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The "INDEX" document from the Camden Fifth Series journal is a comprehensive list of names, locations, and references to individuals and items, covering various topics such as people, places, food, clothing, and occupations. It provides detailed information on historical figures, localities, and everyday life, making it a valuable resource for researchers interested in exploring different aspects of history and culture. The document includes a wide range of entries, from specific individuals like John Perkins to locations in Warwickshire and London, offering insights into daily life, social structures, and economic activities of the past. [Extracted from the article]

The major factors affecting the in vitro immature embryo rescue efficiencies from Prunus persica or P. armeniaca accessions have been identified, along with improving the feasibility. Variations in the woody plant medium (WPM) were used depending on the embryo size. Embryos less than 5 mm long were cultured in WPM supplemented with 1 μM BAP and 1 μM GA3, while embryos bigger than 5 mm long were cultured in hormone-free medium, with or without vermiculite. The environmental in vitro culture conditions consisted of three phases: a (I) stratification at 4 °C during a 3- to 5-month-long period in the dark, followed by (II) growth of germinated embryos at 14 °C for a 4-week-long period, with 12 h light a day, which favors plantlet development, and finally, (III) growth at 24 °C, with 16 h light a day, until the plantlets were acclimatized in the greenhouse. The germination of smaller embryos, at the end of phase I, ranged from 82.2% to 22.1% for apricots and flat peaches, respectively, whereas for bigger embryos, the germination varied from 97.3% to 53.2% for the same species. The embryo germination for peaches and nectarines ranged from 40.1% to 30.3% for smaller embryos, and from 91.9% to 63.0% for bigger embryos. Endo- and epiphytic contamination, affecting from 7.4% to 52.9% of cultured embryos, depending on the fruit type and conservation conditions, and the capacity to acclimate to soil conditions, ranging from 50.4% to 93.2%, were the two most important factors influencing the protocol's efficiency and feasibility. Considering the overall efficiencies, expressed as hardened plants transferred to field plots over clean uncontaminated embryo, the values ranged from 55.8% for nectarines, 54.0% for peaches, 45.6% for apricots, and 23.3% for flat fruits. The addition of vermiculite to the culture medium significantly improved the plantlet development, avoiding subculture to fresh medium when an extension of phase III was required before acclimatization. Compared to laboratory glassware, the use of food glass containers with air-permeable sealing film, along with vermiculite-containing medium, significantly reduced the costs when handling the large number of embryos required for breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the picking of nectarines mainly relies on manual completion in China, and the process involves high labor intensity during picking and low picking efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce automated picking. To improve the accuracy of nectarine fruit recognition in complex environments and to increase the efficiency of automatic orchard-picking robots, a lightweight nectarine detection method, YOLOv8n-CSD, is proposed in this study. This model improves on YOLOv8n by first proposing a new structure, C2f-PC, to replace the C2f structure used in the original network, thus reducing the number of model parameters. Second, the SEAM is introduced to improve the model's recognition of the occluded part. Finally, to realize real-time detection of nectarine fruits, the DySample Lightweight Dynamic Upsampling Module is introduced to save computational resources while effectively enhancing the model's anti-interference ability. With a compact size of 4.7 MB, this model achieves 95.1% precision, 84.9% recall, and a mAP@0.5 of 93.2%—the model's volume has been reduced while the evaluation metrics have all been improved over the baseline model. The study shows that the YOLOv8n-CSD model outperforms the current mainstream target detection models, and can recognize nectarines in different environments faster and more accurately, which lays the foundation for the field application of automatic picking technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold tolerance was measured midwinter in a New Hampshire, USA, orchard collection of 33 peach and nectarine cultivars over 3 years using natural and artificial freezing methods. Flower