mn, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu metals were measured by using GF-AAS in four selected tissues of eel, including liver, gill, skin, and muscle in both lakes. The pollution index (Pi, MPI) values were calculated for both lakes and the health risk for consumers was assessed for both adults and children in Turkey and Estonia. The estimated weekly intake (EWI), hazard index (HI), and lifetime cancer risk values (CRs) for the metals were calculated for both lakes. According to the results of this study, a significant difference was determined between the metal concentrations (especially Cu, Cd, and Pb) in the tissues of the eel samples taken from the two lakes. These results show that besides the pollution levels in the aquatic environment, physiological needs and metabolic activities in different habitats have a significant effect on metal accumulation in eels. In addition, HI was found to be

The aim of this study is to examine the basic parts of the supervision guide prepared by the Ministry of Education chairmanship of the supervision Committee, which is prepared for Public Education Centers, in terms of legal legislation and audit literature. By this means, it is desired to create a new perspective on the supervision guides which serve as the manual of Education Inspectors. In the study, a qualitative research method was adopted and the document analysis technique was used. During the document scanning for this research, doctoral-level theses and articles themed as an “Audit in Public Education Centres”, in the last 10 years on the internet, and legal documents included in the guideline were examined. The data obtained were resolved by using content analysis and presented under two themes: legal documents and literature. In the study, it was found that there are many main document-based inconsistencies according to the legal documents due to the Lifelong Learning Institutions Regulation published after the publication date of the guide. It has been determined that the parts that are consistent according to the legal documents are the legal bases indirectly related to the Public Education Centers. When the literature is regarded, it has been determined that the published supervision guide is generally consistent and includes information related to educational supervision. Despite this consistency, in the audit guide, along with the four codes namely "Lack of Content", "Non-attribution", "Concept inconsistency" and "Contradiction" which were seen in the expressions that differ from the literature, the deficiencies were identified. Findings have been interpreted with the support of legal bases and literature.

The aim of this research is to examine the consistency of the main sections of the motor vehicle driving school inspection guide according to the relevant literature (educational supervision) and legal regulations. In the study, qualitative research approach was conducted and document analysis technique was used. Accordingly, the document prepared for motor vehicle driving courses was handled among the inspection guides published by the Ministry of National Education to ensure standardization of practice and standardization between the head of the inspectors of education. The data of the research were analyzed according to the document analysis technique. Within the scope of the research, the findings obtained from the inspection guide examined on the basis of legal legislation and literature. According to the findings obtained within the scope of the research, it is seen that the legal document referred to in the majority of the guide has been reached and the statement in the guide coincides with the legal basis. On the other hand, according to the legal basis, there are items that are under-stated in the guide. In addition, it was understood that after the publication of the inspection guide, some changes were made in the regulations but these changes were not reflected in the document. When evaluating from the opening of the literature, it was found that evaluation criteria for some items are not included in the inspection guide. Within the scope of the research, it has been suggested that the Ministry of National Education will reflect the updates to be made in the relevant regulations to the inspection guide.

PurposeThis study focused on the impact of principals' leadership content knowledge, evaluation practices and teachers' professional learning activities on classroom instruction.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 425 teachers who worked in 46 elementary and lower secondary public schools within two provinces in Turkey. Teachers were asked to fill out a questionnaire on principals’ leadership content knowledge, evaluation feedback, professional learning activities and changed instructional practices. This study employed multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) by using the Bayesian estimation method to analyze the research hypotheses.FindingsFindings indicate that if teachers perceive the evaluation progress as more useful, then they will participate in more professional learning activities, and they will be more effective in their classroom practices. This study also indicates that teachers' professional learning activities stimulate their instructional practices.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the number of schools and teachers allows using multilevel analysis, it limits the findings generalized beyond the sample. To compensate for this limitation, the author confirmed that the sample was representative of the larger population by examining the size of students and teachers, SES and teachers' job experience. The author also conducted a Bayesian estimator to strengthen the test of significance of effects.Practical implicationsThis study underlines the critical role of leadership content knowledge in evaluating practices and providing useful feedback perceived by teachers in elementary and secondary schools. Principals should lead to instruction by knowing how to address a lack of teachers' pedagogical content knowledge and classroom practices. The Ministry of Education should support principals in becoming effective instructional leaders to observe teachers and provide them meaningful feedback on teaching.Originality/valueDespite increased interest in this construct, research on principals' and teachers' responses to adapt the recent form of teachers’ performance evaluation systems is scant, especially in developing countries’ context. Moreover, little is known about the paths through which principals can enhance classroom practices by providing useful feedback. Given these trends in policy and practice context, this study provides empirical evidence that principals can enact the teachers' performance evaluation that affects classroom instruction.

