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Morfologija spermatozoida, uključujući veličinu, oblik i strukturu glave, repa i srednjeg dela, ima ključnu ulogu u procesu oplodnje jer direktno utiče na sposobnost spermatozoida da dođu do jajne ćelije. Abnormalnosti u morfologiji spermatozoida mogu smanjiti njihovu pokretljivost i sposobnost oplodnje. Ovaj rad obuhvata ispitivanje morfologije spermatozoida kod različitih rasa nerastova (jorkšir, landras, durok). U istraživanje je uključeno 24 nerasta starosti od 1 do 3 godine, podeljenih u tri grupe po osam jedinki (jorkšir, landras, durok), koji su držani u istim uslovima i hranjeni komercijalnom hranom. Ejakulati su sakupljani tehnikom dvostruke rukavice, a analiza je sprovedena metodom bojenja po Blomu koja omogućava ocenu integriteta ćelijske membrane i citomorfologije spermatozoida. Rezultati su pokazali značajne razlike u procentima živih i mrtvih spermatozoida, kao i u prisustvu abnormalnih formi između različitih rasa. Jorkšir rasa je imala niži procenat živih spermatozoida i viši procenat abnormalnosti u poređenju sa durokom, dok je landras pokazao srednje vrednosti. Durok je imao veći procenat živih spermatozoida i niži procenat abnormalnih formi, što utiče na njihovu pokretljivost i oplodnu sposobnost. Zaključeno je da postoje značajne razlike u citomorfološkim parametrima spermatozoida između rasa, pri čemu durok pokazuje bolje parametre u poređenju sa jorkširom. Ove varijacije mogu imati implikacije na selekcijske programe i poboljšanje genetskih linija u svrhu optimizacije reproduktivnog uspeha. Dalja istraživanja su potrebna za potvrdu rezultata i implementaciju strategija uzgoja u populacijama svinja.

Cilj rada bio je ispitivanje i poređenje parametara kinetike i pokretljivosti spermatozoida četiri rase nerastova. Uključeno je bilo 34 nerasta: 8 pietrena, 10 jorkšira, 8 duroka i 8 landrasa, čije je seme analizirano kompjuterski asistiranom analizom (CASA). Poređenjem između rasa utvrđena je značajno viša ukupna i progresivana pokretljivost kod duroka u poređenju sa rasom jorkšir (P < 0,05). Procenat brzih spermatozoida bio je značajno viši kod rase durok u poređenju sa rasom landras (P < 0,05). Kod rase landras utvrđena je značajno viša (P < 0,05) procentualna zastupljenost sporih spermatozoida u poređenju sa rasom durok. Vrednosti VCL kod duroka (P < 0,05) bile su značajno više u poređenju sa landrasom. Signifikantno više vrednosti (P < 0,05) VSL, VAP i DCL ustanovljene su kod rase durok u odnosu na jokšir. Značajno više vrednosti ALH utvrđene su kod rase durok u poređenju sa rasama jorkšir i landras (P < 0,01) i rasom pitren (P < 0,05). Značajno više vrednosti (P < 0,05) BCF utvrđene su kod rase landras u poređenju sa rasom jorkšir. Rasa ima značajan uticaj kako na osnovne parametre pokretljivosti spermatozoida tako i na sve ispitivane parametre kinetike spermatozoida.

Due to their antiketogenic and antioxidant effects, chestnut tannins may offer a viable approach to manage the impaired immune and renal functions in transition cows. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with chestnut tannins on haematological, biochemical and antioxidant indices, as well as cortisol levels in prepartum dairy cows. Forty multiparous Holstein cows were divided into two homogeneous groups (n = 20): a control (CON), and an experimental group (CNT) receiving 20 g/day of chestnut tannins for the last 25 ± 2 days of pregnancy. Haematological and biochemical indices, cortisol concentration and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were measured in blood samples collected 25 (day −25) and 5 days (day −5) before the expected parturition. The addition of chestnut tannins exerted no significant effect on red blood cells indices; however, white blood cell (P = 0.02), lymphocyte (P = 0.05) and platelet (P < 0.01) counts were higher, while the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.03) was lower on day −5 in the CNT group compared to the CON group. Significantly higher values of T-AOC (P = 0.03) and significantly lower levels of triglycerides (P = 0.03) and gammaglutamyl transferase (P = 0.02) were also found in CNT compared to CON on day −5. The improved haematological profile in CNT cows was accompanied by lower serum creatinine concentration (P = 0.04), while total protein, calcium, phosphorus and cortisol did not differ significantly between CNT and CON cows. These data demonstrate that dietary chestnut tannin supplementation in a closeup diet has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and could potentially mitigate immune suppression and kidney dysfunction near parturition. Further research should be conducted concerning the mechanisms underlying these responses.

Cows in the peripartal period undergo changes in thyroid hormones and are susceptible to lipomobilization and/or oxidative stress. The addition of chestnut tannins as polyphenolic compounds in the diet may improve feed efficiency and prevent oxidative stress-related health disorders in transition cows. However, the relationship between chestnut tannin supplementation and thyroid function, which plays an important role in metabolic regulation, has not been investigated in dairy cows. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chestnut tannin supplementation during the close-up period on thyroid status and to evaluate the interaction between thyroid hormones and oxidative stress biomarkers in prepartum dairy cows. Forty multiparous Holstein cows were fed either a diet containing chestnut tannins (CNTs, n = 20, 1.96 g chestnut tannins/kg feed, dry matter) or a non-supplemented diet (CON, n = 20) during the last 25 ± 2 days of gestation. Blood samples were collected on the first day of study (before chestnut tannin supplementation) and d 5 before parturition to measure hormonal and oxidative stress indices. Serum concentrations of T3 (p = 0.04) and T4 (p = 0.05) were higher in CNT cows than in the CON group on day 5 before parturition. Thyroid status of CNT cows was associated with higher serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, p < 0.01), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, p = 0.03) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx, p = 0.01), and reduced glutathione concentration (GSH, p = 0.05). Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were lower (p = 0.04) which was associated with lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST, p = 0.02), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, p = 0.01) activities in the CNT than in the CON group. Estradiol and progesterone did not differ between CNT and CON cows. Chestnut tannin supplementation improves antioxidant protection, prevents oxidation-reduction processes, reduces the degree of liver cell membrane damage, and protects thyro