bud survival and xylem and cambium hardiness were based on the inflection point from nonlinear regression, as well as comparisons of injury at about 220 (C. Flower bud hardiness was greatest in ‘BuenOs’, ‘Contender’, ‘Cresthaven’, ‘Redhaven’, and ‘Scarlet Rose’. The lowest hardiness occurred in ‘Brigantine’, ‘Desiree’, ‘Emeraude’, ‘Evelynn’, ‘Galaxy’, ‘Glenglo’, ‘Jade’, ‘PF5D’, ‘PF23’, ‘Silverglo’, ‘Spring Snow’, and ‘Sugar May’. Other cultivars had either intermediate or inconsistent year-to-year bud hardiness. Bud hardiness in 2021 was weakly correlated with bud hardiness in 2023, but neither were correlated with bud mortality in 2022 after a severe freeze. Cambial hardiness in one year was not correlated with hardiness in other years. ‘August Rose’, ‘BuenOs’, ‘Cresthaven’, ‘Desiree’, and ‘Silverglo’ had the hardiest cambium which was consistent from year to year. Xylem hardiness was greatest in ‘BuenOs’, ‘Contender’, ‘Desiree’, ‘John Boy’, ‘PF17’, ‘Redhaven’, ‘Silvergem’, and ‘TangOs’. Xylem injury was significantly correlated across years indicating that this tissue responds more consistently to midwinter freezing temperatures than flower buds and cambium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Transcription factor PpMYB5 promotes lignin synthesis by directly binding to the Pp4CL1/Pp4CL2 promoter and affecting their expression, which may be related to nectarine russeting formation. Nectarine russeting is usually considered to be a non-invasive physiological disease that usually occurs on late-maturing cultivars and seriously affects their appearance quality and commercial value. The cause of nectarine fruit rust is currently unknown. In this study, we compared two flat nectarine cultivars, ‘zhongyoupanweidi’ (HD; russeting-free cultivar) and ‘zhongyoupanweihou’ (TH; russeting-prone cultivar), with respect to nectarine russeting by means of microscopy, transcriptomics, and hormone analysis. Compared to HD fruits, TH fruits had a broken cuticle, missing wax layer, and heavy lignin deposition. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed significant alternations in the expression of genes related to lignin synthesis. Moreover, structure genes Pp4CL1 and Pp4CL2, MYB transcription factor (TF) gene PpMYB5 were identified through weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Molecular experiments and transgenic evidence suggested that PpMYB5 regulates Pp4CL1/Pp4CL2 expression to promote lignin synthesis. Overall, in addition to providing new insights into the formation of mechanisms for nectarine russeting, our study also establishes a foundation for nectarine russeting prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochemical characteristics and features of the most promising varieties of stone fruit crops (peach, nectarine) submitted for research have been shown. Biochemical analyzes of peach and nectarine fruits grown in the humid subtropics of Russia were carried out in 2019-2020 at the Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Laboratory of Plant physiology and Biochemistry. The following varieties were used for biochemical analyzes: Rannyaya zarya, Larisa (control one), Osenniy rymyanets, Anton Chekhov, Big Top, Nectarine Sklor. The content of biologically valuable substances in stone fruits, which determine not only their taste characteristics, but also their nutritional and therapeutic and prophylactic effects, is a criterion for high commercial quality of products. That is why we are faced with the task of assessing the chemical composition of peaches and nectarines, which directly depends on weather and climate conditions, varietal characteristics, place of growth, etc. It is known that the pulp of peaches and nectarines contains a large amount of sugars, organic acids (mainly malic), vitamins, enzymes, macro- and microelements. In assessing the taste qualities of peaches and nectarines, the content of sugars, acids and vitamin C (or ascorbic acid), which acts as an antioxidant, is of great importance. Biochemical analysis of peach and nectarine fruits revealed the maximum sugar content - 10.16% in the Larisa variety (control one) of mid-late ripening period, the minimum in the Rannyaya Zarya variety of early ripening period, which is significantly lower by 1.3 times compared to the control one. High vitamin C content in the Larisa variety fruits was noted - up to 16.56 mg%, which is significantly higher than other studied varieties by 2.60-5.19 mg%. Promising varieties Larisa and Anton Chekhov were distinguished by a balanced taste of fruits and resistance to abiotic factors of the environment of the Black Sea coast of Russia.