Purpose: While the literature includes multiple studies on the relationship between school leadership and instructional quality, they often use instructional practice as a continuous variable, assuming that a teacher would perform all sub-dimensions of instructional practice at a similar rate and failing to link distributed leadership to classroom teaching. Addressing these gaps in the literature, this study aims to identify teacher- and school-level latent profiles of teachers’ instructional practices and to investigate how distributed leadership predicts teachers’ membership in different instructional practice profiles, with the mediating role of teacher collaboration. Research Methods/Approach: The study employed a cross-sectional survey design using Türkiye's TALIS data for lower secondary education. Multilevel latent profile analysis with mediation modeling was conducted on data from 3,223 teachers in 192 schools. Findings: This analysis yielded four teacher profiles: laissez-faire, typical, controlling, and versatile; and two school profiles, high controlling and high laissez-faire. Findings indicate that distributed leadership promotes professional collaboration in lessons among teachers, which could, in turn, play a critical role in determining both individual teacher- and school-level profiles. Implications: This study provides practical contributions to understanding the nature of classroom teaching, suggesting that future studies should use instructional practice profiles instead of a single construct of teaching.

This study investigated the relationship between principal job satisfaction, distributed leadership, teacher-student relationships, and student reading achievement in Turkey. Using school- and teacher-level data from the PISA 2018 and TALIS 2018, we conducted a mediated-effect with antecedent effect model, in which the construct of teacher-student relationships was proposed as the mediator of the effects of distributed leadership on student achievement, while principal job satisfaction was included as the antecedent of distributed leadership. The results confirmed the indirect effect of distributed leadership on student achievement through teacher-student relationships. We also found that principal job satisfaction exercised a positive and significant effect on the enactment of distributed leadership practices. This study adds evidence to the international literature suggesting that principal job satisfaction is an important mechanism for distributed leadership practices and that the execution of such practices improves student achievement by promoting teacher-student relationships. Implications for policy, practice, and research are discussed.

This study investigated the mediated distributed leadership effects on student achievement through teacher job satisfaction and disciplinary climate in Turkish high schools. We employed school-, teacher-, and student-level datasets drawn from the 2018 PISA and TALIS datasets and performed a multilevel structural equation model (MSEM). The results confirmed the role of teacher job satisfaction and disciplinary climate in mediating the effects of distributed leadership on student achievement. We concluded that building a school environment that fosters a disciplinary climate conducive to learning and encourages teachers to adopt positive affective and cognitive demeanors is a core condition for leveraging student achievement.

This study tested a moderated mediation model of instructional leadership's effects on differentiated instruction, with teacher enthusiasm as the mediator and power distance perceptions of teachers as the moderator. Using survey data from a sample of 772 teachers working at 55 secondary schools, the study performed multilevel structural equation modelling (MSEM) with Bayesian estimation to examine the structural relationships between principal instructional leadership, power distance, teacher enthusiasm, and differentiated instruction. Results replicated the previously established evidence that principal instructional leadership has indirect effects on differentiated instruction through promoting teacher enthusiasm. This study also extends the literature by bringing evidence that the effect of instructional leadership on teacher enthusiasm and differentiated practice is contingent upon the level of power distance in the relationships between teachers and principals. Key implications for policy and practice are discussed.

This study aims to explore the bibliometric review of research on principal leadership and student achievement. The study consists of 473 articles indexed in the Web of Science database between 1992 and August 2019. This database provides access to bibliographic data of publications. Data were analysed by using VOSviewer software to create co-authorship, keyword and citation map. Descriptive statistics and social network analysis were used for data analysis. There are 93 items that are mentioned at least four times in 473 articles. These keywords grouped into nine clusters. The most common keywords are achievement, school leadership, principal, school improvement, instructional leadership, teachers and performance. The temporal analysis finds that recent interest revolves around teacher evaluation, teacher professional development, trust and collaboration. Researchers can do a similar study in the field of school leadership and school culture. Keywords: School principal, academic achievement, bibliometric analysis.