Veštačko osemenjavanje predstavlja manuelno deponovanje sperme ili semena u reproduktivni trakt ženki različitim metodama koje nisu prirodno parenje. Veštačko osemenjavanje je jedna iz grupe tehnika opšte poznatih kao „asistirane reproduktivne tehnike” (ART), kojima se omogućava spajanje gameta (spermatozoida i oocita). Glavne prednosti veštačkog osemenjavanja su: sprečavanje širenja uzročnika bolesti, povećanje stope ispoljavanja genetičkog potencijala jedniki, omogućavanje parenja jedinki različitih geografskih lokacija i u različito vreme (nakon smrti), omogućavanje parenja u slučaju nastanka fizičkih, fizioloških i bihejvioralnih poremećaja, očuvanje retkih i ugroženih vrsta, i kao nezaobilazna tehnika kod programa krioprezervacije i seksiranja semena. Uspešnost veštačkog osemenjavanja zavisi od mnogo faktora, a preduslov je dobro poznavanje specifičnosti ciklusa kuje ali i fiziologije sperme mužijaka i načina ejakulacije. Sa jedne strane, veoma je važna procena odgovarajuće faze ciklusa kuje i idealnog vremena za osemenjavanje, dok je sa druge strane neophodno pravilno uzorkovati ejakulat psa, analizirati sve tri frakcije ejakulata i na osnovu kompletne analize proceniti kvalitet sperme. Veterinar, na osnovu dobijenih podataka vezanih za kuju i mužijaka, ali i na osnovu iskustva, obučenosti, opremljenosti, uz dobro razumevanje stope uspešnosti, odlučuje se za odgovarajuću tehniku osemenjavanja. Opisano je pet oblika osemenjavanja kod kuja: intravaginalna deponovanje semena, transcervikalno osemenjavanje uz pomoć endoskopa, transcervikalno osemenjavanje uz pomoć norveškog katetera, laparotomska (hirurška) inseminacija i laparoskopska inseminacija.

Bacterial contamination of boar semen occurs with some frequency in artificial insemination centers and may have a negative effect on the quality of the semen as well as on the sows’ reproductive capacity. In this case report, the boar was clinically healthy, but on farms there were registered reproductive failures. The study focused on the identification of gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca) in boar semen, and its impact on the quality of ejaculates obtained from boar. The classification of bacteria into Klebsiella genus was confirmed by commercial biochemical tests, Microgen GNA System (Camberley, UK). The numbers of K. oxytoca colonies were determined in diluted boar semen samples by streaking each on the surface of nonselective Nutrition agar (LabM, UK). The semen samples were contaminated with K. oxytoca above 2 × 104 colony-forming units/mL (CFU/mL) at first semen analyses and 4.8 x 105 CFU/mL after 14 days. Klebsiella oxytoca is a gram-negative microbe generally associated with the community. This bacteria is an opportunistic pathogen implicated in various clinical diseases in animals and humans. Various motility parameters as well as sperm concentration were analyzed using the CASA system (Minitube, AndroVision, Tiefenbach, Germany), on 0 days and after 14 days. Total motility in boar semen was lower by 3.21 fold in boar semen with a larger number of K. oxytoca than in those with a smaller number of bacteria. Also, progressive motility was lower by 2.83 fold, the percentage of fast spermatozoa was lower by 2.63 fold in semen with a larger number of bacteria. The degree of bacterial contamination in ejaculates directly influences sperm quality parameters. Thus, on the basis of the pathological effects that K. oxytoca may have on boar sperm quality, bacterial contamination should always be examined in semen samples prepared for artificial insemination.

Carski rez kod kuje je rutinska porodiljska tehnika sa visokim procentom preživljavanja i majke i ploda(ova). Ovaj zahvat je daleko brži i sigurniji u slučajevima distokije kod kuja, a istovremeno i manje naporan po samu porodilju ali i vlasnika. Najznačajniji korak u samom izvođenju ove operativne tehnike jeste pravovremena i tačna dijagnoza potencijalnih uzroka teškog porođaja, a sa tim u vezi i blagovremeno započinjanje samog carskog reza. Dobra prognoza nakon završetka carskog reza može se očekivati ukoliko su ispunjeni neki od sledećih uslova: pravilna dijagnostika za pravovremeno izvođenje, spretnost i brzina samog hirurga, dostupnost asistenata, odgovarajući uslovi u kom se izvodi sam zahvat, prisutnost odnosno izostanak određenih sistemskih i metaboličkih oboljenja porodilje, telesna kondicija, vitalnost ploda(ova), itd. Indikacije za carski rez su višestruke, a neke od najvažnijih apsolutnih indikacija su atonija uterusa (primarna i sekundarna), nepotpuno otvaranje cerviksa, emfizem ploda, povrede mekog i koštanog dela porođajnog kanala, mali broj plodova, torzija uterusa porodilje, nakaze, nespremnost vlasnika, itd. Definisanje pravilnog pristupa i tehnike dijagnostike, anestezije, samog izvođenja carskog reza i postoperativan tretman štenaca i porodilje je od suštinske važnosti za uspešan ishod.

Glavni cilj svih biotehnologija u reprodukciji je postizanje uspešnog graviditeta. Ejakulati nerastova koji se koriste za veštačko osemenjavanje krmača, obično se selektuju na osnovu parametara pokretljivosti koji se procenjuju upotrebom inovativnih tehnika kao što je kompjuterski asistirana analiza semena – CASA. Iako nove tehnike daju mnogo objektivnije i detaljnije analize pokretljivosti spermatozoida, povezanost dobijenih parametara u oceni kvaliteta semena sa in vivo fertilitetom još uvek je diskutabilna. Stoga, analiza komponenti seminalne plazme može biti od velikog kliničkog značaja u ispitivanju fertilnosti ili steriliteta nerastova, kao i ranom otkrivanju subfertilnih nerastova. Seminalna plazma je složena smeša egzokrinih sekreta testisa, epididimisa i akcesornih polnih žlezda mužjaka u kojoj se nalazi širok spektar različitih organskih i neorganskih komponenti. Ispitivanje biohemijskog sastava seminalne plazme od velikog je značaja jer može ukazati na normalnu ili promenjenu funkciju i/ili oštećenje spermatozoida. Cilj rada bio je da se ispita povezanost pojedinih biohemijskih parametara i ukupnog antioksidativnog kapaciteta seminalne plazme sa parametrima pokretljivosti i kinetike spermatozoida, kao i mogućnost upotrebe nekog od parametara kao mogućeg biomarkera kvaliteta semena. U radu je kompjuterski asistiranom analizom semena (CASA) i citomorfološkim pregledom ispitan kvalitet, odnosno pokretljivost i kinetika spermatozoida od 39 nerastova. U seminalnoj plazmi ispitivane su koncentracije Ca, Na, K, Cl, P, Mg, laktata, ukupnih proteina, albumina, holesterola, aktivnost enzima alkalne-fosfataze, kreatin-kinaze i laktat-dehidrogenaze kao i ukupan antioksidativni kapacitet. Utvrđena je negativna korelacija procenta ukupno i progresivno pokretnih spermatozoida sa P, aktivnošću alkalne-fosfataze i pozitivna korelacija sa ukupnim holesterolom, aktivnošću enzima kreatin-kinaze i ukupnim antioksidativnim kapacitetom. Procenat brzih spermatozoida bio je u poz

Veliki ekonomski razvoj, rast i mobilnost stanovništva, povećali su potražnju za mlečnim i mesnim proizvodima, ali su takođe izvršili pritisak na održivost ruralnih sredina i menadžment proizvodnje hrane. Uzgajivači stoke bi trebalo da povećaju svoju efikasnost da bi ispunili uslove povećane potražnje ovih proizvoda uz prilagođavanje životinjskih genetičkih resursa promenljivim ekonomskim i ekološkim uslovima. Prema podacima FAO (2007a), značajan deo od oko 7.000 rasa stoke u svetu je u opasnosti od izumiranja, a veliki problem predstavlja i što mnoge zemlje i dalje nemaju tehnički i materijalni kapacitet da obezbede pravilno upravljanje i održivost njihovih genetičkih resursa. Očuvanje životinjskih genetičkih resursa je treća strateška prioritetna oblast u svetu u okviru globalnog akcionog plana. Čuvanje genetičkih resursa uključuje i održavanje in vivo i upravljanje genetičkom raznolikoću unutar populacija životinja. Razvoj banke gena koja omogućava kriokonzervaciju gena poreklom od životinja zahteva tehničke i naučne kapacitete u genetici, reproduktivnoj fiziologiji, kriobiologiji i bioinformatici. Strategije očuvanja genetičkih resursa mogu se kategorisati kao in situ konzervacija (u kojoj se životinje održavaju u okruženju ili u proizvodnim sistemima u kojima su razvijeni) ili kao ex situ konzervacija (svi ostali slučajevi). Drugo mogu se dalje podeliti na ex situ – in vivo i in vitro konzervaciju i kriokonzervaciju. Kriokonzervacija in vitro podrazumeva čuvanje uzoraka duboko zamrznutog semena, jajnih ćelija, embriona ili tkiva za potencijalnu buduću upotrebu u uzgoju.

The work was aimed to research into the vital signs, haematological and biochemical parameters, acute-phase protein concentrations (CRP, albumin), progesterone (PG) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations in bitches with pyometra and their comparison with those in healthy bitches. In addition, the goal of this work was to assess if some of the tested parameters may be used as a biomarker in the diagnostics of pyometra and the monitoring of the postoperative recovery. Forty 3-6-year-old bitches of various breeds were included in the research and allotted to two groups: the control (C, n = 20) and the diseased – bitches diagnosed with pyometra (P, n = 20). Blood samples for the analyses were taken immediately before surgery (0 h), and 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after, excepting for AMH and PG concentrations, which were determined only at 0 h. Clinical examination detected significantly higher respiration rates in bitches with pyometra in comparison to healthy ones at all time points, higher heart rates before and 12 h after surgery, and higher body temperature before and 12 h, 48 h and 72 h post operation (p <.01). Significantly higher concentrations of CRP (p <.01) and lower concentrations of albumin were detected in bitches with pyometra in comparison to their healthy counterparts at all time points. Progesterone and AMH concentration analysis immediately before surgery detected significantly higher levels of the hormone in bitches with pyometra than in the control (p <.01). The inflammatory reaction of the endometrium resulted in a significant AMH concentration increase, whilst increased CRP concentrations and lower albumin concentrations throughout the research may be used as biomarkers of proinflammatory activities, that is of the acute-phase response.

Libido, sposobnost parenja i kolekcija ejakulata kod pastuva može zavisiti od mnogo faktora. Ovi faktori mogu biti nasledni, iz okruženja ili naučeni šabloni ponašanja na koje veoma utiče ophođenje i nega pastuva. Kod veštačkog osemenjavanja i programa konzerviranja semena efikasna kolekcija visoko kvalitetnog ejakulata je od izuzetne važnosti. Kolekcija ejakulata je deo procene zdravstvenog i priplodnog statusa kod pastuva pre ili posle kupovine/prodaje grla. Postupci pri kolekciji i obradi ejakulata mogu biti uzrok lošeg kvaliteta semena. Prilikom kolekcije ejakulata pastuva treba obratiti pažnju na prostor za kolekciju i metode kolekcije od kojih je korišćenje veštačke vagine najčešći i najuspešniji metod kolekcije.