Goller en onemli sulak alan ekosistemleri arasindadir. Ekolojik olarak onemli olan goller, ozel ekosistemlerdir ve bolgenin su rejimini ayarlamak, karakteristik bitki ve hayvan gruplarinin ekonomik, kulturel, bilimsel ve rekreasyonel bir sekilde yasamalarini ve buyuk bir kaynak olusturmalarini saglamak gibi bircok onemli role sahiptir. Ayrica, cesitli insan faaliyetleri (balikcilik, rekreasyon ve turizm, enerji uretimi, atik su emisyonu) icin bir kaynak ve doga icin bir siginak olarak kabul edilen goller, yonetmeliklere gore yonetilmeli ve somurulmelidir. 36 ° 17 '- 37 ° 33` Kuzey enlemleri ve 27 ° 13` ve 29 ° 46` Dogu boylamlari arasinda yer alan Mugla, 13 328 km 2 yuzey alanina ve cok engebeli bir araziye sahiptir. Il, Buyuk Menderes, Dalaman ve Esen Nehirleri havzalarinda bulunur ve guneyde Akdeniz, batida Ege Denizi ile cevrilidir. Mugla ili, Esencayi, Dalaman Nehirleri, Bafa Golu, Gulluk Lagunu ve Koycegiz Golu gibi ana su kaynaklari ile diger tatli su kaynaklari bakimindan zengindir. Bu calisma Haziran 2011 ile Mayis 2012 tarihleri ​​arasinda Koycegiz, Bafa ve Limni Golunde yapilmistir. Secilen bu istasyonlardaki goller su kalitesi yonunden arastirilmistir. Bu gollerden secilen toplam 15 istasyon noktasindan su ornekleri alinmistir. Su sicakligi, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik ve cozunmus oksijen, YSI 556 MPS coklu prob cihazi kullanilarak sahada olculmustur. Sahadan alinan ornekler Mugla Sitki Kocman Universitesi Su Urunleri Enstitusu Temel Bilimler Laboratuvarina getirilerek, ortofosfat, nitrit azotu, nitrat azotu ve amonyum azotu bakimindan olculmustur. Bu istasyonlardan alinan su ornekleri fiziko-kimyasal parametreler yonunden incelenmistir. Calismanin sonuclari su sekilde belirlenmistir: su sicakligi (11,43-28,62 ⁰ C), pH (6,03-8,90), elektriksel iletkenlik (403,6-2124 µScm -1 ), cozunmus oksijen (1, 73-11,42 mgL -1 ), nitrit azotu (BDL-0,12 mgL -1 ), nitrat azotu (BDL-25,85 mgL -1 ), amonyak azotu (BDL-1,64 mgL -1 ) ve orto -fosfat (BDL-1,24 mgL -1 ). Fiziko-kimyasal parametreler Su Kirliligi Kontrolu Mevzuatina uygun olarak degerlendirilmistir. Bu calismanin bir sonucu olarak, bu gollerdeki kirliligin cogunlukla antropojenik faktorler, tarimsal kirleticiler, turizm faaliyetleri, evsel atiklar ve atik su kombinasyonundan etkilendigi gorulmustur.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, okul yöneticilerinin teknolojik liderlik öz yeterlikleri ile kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Türkiye genelinde yapılan bu çalışmaya toplam 8561 okul yöneticisi katılmıştır. Araştırmada Beş Faktör Kişilik Envanteri ve Teknoloji Liderliği Öz Yeterlik Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada okul yöneticilerinin teknolojik liderlik öz yeterliklerini ve kişilik özelliklerini belirlemek için aritmetik ortalama ve standart sapma değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, okul müdürlerinin teknolojik liderlik öz yeterlikleri ile kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymak için kanonik korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, okul yöneticilerinin teknolojik liderlik öz yeterlik becerilerinden vizyoner liderlik davranışını göreli en az gösterdikleri, dijital vatandaşlık davranışını ise en fazla gösterdikleri saptanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bir diğer sonuca göre, okul müdürlerinin nevrotik kişilik davranışını göreli olarak düşük düzeyde gösterdikleri, öz disiplin kişilik davranışını ise göreli olarak daha fazla gösterdikleri anlaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda okul yöneticilerinin kişilik özellikleri ile teknolojik liderlik öz yeterlik becerileri arasında pozitif yönde önemli kanonik ilişki bulunmuştur. Buna göre, dışa dönüklük, uzlaşmacılık, öz disiplin, deneyime açıklık düzeyleri yüksek olan okul yöneticilerinin teknolojik liderlik öz yeterlik becerilerinin de daha yüksek olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Diğer yandan, okul yöneticilerinin nevrotik kişilik düzeyi arttıkça teknolojik liderlik öz yeterlik becerilerinin azaldığı görülmüştür. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between school administrators’ technological leadership self-efficacy and their personality traits. In this quantitative research, a descriptive model was used. The study was conducted throughout Turkey and 8561 school administrators participated in the study. To get data from school administrators, the “Five Factors Personality Inventory” and “Technological Leadership Self Efficacy Scale” scales were used. The data was analysed via arithmetic mean, standard deviation and canonical regression analysis. Through the findings it was found that school administrators indicated visionary leadership behaviour relatively less and showed self-discipline behaviour more. It was also seen that there was a significant canonical relationship between school administrators’ technological leadership self-efficacy and their personality traits in a positive way. It can be said that the higher the level of principals’ extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeability and openness to the experience were, the higher their level of technological leadership self-efficacy. On the other hand, it was determined that as the level of neurotic personality of school principals increased, their technological leadership self-efficacy skills decreased.

Monitoring heavy metal contaminants in fish is important for the assessment of environmental quality as well as food safety. In this study, European eel samples were collected from Lake Köyceğiz and Lake Võrtsjärv in 2017 and 2018. The concentrations of Mn, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu metals were measured by using GF-AAS in four selected tissues of eel, including liver, gill, skin, and muscle in both lakes. The pollution indexes (Pi, MPI) values were calculated for both lakes and the health risk for consumers was assessed for both adults and children in Turkey and Estonia. The estimated weekly intake (EWI), hazard index (HI), and lifetime cancer risk values ​​(CRs) for the metals were calculated for both lakes. According to the results of this study, a significant difference was determined the between the metal concentrations (especially Cu, Cd and Pb) in the tissues of the eel samples taken from the two lakes. These results show that besides the pollution levels in the aquatic environment, physiological needs, and metabolic activities in different habitats have a significant effect on metal accumulation in eels. In addition, HI was found to be

Monitoring heavy metal contaminants in fish is important for the assessment of environmental quality as well as food safety. In this study, European eel samples were collected from Lake Köyceğiz and Lake Võrtsjärv in 2017 and 2018. The concentrations of Mn, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu metals were measured by using GF-AAS in four selected tissues of eel, including liver, gill, skin, and muscle in both lakes. The pollution index (P

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of instructional leadership and school culture in school-level, and academic self-efficacy and socioeconomic status in student-level on academic achievement. The study conducted with 194 teachers and 948 students at 30 schools in Cankiri province. The sample was composed of stratified sampling technique considering the number of teachers and students in schools. In the 2017-2018 academic year, teachers responded to the Organizational Culture Scale, Instructional Leadership Scale, and Collective Teacher Efficacy Scale. Additionally, students responded to the Academic Self-Efficacy Scale. For academic achievement, we used students' averages scores related to six courses. We checked five hypotheses in the study and analyzed them with two-level structural equation modeling. The findings showed that socioeconomic status, academic self-efficacy, and collective efficacy of teachers had a significant effect on the students' average academic achievement scores. Another result indicated that perceptions of teachers about school principals' instructional leadership had a significant effect on organizational culture perceptions. Moreover, perceptions of the organizational culture of teachers had a significant effect on their perception of collective efficacy., Cankiri Karatekin University [EF200217B20], This study is supported by Cankiri Karatekin University Research Fund Project Number: EF200217B20.

Climate change shows itself in many different ways on marine life. The fishery is also a part of marine life and affected by climate change-driven weather conditions directly or indirectly. In the present study, relationships between commercial species (grey mullet -≈90% of total capture- and gilthead seabream) that were captured from lagoon traps in Köyceğiz lagoon (Turkey) and local weather conditions were analysed. The machine learning method Random Forests (RF) was used to pre-select the model predictors. RF results showed that while temperature-related parameters, cloudy days, and wind speed were the most effective parameters, precipitation-parameters were the least important parameters for these two species catch. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were applied to each fish species with the best pre-selected parameters, with the resulting equation being used for future prediction of the two fish species. Future prediction of predictors was calculated by monthly autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and 20th/80th percentile intervals were used as the scenarios. Simulations showed that an increase in some weather parameters (wind speed, seawater temperature, maximum air temperature, cloudy days) lead to an increase in grey mullet and (wind speed) gilthead seabream catch. Models proved that the impact of the weather parameters differs for those two targeted fish species although they live in the same environment. We recommend that individual fish species (and/or catch) should be used in the models, not the whole fish yield. Moreover, the model can also be used for non-commercial species in ecosystem-based studies. Changes in weather parameters due to climate change should be monitored to make proper decision on fishery management. This research was funded by Estonian Environmental Investment Centre project T180209PKKH and Estonian Research Council Grants PRG709, PSG32. This research was funded by Estonian Environmental Investment Centre project T180209PKKH and Estonian Research Council Grants PRG709, PSG32.

In this study, it is aimed to develop the flood risk analysis of Porsuk River, which is responsible for naming of the Porsuk Basin sub basin of Sakarya Basin, by utilizing the methods of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). In addition, flood elevation effects of Porsuk River in Eskisehir city and the regions around were investigated. Necessary data for study were obtained from Eskisehir 3. Regional Directorate of State Hydraulic Works archives. For analyses, the cross section of Porsuk River was defined in the Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software. Subsequently, recurring periods of 50, 100 and 1000 years discharge of Porsuk River which is calculated as 51.83 m3/s, 60.15 m3/s and 86.66 m3/s respectively were inputted in the software to obtain analysis results. Obtained results from the present study and topographic data were compared and interpreted. As a result, elevation of flood and its risks for urban regions were studied and presented.

This paper examines the links between learning-centred leadership and student achievement through the mediating effect of teacher professional community and parental involvement. Using teacher and student survey data collected from 79 lower secondary Turkish schools in 12 provinces across the country in 2019, this study employs multilevel structural equation modelling. The findings of the current study add to the growing knowledge base in the non-western societies, revealing the impact of principals' leadership on school processes and outcomes in Turkey. The study suggests that principals have a crucial role in improving student achievement by enhancing situations in which teachers work, namely, organisational and family paths. It suggests that principals' leadership practices still matter for teacher professional community and parental involvement in non-western countries. Implications for policy, practice and further research are discussed., Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TUBITAK]) [117K851], The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TUBITAK], grant no. 117K851).