Iako su mastitisi veoma aktuelna tema istraživanja, oni su i dalje jedno od najvažnijih oboljenja mlečnih krava koje prouzrokuje velike ekonomske gubitke u govedarskoj proizvodnji širom sveta. Tokom mastitisa smanjena je produkcija mleka, visoki su troškovi lečenja, mleko se odbacuje zbog upotrebe antimikrobnih preparata, a krave se često prevremeno isključuju iz proizvodnje. Zbog svojih fenotipskih i genotipskih osobina, Staphylococcus aureus ima veliki značaj u etiologiji oboljenja mlečne žlezde. Infekcije mlečne žlezde bakterijom S. aureus uglavnom su po toku supkliničke, sa povećanim brojem somatskih ćelija (eng. somatic cell count - SCC), bez vidljivih promena u mleku i na vimenu, teško se otkrivaju i imaju veoma nisku stopu izlečenja. Jednom inficirana životinja može izlučivati uzročnika infekcije tokom više laktacija, a i nakon oporavka četvrti inficiranih bakterijom S. aureus postoji velika mogućnost reinfekcije. Nakon što patogeni mikroorganizmi prodru u mlečnu žlezdu, bakterijski toksini, enzimi i komponente ćelijskog zida direktno utiču na funkciju epitelnih ćelija mlečne žlezde, ali takođe stimulišu brojne medijatore inflamacije. Zahvaljujući promenama u vaskularnom endotelu, polimorfonuklearni leukociti, kao što su neutrofili i makrofage, migriraju ka žarištu infekcije i infiltriraju mesto trauma, čime se značajno povećava SCC u mleku. Smatra se da neutrofilni granulociti doprinose eliminaciji bakterija, pre svega fagocitozom i intracelularnim ubijanjem, kao i oslobađanjem reaktivnih kiseoničnih vrsta (eng. reactive oxygen species - ROS) i antimikrobnih polipeptida. Nastale ROS oštećuju bakterije, ali ukoliko njihov nastanak prevaziđe mogućnost antioksidativne zaštite organizma da ih neutrališe nastaje oksidativni stres i, u zavisnosti od dužine i težine zapaljenskog procesa, manja ili veća oštećenje ćelija i tkiva domaćina. Detaljnije razumevanje veze između oksido-redukcionog statusa organizma i pojave mastitisa krava moglo bi dovesti do razvoja efika, Despite being frequently targeted in research, mastitis in cows has globally been contributing to high economic losses in dairy production. During mastitis, milk production is reduced, there are huge costs of therapy, milk discharge due to antibiotic use and premature culling of cows. Due to its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, Staphylococcus aureus is of great importance in the etiology of mammary gland diseases. S. aureus infections of the mammary gland are mostly subclinical, with an increased somatic cell count (SCC), without visible changes in the milk and udder. They are difficult to detect and have a very low cure rate. Infected animals can excrete the pathogen during multiple lactations, and even after the recovery, there is a high possibility of reinfection with S. aureus. On the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the mammary gland, bacterial toxins, enzymes and cell wall components have a direct impact on the function of mammary gland epithelial cells, but they also stimulate numerous mediators of inflammation. Owing to the changes in the vascular endothelium polymorphonuclear leukocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages migrate to the site of infection and infiltrate the site of trauma, significantly increasing SCC in milk. Neutrophils are thought to contribute to the elimination of bacteria, primarily by phagocytosis and intracellular killing, as well as the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antimicrobial polypeptides. The resulting ROS are harmful to bacteria, but if their occurrence exceeds the possibility of neutralization by the body's antioxidant protection, oxidative stress occurs and depending on the length and severity of the inflammatory process, damage to host cells and tissues. A more detailed understanding of the connection between the oxidation-reduction status of the organism and the occurrence of mastitis could lead to the development of more effective strategies in the prevention of this disease. Evaluatio