The selection of school principals is being conducted according to subjective evaluations rather than objective criteria. It cannot be sufficiently assessed in the hiring process whether the personality traits of school principals, who are the leaders of school communities, are appropriate for administrative functions. In addition, the administrative self-efficacy beliefs of principals need to be explored. This study looks into school principals’ personality traits and administrative self-efficacy beliefs. The research draws its data from 643 school principals in Ankara. The findings show that school principals have high self-efficacy beliefs and conscientiousness and they are extrovert. Canonical correlation analysis reveals that personality traits predict 60% of principals’ administrative self-efficacy beliefs. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that principals hold self-efficacy beliefs which help them to achieve managerial tasks. Personality traits play a vital role in the emergence of these beliefs.

This study examines the relationship between the academic achievement of students with the instructional leadership behaviors of principals on the base of the mediating role of variables that are instructional climate, school safety, and student engagement. In this research, two-stage sampling method was used. In the first stage, stratified sampling was used to determine the schools in scope of the study. In the second stage, the students and teachers that would participate in the study in those schools were determined randomly. 2601 students and 994 teachers from 35 secondary schools are included in the research in 2016 – 2017 educational year. In this framework, the teachers’ perception was referred to determine the instructional leadership and instructional climate level. On the other hand, students’ perceptions were used for determining the levels related to school safety and students’ engagement. The transition to higher education examination (YGS) of 2017 results was used to determine the academic achievement of students which was the dependent variable of the research. The relationship between independent variables and dependent variables are examined on the base of two-level structural equation model. The results of the research have shown that principals’ instructional leadership behaviors have an indirect effect on students’ achievement through instructional climate. It has also determined that the principal can make increase the students’ engagement and achievement by influencing school safety., Bu çalışma, ortaöğretim okullarında görevli okul müdürlerinin öğretimsel liderlik davranışları ile öğrencilerinin akademik başarısı arasındaki ilişkiyi öğretimsel iklim, okul güvenliği ve öğrenci bağlılığı değişkenlerinin aracı etkisine dayalı olarak incelemektedir. Araştırmada iki aşamalı örneklem alma yoluna gidilmiştir. Birinci aşamada, çalışmaya dahil edilecek okulların belirlenmesi için tabakalı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İkinci aşamada ise bu okullarda uygulamaya katılacak öğrenciler ve öğretmenler seçkisiz olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, 2016-2017 eğitim-öğretim yılında Ankara’da 35 ortaöğretim kurumundan 2601 öğrenci ve 994 öğretmen çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Okul müdürlerinin öğretimsel liderlik düzeyi ile okulun öğretimsel iklim düzeyini saptamak üzere öğretmen algılarına başvurulmuştur. Diğer taraftan, okul güvenliği ile öğrenci bağlılığına ilişkin değişkenleri incelemek amacıyla öğrenci algılarından yararlanılmıştır. Bunun yanında, araştırmanın bağımlı değişkeni olan akademik başarısı puanları için 2017 yılına ait Yüksek Öğretime Geçiş Sınavı (YGS) sonuçları kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada yer alan değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler iki düzeyli yapısal eşitlik modellemesi temel alınarak incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, okul müdürünün öğretimsel liderlik davranışlarının öğrenci başarısı üzerinde öğretimsel iklim aracılığıyla dolaylı bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, okul müdürünün öğrencilerin okul güvenliği algısını etkileyerek, onların okula bağlılıklarını ve başarılarını arttırabildiği saptanmıştır.

Truly, while some countries are still grappling with policy issues to do with acceptance of the refugees in their respective countries, Turkey has become a safe haven to many, a refugee. This has not only featured the ordinary aspects of food, shelter, drinking water, clothing but also services like education, health, social services and transport assistance. Even more crucially, Turkey has offered other aspects bordering on integration, rights and freedoms, representation, mainstreaming and identity which are critical to the asylum seekers. This makes them feel at home especially given that they may end up staying for a long time or even never return to their homes. Such a process requires multi-dimensional legal and administrative regulation but Turkey has always come up with its own localized version of legal settings to accommodate spontaneous issues. This is what has distinguished Turkey from all other countries in the world given its immeasurable, priceless and invaluable handling of asylum seekers.

In our era, organizations are trying to stay alive in complex environments. There are many reflections of complexity theory on organizations. The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of complexity on management processes. This study is based on Gregg’s management process approach. With complexity, decision-making models changed, planning is not long-termed anymore, organizations tend to be structured more horizontally, communication should be maintained with all stakeholders, coordination is created by seeing the effect of workers on the total job, effecting is based on leadership, there are different leadership styles, and evaluating can be done with stochastic approach. These reflections on management process can be discussed in terms of school management processes too. © 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.

A thorough investigation of the impact of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cultivation on surface water quality in the area known as Bereket HES IV Dam Lake was conducted. Water samples were collected from October 2009 to June 2010 from four stations in the Dam Lake and analyzed for water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and orthophosphate. Surface water quality was then evaluated based on the comparison of samples collected from three stations located near fish cages to those collected from a reference station outside the cultivation area as well as by the comparison with standards specified in the Water Pollution Registration Act. According to the Water Pollution Registration Act, the surface water quality of the Dam Lake was class I. Additionally, there were no significant differences in water quality within the Dam Lake among any of the sampling stations, including the reference station. Overall, these findings indicate that cage cultivation of rainbow trout may have a negative impact on the entire Dam Lake.

Different methods have been using during the adjustment from primary education to high school education. One of these methods is addition of specific ratio from the primary education process to the examination results. Addition of class success ratio to the exam results is criticized widely because of the possible subjective assessments in teacher's evaluation. In this study, relation between the primary education achievement and central exam achievements has been researched. The study is a descriptive survey. Turkish Language class achievements and Turkish Language Success Evaluation exam points which aim to evaluate Turkish Language basic efficiency are used. Evaluation exam is applied to 23.036 students from 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th degrees, all around Altindag district in Ankara. As result of the analysis, there is a meaningful relation with a ratio of 58 percent between class achievements and exam results of the students. This relation shows a raising attitude from 4th grade to the 8th. Variance of class achievement on the exam points is 35 percent. However relation with the ratio of 58 percent looks high, it also seems questionable because the class achievements is used for starting high school education, to provide objectivism. Types of exams and differences among the types of questions in the exam which are applied as central exams can be considered as results of the low relation ratio. However, it can also be said that it is necessary to have some regulations in reflection of study results to exam points to gather objectivism.

Eğitim sisteminin temel uygulayıcısı olan öğretmenlerin mesleki konularda belirli bir yetki ve özgürlük alanına sahip olmaları şeklinde tanımlanabilecek özerklik kavramı, öğretmenlerin karar verme ve öğrenciler ile ilgili konularda öngörülen mesleki seçimleri yapabilme özgürlüğü; eğitimin planlanması, geliştirilmesi ve yönetimi süreçlerine katılmaları olarak tanımlanmakta ve çalışma ortamıyla ilişkilendirilmektedir. Konuyla ilgili yapılmış çalışmalarda, daha fazla özerkliğe sahip olan öğretmenlerin, mesleklerine yönelik daha fazla istekli ve gönüllü olduklarını belirten sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Dolayısıyla, öğretmen özerkliği ile öğrenci başarısı arasında olumlu bir ilişki beklenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, farklı ülkelerdeki öğretmenlerin görevlerini yerine getirirken sahip oldukları özerklik düzeylerinin, öğrencilerin akademik başarılarıyla olan ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, 2009 PISA çalışmasına katılan ülkelerin PISA sonuçları ve PISA anketlerine ait verileri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, öğretmen özerkliğinin okul ortamında yer verilmesi gereken bir unsur olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca, öğretimin içeriği ile doğrudan ilgili olmayan disiplin ve değerlendirme politikalarıyla öğrenci başarısı arasındaki ilişkinin, derslerin ve ders içeriğinin belirlenmesi maddeleri kadar etkili olmasının, başarı üzerindeki değişkenlerin (okul disiplini gibi) daha geniş kapsamda ele alınmasını zorunlu kıldığı söylenebilir. Ayrıca, özerklikle ilgili alanın, öğretmen grubunun okul içi ya da okul dışı oluşuna göre öğrenci başarısı üzerindeki etkisini farklılaştırabilmektedir.