This study aimed to assess the influence of different concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) found in the feed and water provided to bulls on the concentrations of these metals in cryopreserved bull semen, and to determine their influence onto semen quality parameters. Correlations between heavy metal concentrations in the semen and the quality parameters of semen as estimated by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and flow cytometry (FC) methods were determined. A total of 40 cryopreserved semen samples originating from bulls housed in 4 different centers for artificial insemination (A, B, C and D) were examined, making a total of 160 samples. The concentrations of metals and semen quality parameters were determined in cryopreserved semen of 10 bulls from each center, namely 4 samples from each bull. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Hg and Cd in hay and concentrated feed were within the allowed limits as proposed by the National Research Council (NRC, 2000). A strong negative correlation was detected between curvilinear velocity (VCL) and Zn concentrations in the semen (P < 0.01; r = -0.772) in group D, and a positive correlation of VCL with Pb concentrations (P < 0.05 and r = 0.718) in group B. Mercury concentrations in cryopreserved semen correlated negatively to the percent of live sperm cells with intact acrosomes (V/IA: P < 0.05; r = -0.640) and positively with the percent of dead sperm cells with damaged acrosomes (D/DA: P < 0.01; r = 0.766) in group D. This finding confirms the hypothesis that Hg, even at low concentrations, may cause acrosome damage., Cilj rada bio je da se ispita uticaj različitih koncentracija cinka (Zn), olova (Pb), žive (Hg) i kadmijuma (Cd) iz hrane i vode na koncentracije ovih metala u duboko zamrznutom semenu nakon otapanja i da se ispita njihov uticaj na parametre kvaliteta semena. Korelacije između koncentracije teških metala u semenu i parametra kvaliteta semena su određivane nakon ispitivanja semena kompjuterski asistiranom analizom semena (eng. computer-assisted sperm analysis - CASA) i protočnom citometrijom (eng. flow cytometry - FC). Iz 4 različita centra za veštačko osemenjavanje (A, B, C i D) ispitivano je po 40 uzoraka duboko zamrznutog semena bikova, što čini ukupno 160 uzoraka. Koncentracije metala i parametri kvaliteta semena su određivani u duboko zamrznutom semenu od 10 bikova iz svakog centra, odnosno 4 uzorka od svakog bika. Koncentracije Zn, Pb, Hg i Cd u senu i koncentrovanim hranivima bile su ispod propisanih dozvoljenih vrednosti Nacionalnog Istraživačkog Veća (eng. National Research Council - NRC, 2000). Jaka negativna korelacija uočena je između krivolinijske brzine spermatozoida (eng. curvilinear velocity - VCL) i koncentracije Zn u semenu (P < 0.01; r = -0.772) u grupi D, i pozitivna korelacija između VCL i koncentracije Pb (P < 0.05 and r = 0.718) u grupi B. Koncentracija žive u duboko zamrznutom semenu negativno je korelirala sa procentom živih spermatozoida sa neoštećenim akrozomom (eng. live sperm cells with intact acrosomes - V/IA: P < 0.05; r = -0.640) i pozitivno sa procentom mrtvih spermatozoida sa oštećenim akrozomom (eng. dead sperm cells with damaged acrosomes - D/DA: P < 0.01; r = 0.766) u grupi D. Ovi rezultati potvrđuju hipotezu da Hg, čak i u niskim koncenracijama može da prouzrokuje oštećenje akrozoma.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with chestnut tannins (CNT) on metabolic and antioxidant status of prepartum cows along with their colostrum quality. Pregnant multiparous Holstein cows were paired according to parity and body condition score, and assigned either to a diet supplemented with 20 g/d of commercially available product containing chestnut tannins (CNT, n=20) or to an unsupplemented control diet (CON, n=20) for the last 25±2 d of pregnancy. Serum metabolite, insulin and antioxidant capacity indices were measured in blood samples taken at d 25 and d 5 before expected parturition. Chemical composition and IgG concentration were determined in colostrum samples collected from the first milking postpartum. The addition of CNT led to lower BUN (P=0.02) and consequently higher serum glucose (P=0.02) and insulin (P<0.01) concentrations which were associated with lower circulating NEFA (P<0.01) and BHBA (P<0.01) in CNT group than those of CON. The serum paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were higher at-5 d in CNT than in CON (P<0.01, P=0.03; respectively). Close-up CNT improved lactose percentage and IgG concentration (P=0.03, P=0.04; respectively) and tended to improve percentage of protein and SNF (Solid Not Fat) in primary colostrum (P=0.06, respectively), without affecting colostrum fat and total solid (P=0.98, P=0.43; respectively). Supplementation of CNT in the diet during close-up period did not have adverse effects on metabolic profiles prepartum. Instead, this feeding regimen was more beneficial to antioxidant capacity and colostrum quality than feeding the control diet.

Biosigurnost, doborbit, dobra proizvođačka praksa i analiza rizika u kritičnim kontrolim tačkama su veoma značajni elementi u intenzivnoj proizvodnji svinja. Planska primena biosigurnosnih mera je presudna u zaštiti zdravlja svinja i uspehu same proizvodnje. Cilj ovog preglednog rada je da prikaže procenu biosigurnosnih mera na komercijalnim farmama svinja i da ukaže na moguće propuste na farmama. U radu je diskutovano o mogućim rešenjima biosigurnosti na farmi i o rutinskim postupcima u zaštiti od moguće biološke kontaminacije na komercijalnim farmama kao i odnosu proizvođača prema zaštiti zdravlja svinja., Biosecurity, welfare, good production practice and risk analysis at critical control points are very important elements in intensive pig production. The planned application of biosecurity measures is crucial in the protection of pig health and the success of the production itself. The aim of this paper is to present an assessment of biosecurity measures on commercial pig farms and to point out possible omissions on farms. The paper discusses possible solutions for biosecurity on the farm as well as routine procedures in protection against possible biological contamination on commercial farms as well as the attitude of producers towards the protection of pig health.

U radu je dat pregled zakonodavstva Republike Srbije iz oblasti animalne reprodukcije, kao i zakonodavstva Evropske Unije iz oblasti reprodukcije, embriotransfera, uslova koje treba da ispune timovi za manipulaciju embrionima i uslova za izvoz embriona iz trećih zemalja u zemlje članice EU. Ukazano na neophodnost donošenja normativnih akta kojima bi se definisali uslovi za postojanje i rad laboratorija u pogledu objekata (prostorija), opreme, sredstava za rad i stručnog kadra u kojima bi se obavljala manipulacija embrionima i jajnim ćelijama. Na ovaj način će znanja i veštine specijalista animalne biotehnologije u reprodukciji, stečena tokom studija na akreditovanim specijalističkim studijama na Katedri za porodiljstvo, reprodukciju i veštačko osemenjavanje Fakulteta veterinarske medicine Univerziteta u Beogradu biti na pravi način iskorišćena u razvoju animalne biotehnologije u veterinarskoj medicini u Srbiji.

Mycoplasma bovis infection in grazing dairy cows has not been reported in the Republic of Serbia to date. It is important to monitor its seroprevalence on the feld. The presence of specifc antibodies against M. bovis in the blood serum of grazing dairy cows is investigated in the present study. A total of 131 blood serum samples of clinically healthy dairy cows were examined. Sampling was performed during 2013 from fve different areas in Serbia: Zasavica, Pozarevac, Gruza, Novi Sad and Banatski Karlovac. A commercial ELISA kit for diagnosis of M. bovis antibodies in blood serum samples, manufactured by Bio-X Diagnostics, Belgium, was used. Specifc antibodies against M. bovis were identifed in 13 out of 131 samples (9.92%) from 4 locations; the only negative location was the most southern Gruza. The revealed seroprevalence is evidence for the presence of M. bovis in grazing dairy cows in different locations of Serbia.