The nesting activities of Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta Stejneger, 1902) and anthropogenic factors affecting them were monitored over 7 years (2002–2008) on Dalaman-Sarıgerme beach, one of the main nesting grounds in Turkey. Out of the 2620 nesting emergences recorded during the entire study period, only 645 (24.6%) resulted in successful nesting, giving an annual mean number of nests of 92. The collective number of eggs in these nests numbered 50239, with 40079 (79.8%) of them producing hatchlings. Out of the total number of eggs laid, 8128 (16.2%) resulted in dead embryos and 2032 (4.0%) in unfertilized eggs. The mean incubation period averaged 49 days (range 40–67 days) and the mean clutch size was 79.0 (range 18–150 eggs). Turtle nests were more concentrated on the undeveloped parts of the beach than on developed parts. In the other sections, few emergences occurred and either no or few nests were recorded. In Section I, which contained hotels and water sports facilities, only a few non-nesting emergences were observed. Of the number of nests that were observed, 32% were laid in Section II, which contained recently built hotels, 60% were in Section III and 8% were in Section IV, the undeveloped portion containing beach rocks. There is very clear evidence that the Loggerhead Turtles are shifting their nesting sites to the undisturbed sites along the beach. The negative factors that seem to be affecting them include water sports, hotel lights and beach rocks. In order to protect sea turtles, there needs to be a better understanding of how effective beach protection can be established. © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) were measured in muscle, gill and liver of two fish species (Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomis gibbosus) caught from Saricay, South-West Anatolia. Levels of metals varied depending on different tissues in species. The mean concentrations (μg g−1 wet weight) of heavy metals in tissues of Leucis cephalus were as follows: Cd: 0.010–0.084, Co: nd–0.131, Cu: 0.193–2.611, Fe: 4.240–172.000, Mn: 0.112–24.230, Pb: 0.068–0.874, Zn: 6.350–28.550, and in tissues of Lepomis gibbosus were as follows; Cd: 0.008–0.082, Co: nd–0.233, Cu: 0.065–4.360, Fe: 11.200–125.000, Mn: nd–12.434, Pb: 0.070–0.920, Zn: 6.540–16.064. Ni was not determined in all organs studied. The results show that the metal accumulation in tissues of the both Leuciscus cephalus and Lepomis gibbosus indicates a similar variation between two stations, one of which is located (Saricay-II) after waste water discharging point and the other one (Saricay-I) before. Therefore, we conclude that there is no heavy metal adding source in Saricay-II. In general, the differences between the mean metal concentrations of tissues of two fish species were statistically significant (p ⩽ 0.05) for most of the measured metals. The concentrations are below the limits for fish proposed by FAO/WHO, EU and Turkish Food Codes and safe within the limits for human consumption in the edible parts of fish species in the region. The results obtained in this study were compared with those reported in earlier studies.

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were measured in water, bottom sediment and tissues (muscle and gills) of Leuciscus cephalus from the Dipsiz stream in the Yatagan basin (southwestern Turkey), the site of a thermal power plant. Results for levels in water were compared with national and international water quality guidelines, as well as literature values were reported for streams and rivers. Comparisons were made of metal concentrations in water and sediment with those in the muscle and gills of L. cephalus caught from the Dipsiz stream. We found that there was metal accumulation in the gills compared to the muscle. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cr in the gills were higher than that in the muscle; however, Cu levels were higher in muscle than that in gills. Concentrations of heavy metals in L. cephalus muscle were below the legal limits for human consumption, although Cr, Pb and Zn levels in the gills were above the limits in the fish taken from the Dipsiz stream. On the other hand, no correlation was found between metal concentrations in water and sediment or between metal concentrations in water and muscle and gills of L. cephalus. A positive correlation was found between concentrations of Cu and Zn in the sediment and in fish tissue, whereas there was no relationship between other metal concentrations in the sediment and water, and muscle and gills of L. cephalus. As with water, Pb and Cd concentrations in particular were higher in sediment than that in background levels. The results show that the pollutants from the thermal power plant may be a source of these elements.

This chapter aims to reveal Turkey's current situation regarding the Millennium Development Goals as one of the signatory countries of declaration through the opinions of the instructors studying in the field of educational administration. A qualitative research method has been used. For this purpose, a study group was constituted including eight lecturers who are specialists in the field of Educational Administration working at a university in the city of Zonguldak. Accordingly, a study group was also included in the study consisting lecturers from Hacettepe University and Gazi University. A semi-structured interview form was prepared as a tool of collecting data and it was applied to participants in May 2013. The data were recorded both verbally and in writing. Content analysis method (which is used to resolve the qualitative research) was used to analyse the data.

Bu çalışma, 1999-2003 yılları arasında Muğla il sınırları içinde yer alan akarsulardan, Eşençay, Tersakan, Dalaman, Yuvarlakcay, Namnam, Dipsiz-Çine ve Sarıçay akarsuları, Kocagöl, Köyceğiz gölleri ve Mumcular, Geyik, Bereket baraj göllerinde balık faunasının ortaya çıkarılması amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda, 15 familyaya ait 26 tür ve 6 alttürün yaşadığı anlaşılmıştır. Bunlar; Cyprinidae; Leuciscus cephalus, Leuciscus smyrnaeus, Barbus plebejus escherichi, Barbus capito pectoralis, Capoeta capoeta bergamae, Ladigesocypris ghigii ghigii, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius carassius, Pseudorasbora parva, Alburnus orontis, Alburnoides bipunctatus, Vimba vimba tenella Siluridae; Siluris glanis, Anguillidae; Anguilla anguilla, Cyprinodontidae; Aphanius fasciatus, Cobitidae; Cobitis taenia, Cobitis simplicispina, Balitoridae; Orthrias angorae, Mugilidae; Mugil cephalus, Liza ramada, Liza labeo, Liza aurata, Liza saliens, Chelon labrosus, Salmonidae; Salmo trutta macrostigma, Cichlidae; Tilapia zillii, Blenniidae; Blennius fluviatilis, Gobiidae; Gobius ophicephalus, Poecilidae; Gambusia affinis, Centrarchidae; Lepomis gibbosus, Moronidae; Morone labrax, Atherinidae; Atherina boyeri., This study was carried out between 1999-2003 on Eşençay, Tersakan, Dalaman, Yuvarlakçay, Namnam, Dipsiz-Çine and Sarıçay rivers, Kocagöl, Köyceğiz lakes and Mumcular, Geyik, Bereket dam lakes to determine the inland fish fauna of Muğla. As a result, 26 species and 6 subspecies belonging to 15 families were found to be living in the region. These are; Cyprinidae; Leuciscus cephalus, Leuciscus smyrnaeus, Barbus plebejus escherichi, Barbus capito pectoralis, Capoeta capoeta bergamae, Ladigesocypris ghigii ghigii, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius carassius, Pseudorasbora parva, Alburnus orontis, Alburnoides bipunctatus, Vimba vimba tenella Siluridae; Siluris glanis, Anguillidae; Anguilla anguilla, Cyprinodontidae; Aphanius fasciatus, Cobitidae; Cobitis taenia, Cobitis simplicispina, Balitoridae; Orthrias angorae, Mugilidae; Mugil cephalus, Liza ramada, Liza labeo, Liza aurata, Liza saliens, Chelon labrosus, Salmonidae; Salmo trutta macrostigma, Cichlidae; Tilapia zilli, Blennidae; Blennius fluviatilis, Gobiidae; Gobius ophicephalus, Poecilidae; Gambusia affinis, Centrarchidae; Lepomis gibbosus, Moronidae; Morone labrax, Atherinidae; Atherina boyeri.

Dünya nüfusu devamlı olarak bir artış göstermektedir. Bu artış sürecine bağlı olarak, gıda ve hayvansal besin açığı da artmaktadır. Bu açığın kapatılmasında, kültür balıkçılığı önemli bir kaynak oluşturacaktır. Anadolu'nun güneybatısında yer alan Muğla, deniz kıyısı uzunluğu, kara sınırı uzunluğundan daha fazla olan bir ildir. Kültür balıkçılığı yönünden Muğla ili, gerek sayı gerekse üretim miktarı açısından Türkiye'de ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma, Muğla ilindeki kültür balıkçılığının mevcut genel durumunu ve sorunlarının ortaya konulması amacıyla yapılmıştır., Aquaculture and its problems in Muğla province. World population has been increasing continuously. In line with this increase, the gap between the supply and demand of food and animal products has been also widening. In the closure of this gap, aquaculture will be a vital source. Being on the west of Anatolia, Muğla has a longer coastal border than its land border. Both in terms of number and volume of the fish produced, Muğla takes the first place in our country. This study was carried out to reveal the general situation of aquaculture and its problems in Muğla province.

Dünya nüfusu devamlı olarak bir artış göstermektedir. Bu artış sürecine bağlı olarak, gıda ve hayvansal besin açığı da artmaktadır. Bu açığın kapatılmasında, kültür balıkçılığı önemli bir kaynak oluşturacaktır. Anadolu’nun güneybatısında yer alan Muğla, deniz kıyısı uzunluğu, kara sınırı uzunluğundan daha fazla olan bir ildir. Kültür balıkçılığı yönünden Muğla ili, gerek sayı gerekse üretim miktarı açısından Türkiye’de ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma, Muğla ilindeki kültür balıkçılığının mevcut genel durumunu ve sorunlarının ortaya konulması amacıyla yapılmıştır

The relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and student achievement is well documented and indicates that students from more advantaged backgrounds perform better at school. Numerous international and national studies have reported a significant association between students’ socioeconomic status and their achievement at school. This study aims to examine how the students’ Turkish achievement is associated with their own socioeconomic status. The study is a descriptive survey. Data were collected via an assessment test conducted by Altindag Counseling and Research Center (ACRS) and the questionnaire the students answered after the test. The aim of the assessment test is to evaluate the students’ performance and their literacy skills in Turkish Language Class. The assessment instruments were developed by ACRS. The target population of the study consists of 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grades at primary schools around Altindag district in Ankara. 23036 students participated in the survey. The findings of the study are as follow: the association between students’ socio-economic status and the performance in the Turkish achievement test is statistically significant and positive (r=.20 p=.000). The association is significant (r=.13) at 4th grade and (r=.26) at 8th grade. Education level of the father is closely associated with the performance. Education level of mother is the second one that is closely associated with the performance. The association between after school activities (tutoring and courses) and the performance is weak. It was found a consistent negative relationship between getting help in outside of class and Turkish achievement in grade 4 and 5. However, it also found that an inconsistent negative relationship in grade 6 and a consistent positive relationship in grade 7 and 8.