The estrus cycle of bitches is divided into four phases: proestrus, estrus, diestrus and anestrus, during which different morphological changes, and also cyclic changes of estrogen and progesterone receptors are present. Several pathological changes can be differentiated on the endometrium, but one of these is the most important - cystic endometrial hyperplasia, which frequently develops into pyometra. The aim of the present study was to describe morphological characteristics, and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors on the endometrium of mixed-breed bitches during the different phases of the estrus cycle, cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra. The uterus and ovaries of 36 mixed breed bitches in different phases of the estrus cycle and also with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and chronic purulent endometritis - pyometra were examined macroscopically, histopathologically, and immunohistochemically for estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). During proestrus uterine cells showed a weak reaction for both estrogen and progesterone receptors, but during estrus a large number of uterine cells showed a strong reaction on estrogen receptors and moderate reaction on progesterone receptors. On the contrary, during diestrus the scores for the estrogen receptors decreased, while the progesterone receptors level increased - uterine cells expressed strong reaction for progesterone receptors, and moderate reaction for estrogen receptors. Uterine cells in cystic endometrial hyperplasia expressed a strong reaction for estrogen receptors, and moderate reaction for progesterone receptors, but on the other hand the uterine cells in the uterus with pyometra expressed a moderate to strong reaction for progesterone receptors, and a weak reaction for estrogen receptors. In further investigations it would be interesting to perform quantitative analysis for both estrogen and progesterone receptors during different phases of the estrus cycle and also

An apathetic 14-year-old Hungarian Puli bitch was presented with a seven day history of vaginal discharge and reported ovariohysterectomy (OHE) conducted six years ago. Clinical examination showed elevated body temperature (39.5°C), enlarged abdomen, and vulvar swelling. Despite a reported OHE in the anamnesis, ultrasound examination of the abdomen demonstrated the presence of both ovaries and a large anechogenic zone resembling the uterus. Vaginal cytologic examination and hormonal analysis indicated that the bitch was in the oestrus phase of the cycle. After laparotomy, both intact ovaries and an enlarged uterus with marked adhesions and filled with liquid content were visualised. The cervix was situated in the caudal part of the abdominal cavity and connected to the uterus by only an adhesion stump. After extirpation, uterus and ovarian tissue samples were sent for histological examination. Histological findings of uterus and ovarian tissue samples indicated a diagnosis of mucometra. Obviously, OHE was not conducted professionally, and the procedure performed only prevented conception, but ovaries and uterus continued to be active and caused a serious health disorder after six years. When only a part of the ovaries or uterus is left after OHE, health complications can appear up to ten years later. Our case testifies that even if both ovaries and the entire uterus are left after OHE without communication with cervix and vagina, a bitch can live without noticeable health disorders up to six years. This underlines the importance of lymphatic drainage and resorption processes in the uterus as well as evacuation of uterus content through the vagina., Četrnaest godina stara kuja rase mađarski puli je dovedena u apatičnom stanju i sa anamnezom iscedka iz vagine koji je prisutan 7 dana. Prema rečima vlasnika ovariohisterektomija je urađena pre 6 godina. Kliničkim nalazom je utvrđena povišena telesna temperatura (39,5˚C) uvećan abdomen i otok vulve. Uprkos podacima iz anamneze ultrazvučni pregled je ukazivao na prisustvo oba jajnika i velike anehogene zone koja je ukazivala na prisustvo materice. Citološki nalaz brisa vagine i hormonska analiza su ukazivali na to da je kuja bila u estralnoj fazi ciklusa. Nakon laparotomije potvrđeno je prisustvo oba jajnika i uvećane materice koja je bila ispunjena tečnim sadržajem i sa velikim brojem adhezija. Cerviks je bio lociran u kaudalnom delu abdomena i pričvršćen za uterus samo adhezionim patrljkom. Nakon ekstirpacije uterus i ovarijumi su poslati na histološku analizu, kojom je utvrđena dijagnoza mukometre. Očigledno da prethodno urađena ovariohisterektomija nije bila obavljena stručno i da je urađeni postupak sprečio koncepciju ali su ovarijumi i materica nastavili da budu aktivni što je prouzrokovalo ozbiljan zdravstveni problem 6 godina kasnije. Kada nakon ovariohisterektomije ostanu samo delovi tkiva ovarijuma i uterusa zdravstvene komplikacije se mogu javiti i do 10 godina nakon operacije. Prikazani slučaj svedoči o tome da je, čak i u slučaju kada su nakon operacije ostavljeni oba ovarijuma i uterus bez komunikacije sa cerviksom i vaginom, kuja 6 godina živela bez ozbiljnijih zdravstvenih problema. Ovo naglašava značaj limfne drenaže i procesa resorpcije sadržaja iz materice, pored pražnjenja kroz cerviks i vaginu.

Mastitis is the most common disease in dairy cattle and presents the most costly disorder to the dairy industry. Subclinical mastitis is inflammation of the mammary gland that does not create visible changes in the milk or the udder, thus, subclinically infected cows will produce less milk, and the quality of the milk will be reduced. In addition, infected cows can be a source of infection to other animals in the herd. Among other unspecified causative agents of mastitis, algae Prototheca spp. is not included in routine diagnosis in laboratories. However, Prototheca spp infections usually result in a chronic subclinical or mild clinical, inflammatory process in the udder, and were followed by a dramatic loss in milk production and a permanent increase in somatic cell count. This type of infection is rare, but the incidence of reported cases is increasing worldwide. In our investigation, 605 milk samples were obtained fromdairy cows in a total of 5 herds with a history of increasing somatic cell counts, subclinical and mild clinical signs of udder infection, and/or unsuccessful response to the usual therapy. Microbiological isolation of algae on Blood agar and Sabouraud agar at 25°C and 37°C, respectively, showed that 39 (6.45%) samples were positive on Prototheca spp. which was confirmed microscopically. The SCC of Prototheca spp. positive milk samples were from 5×105 /mL up to 13 ×106 /mL. Considering the wide distribution of these algae as saprophytes in the environment, further investigation should include detail microbiological and molecular techniques in order to reveal genotypes involved prevent infections and decrease economic losses.

Predmet članka je sefardska sinagoga Bet Jisrael, koja je od 1908. do 1944. postojala u Beogradu, u Ulici cara Uroša br. 20. Ovu građevinu u mavarskom stilu izveo je građevinski inženjer i preduzimač Viktor Azriel, prema projektu i pod nadzorom arhitekte Milana Kapetanovića. U tekstu je prikazan životni put Milana Kapetanovića, sa posebnim osvrtom na stručnu delatnost, ali je njegov najveći deo posvećen istoriji i arhitekturi sinagoge Bet Jisrael., The Beth Israel Synagogue was located at 20 Cara Urosa Street. Built in 1908, it was designed and its construction monitored by architect Milan Kapetanović (1859-1934, Belgrade). Civil engineer and contractor Victor Azriel (Belgrade, about 1875-1942, Belgrade) was responsible for the construction. Kapetanović finished high school and Technical School in Belgrade and graduated architecture from the Superior Technical School in Munich. Since 1887 until 1905, he taught descriptive geometry at the Technical School in Belgrade. Before World War 1, he was minister for the national economy and minister of civil works after the war. Kapetanović designed a number of private and public buildings in Belgrade, including the home of Jevrem Grujic, the Vukanovic residence, the Dorcol elementary school, the Class Lottery House (with engineer Miloš Savković), in the Neo-Renaissance style. Together with architect Milorad Ruvidić, he designed the Serbian Pavilion at the International Exhibition in Paris, in 1900, in Serbo-Byzantine style. The Beth Israel Synagogue has a special place in Kapetanović's body of work. Built in the Maori style, it followed the trend of the European synagogues of the time. The main characteristics of the Beth Israel Synagogue were picturesqueness and polychromy. Decorative elements, fitting harmoniously into the whole, dominated the bichrome facade. Two metal domes dominated the front side of the building. It was well proportioned and in harmony with its surroundings. The synagogue was heavily damaged during World War 2. Today's Gallery of Frescoes was built on its remains.

Mastitis in cows represents one of the most actual problems in intensive dairy production. The longtime different approaches to the treatment of mastitis have not offered a suitable solution, and the problem of mastitis is still present and acute. Prevention of pathogen penetration into the mammary gland, its colonization and multiplication impose a constant need for regular inspections of milk, as well as preventive and therapeutic measures to reduce the incidence of mastitis. Studies in the field of vaccination of ruminants against mastitis pathogens suggest a limited success in obtaining significant results in immunoprophylaxis. Considering the results of other researchers and our own research, and bearing in mind the problems mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae represent, the aim of this study was the preparation and testing of an indigenous vaccine prepared with two stable strains, SAU 7 (S. aureus) and SAG 3 (Str.agalactiae). The dose was 5 mL/cow and consisted of inactivated bacterial S. aureus SAU 7 cells in a concentration of 1x1010 cfu/mL and Str. agalactiae SAG 3 in a concentration of 4 x 109 cfu/mL. The number of somatic cells in the milk samples during the whole study period was higher in vaccinated cows in both groups compared with the control, but this difference was not statistically significant. The concentration of immunoglobulin IgG in the milk of vaccinated cows was significantly higher than the concentration of this class of proteins in the milk of unvaccinated cows., Upala mlečne žlezde ili mastitis krava, predstavlja jedan od najaktuelnijih problema u intenzivnoj proizvodnji mleka. Dugogodišnji različiti pristupi lečenju mastitisa nisu dali odgovarajuće rešenje, pa je problem mastitisa i dalje prisutan i aktuelan. Sprečavanje prodora patogenog uzročnika u mlečnu žlezdu, njegovo naseljavanje i razmnožavanje, nameću stalnu potrebu za redovnom kontrolom mleka, kao i preduzimanje preventivnih i terapijskih mera u cilju smanjenja pojave nastanka mastitisa. Preventivna mera je i terapija krava u zasušenju koja podrazumeva lokalnu aplikaciju antibiotika nakon poslednje muže. Terapija krava u zasušenju treba u narednoj laktaciji da obezbedi što duži period neinficiranosti vimena, a obavezna je kod dijagnostikovanih subkliničkih mastitisa izazvanih sa Staphylococcus aureus i Streptococcus agalactiae. Radovi iz oblasti vakcinisanja preživara protiv uzročnika mastitisa ukazuju na ograničen uspeh u dobijanju značajnijih rezultata imunoprofilakse. S obzirom na rezultate drugih istraživača i sopstvenih preliminarnih istraživanja, a imajuću u vidu problem koji predstavljaju mastitisi uzrokovani Staphylococcus aureusom i Streptococcus agalactiae, cilj istraživanja je bio priprema i ispitavanje autohtone vakcine pripremljene od dva štalska soja SAU 7 (S. aureus) i SAG 3 (Str. agalactiae). Broj somatskih ćelija u uzorcima mleka tokom celog trajanja ogleda je bio viši u obe ispitivane vakcinisane grupe, u odnosu na kontrolnu, ali nema statističke značajnosti. Koncentracija imunoglobulina IgG u mleku vakcinisanih krava je bila značajno povećana u odnosu na koncentraciju imunoglobulina nevakcinisane grupe.

Inflammation of the mammary gland, mastitis in cows, presents one of the most acute problems in intensive dairy production, inflicting huge economic losses. In the course of one year, 80 samples were taken at investigated farms from udder quarters of cows with clinical mastitis and 160 samples from udder quarters of cows with subclinical mastitis. The efficacy of three preparations, A, B, and C, was examined in the treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis in cows. The investigations indicate that antibiotic preparation A (neomycin, polimixine B, oleandomycin and prednisolone) exhibited a greater efficacy in the treatment of clinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Micrococcus sp., but a smaller efficacy in the treatment of subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Preparation B (amoxicillin, clavulanic acid and prednisolone) exhibited a higher efficacy in the treatment of clinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis and Micrococcus, but a weaker effect in the treatment of subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Preparation C (procaine penicillin G, streptomycin, neomycin sulfate and prednisolone acetate) exihibited efficacy in the treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus aureus and Esherichie coli., Zapaljenje mlečne žlezde (mastitis) kod krava predstavlja jedan od najaktuelnijih problema u intenzivnoj proizvodnji mleka, nanoseći velike ekonomske gubitke. Sa ispitivanih farmi u toku jedne godine, uzeto je 80 uzoraka mleka iz četvrti vimena krava sa kliničkim mastitisom i 160 uzoraka mleka iz četvrti vimena krava sa supkliničkim mastitisom. Ispitana je efikasnost tri preparata - A, B i C, u lečenju krava od kliničkih i supkliničkih mastitisa. Preparat A (neomicin, polimiksin B, oleandomicin i prednizolon) pokazao je veću efikasnost u lečenju kliničkih mastitisa izazvanih bakterijama Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis i Micrococcus sp., ali slabiju efikasnost u lečenju supkliničkih mastitisa izazvanih Staphylococcus aureus. Preparat B (amoksicilin, klavulanska kiselina i prednizolon) pokazao je veću efikasnost u lečenju kliničkih mastitisa izazvanih bakterijama Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis i Micrococcus, ali slabije dejstvo u lečenju supkliničkih mastitisa izazvanih bakterijom Staphylococcus aureus. Preparat C (prokain penicilin G, streptomicin, neomicin sulfat i prednizolon acetat) pokazao je efikasnost u lečenju kliničkih i supkliničkih mastitisa izazvanih bakterijama Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus aureus i Esherichie coli.

Lactoferrin (LTF) is a glycoprotein, a member of transferrin gene family which plays an important role in immune mechanisms in the mammary glands of cows. The amount of lactoferrin increases during inflammatory processes and viral infections. The aim of this investigation was to monitor the distribution of lactoferrin gene genotypes and its connection to milk quality and the occurrence of mammary gland diseases in 46 Holstein-Freisian cows of different age (2-7 years) on a farm near Belgrade. DNA was isolated from blood samples, and the polymorphism of lactoferrin gene was deterimined by PCR-RFLP method using the restriction enzyme Eco RI. We found two alelic forms of this gene in cows included in these experiments (A and B) and two genotypes (AA and AB) in a ratio 71.7% to 28.3%. The genotype BB was not found in this sample. In order to determine the degree of differences between genotypes we used discriminant analysis which has shown that there is a statistically significant difference between genotypes AA and AB with respect to productive parameters. When analyzed separately, the only parameter which differed significantly (p=0.021) between two genotypes was total milk production. Individuals with observed genotypes are most similar for the amount of milk fat (p=0.271). There is no statistically significant difference in the number of somatic cells in milk samples between the examined genotypes., Laktoferin (LTF) je glikoprotein, član familije transferina i igra važnu ulogu u odbrambenom mehanizmu mlečne žlezde krava. Količina cartoferina raste tokom inflamatornog procesa i virusne infekcije. Cilj ovog rada je bilo praćenje distribucije genotipova laktoferin gena i njihova povezanost sa kvalitetom mleka i pojavom oboljenja mlečne žlezde kod 46 krava Holštajn-Frizijske rase, različite starosti (2-7 godina) na farmi u blizini Beograda. Obavljena je izolacija DNK iz krvi, a polimorfizam laktoferin gena utvrđen je PCR-RFLP metodom pomoću restrikcionog enzima Eco RI. Kod životinja uključenih u ogled utvrđene su dve alelne forme, A i B i dva genotipa, AA i AB u odnosu 71,74% prema 28,26%. Genotip BB nije pronađen u datom uzorku životinja. U cilju utvrđivanja stepena razdvajanja genotipova primenjena je diskriminaciona analiza koja je ukazala da se genotipovi AA i AB statistički značajno razlikuju prema proizvodnim parametrima posmatranim istovremeno. Pojedinačno, samo se po parametru ukupna proizvodnja mleka, krava analiziranih genotipova statistički značajno razlikuju (p=0.021). Grla posmatranih genotipova su najsličnija po količini mlečne masti (p=0.271). Nije ustanovljena statistički značajna razlika u broju somatskih ćelija u mleku između ispitivanih genotipova.

Vaginal mucosa of bitches is not sterile environment, and a large number of pathogen and normal bacterial fl ora can be found in vaginal smear. The vaginal fl ora of bitches contains a large variety of bacterial species, including both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The microorganisms most commonly isolated are E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Pasteurella spp., Proteus spp., Bacillus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Microccocus spp. The aim of the study was to determine vaginal, cervical and uterine bacterial fl ora at healthy bitches at the different stages of the oestrus cycle. Vaginal, cervical and uterine smears were obtained from 38 healthy bitches (Juvenile=5, Anoestrus=16, Proestrus=6, Oestrus=4, Metoestrus=2 and Pregnant=5). Vaginal smears were collected before ovariohysterectomy, while uterine and cervical smears were collected during the operation. The most commonly isolated microorganisms in vaginal smears were Proteus spp. (34.61%), Staphylococcus aureus (30.77%), while Staphylococcus intermedius, Micrococcus spp. and E. coli were isolated in 7.69%, and Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Yeast in 3.85%. Uterine smears were sterile, and in only one cervical sample was isolated and identifi ed Proteus spp. Bacterial isolation at healthy bitches is very important, because vaginal fl ora of bitches contains many different microorganisms and each of them can become pathogenic when an enabling condition is created, which consequently can cause infl ammation of genital tract, septicaemia, abortion, puerperal disorders and have an infl uence on the future fertility.