[Objective] To establish a nondestructive detection method for fruit appearance. [Methods] Nectarines were used as the research subject. The IQQU3 smart phone camera was used to capture the picture data, which was then preprocessed. The image annotation program Labelimg was used to label the data. Panning, left-right flipping, and mirror flipping were used to enlarge the data. Using an ratio of 8∶2, the enlarged photos were split into training and test sets. Lastly, the data was trained for 150 epochs using five YOLOv8 models （n, s, m, l, x）. The training results of the five models were compared and analyzed in order to determine which detection model was the best. [Results] The nectarine dataset was constructed, there were 4,205 total photos; YOLOv8 （n, s, m, l, x） the total loss values in the training set were 2.275, 1.778, 1.482, 1.880, and 1.401, respectively, The total loss values of the test set were 2.724, 2.253, 2.057, 2.105, and 2.004, respectively; YOLOv8 （n, s, m, l, x） precision were 94.0%, 98.0%, 97.4%, 97.3%, 97.9%, respectively, The recall were 95.4%, 95.5%, 95.9%, 96.9%, and 96.9%, respectively. In a comprehensive comparison YOLOv8s was the better model, and the average detection accuracy mAP_0.5 was 97.8%. The average precision of fresh, bruise and scar were 96.2%, 98.8% and 98.4%, respectively. The inference time and calculation amount （GFLOPs） were 179.4 ms and 28.4 respectively. [Conclusion] YOLOv8 can effectively detect the quality of fruit appearance, which can be used for non-destructive testing of fruit appearance, and this study can provide new ideas for non-destructive testing of fruits.

Nectarines, a popular pit fruit closely related to peaches, are renowned for their nutritional value and associated health benefits. However, challenges arise in maintaining optimal organoleptic properties during harvest and handling, eventually leading to production waste and heterogeneous quality in the fruit that arrives to the consumer. This study investigates the impact of nectarine position on trees during the whole ripening process using non‐destructive near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Nectarines exposed to more sunlight mature faster and this influences sugar content and acidity, emphasising the significance of considering height, prominence and orientation in ripening dynamics of the fruit. Different data unfolding strategies were compared, using ANOVA‐Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA) to reveal the significance of in‐tree position factors at different ripening stages, and observing high significance at harvest. This underscores the necessity for growers and handlers to consider these factors for reducing waste. NIR spectroscopy, with adequate data analysis, is a valuable tool for the holistic analysis of fruit ripening, providing crucial insights for maintaining optimal fruit organoleptic properties from harvest to consumer. This study explores how the position of nectarines on trees affects ripening, using near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Nectarines exposed to more sunlight mature faster, impacting sugar content and acidity. ANOVA‐Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA) revealed significant in‐tree position effects at harvest, highlighting the importance of height, prominence, and orientation on different stages of the ripening. The findings stress the need for growers to consider these factors to reduce waste, with NIR spectroscopy proving useful for ensuring optimal fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, is considered one of the most destructive fruit pests worldwide. Female medflies prefer to lay eggs in ripening, ripe, or overripe fruits. In deciduous orchards of temperate regions, fruitlets (juvenile fruits) of early cultivars could represent the earliest spring resource with a potential host function for medflies. However, little is known about the medfly female's ability to ovipositing and complete breeding in fruitlets. To clarify the possible role of fruitlets, the suitability of key-host fruitlets for the oviposition of medflies and the further development of immature stages were examined in laboratory conditions and an attempt was made to assess the degree of infection of fruitlets collected in the field. Additionally, the development of the overwintering medfly population and the putative use of fruitlets as a resource for early population growth were simulated using the PESTonFARM model optimized to reflect specific features of medfly biology and behavior. Our laboratory data demonstrate that nectarine and pear fruitlets can support the full development of medfly offspring. However, no medfly pupae were obtained from a sample of 14,000 fruitlets collected at the farm. The simulation showed that the sample number needed to detect with at least 95% certainty rare cases of medfly pupae or adults emerging from infected fruitlets is several tens of thousands, which is several times more than the actual number of fruitlets used in our study. Our research suggests that the fruitlets of some cultivated fruit species can potentially constitute a viable food resource for the development of the earliest generation of spring medflies, with implications for medfly Integrated Pest Management (IPM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Thrips constitute one of the main nectarine pests, with damage either in flowering or before harvesting (silvering). Nectarine orchards under organic and integrated management were sampled in Lleida (Baix Segre intensive production area) and Girona at four key moments of the season (bud burst, full flowering, fruit setting stage, and colorization of the fruit) during 2021 and 2022 to determine the species composition and damage during fruit maturation. Fifteen species were collected in Lleida, and 10 species were collected in Girona. Organic orchards in Lleida showed lower populations and silvering damage levels than integrated orchards. Thrips fuscipennis Haliday (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) 1836 was the main species in Lleida during harvest, and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) 1895 was the main species in Girona. Due to their predominance, both species were associated with silvering damage during fruit maturation. Thrips constitute one of the main nectarine pests, with damage either in flowering or before harvesting (silvering). Several species are associated with damage to flowers, but Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is the main species associated with summer damage in Europe. Tree canopies of nectarine orchards under organic and integrated management were sampled in Lleida and Girona at four key moments of the season (bud burst, full flowering, fruit setting stage, and colorization of the fruit) during 2021 and 2022 to determine the species composition in the area and the damage caused during fruit maturation. Adult individuals in flowers, leaves, and fruit surfaces were collected and identified, and silvering damage to the fruit surface was assessed in the Lleida area. Fifteen species in Lleida and 10 species in Girona were collected from the tree canopy. Organic orchards in Lleida showed lower populations and silvering damage levels when compared with integrated orchards. Thrips fuscipennis Haliday (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) 1836 was the main species in Lleida during harvest, and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) 1895 was the main species in Girona. Due to their predominance, both species were associated with silvering damage during fruit maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Calcium foliar applications are known to effectively enhance peach quality; however, the optimal implementation strategy regarding fruit developmental stages and cultivars remains unclear. In this study, three different moments of fruit Ca applications in peach and nectarine are tested: Early season, Mid-season, and Late season. For this aim, the 44Ca isotope was used as a tracer, enabling the quantification and location of the Ca derived from the foliar fertilizer. Stone, flesh, and skin 44Ca enrichment was separately analyzed at harvest. The results indicate that Ca absorption in the fruits from external CaCl2 applications was influenced by the timing of the application during fruit development, with Late-season applications proving to be the most effective in increasing the Ca content in the fruit, corresponding with a higher fruit size at the application moment. Nevertheless, no differences in the absorption efficiency were found between the three timings of the application. Furthermore, the Ca from the foliar fertilizer in the fruit predominately remained in the flesh, followed by the skin. The Ca derived from the foliar fertilizer reached the stone in all of the experimental situations, but the Early- and Mid-season applications resulted in the highest amount of Ca derived from the fertilizer in this part of the fruit. Interestingly, the peach exhibited a higher Ca absorption efficiency compared to the nectarine, likely due to the presence of trichomes that retain the foliar fertilizer on the fruit surface. In conclusion, the Ca absorption and distribution in peaches depends on the cultivar and timing of the Ca application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effect of bacterial cellulose nanocrystal–fish gelatin/cinnamon essential oil (BCNCs–FGelA/CEO) nanocoatings containing different concentrations of essential oil (1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 mL/L) on reducing the ripening and aging processes of 'Red Gold' nectarine fruit during cold storage (60 days, 4 °C) was studied. As a general trend, the application of the coating delayed the ripening process, and increasing the concentration of essential oil was effective in improving the coating efficacy. After 60 days, the lowest values of weight loss (6.93%), peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity (11.49 and 0.48 abs min−1 g−1, respectively), soluble solid content (14.56%), and pH (4.17) were detected for samples covered with the BCNCs–FGelA coatings containing the highest tested CEO concentration, whereas the maximum values of the same parameters (20.68%, 18.74 and 0.76 abs min−1 g−1, 17.93%, and 4.39, respectively) were found in the uncoated samples. In addition, increasing the concentration of the essential oil resulted in a better preservation of the firmness, ascorbic acid, and total acidity of the samples. Finally, the respiration rate and ethylene production of coated samples were lower than those detected in uncoated samples, though some differences arose depending on the amount of CEO loaded in the coatings. This study showed the capability of BCNCs–FGelA/CEO coatings to increase the cold storage period and preserve the quality of 'Red Gold' nectarine fruit, thereby reducing losses and increasing economic efficiency in the fruit industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nectarines can be affected by many diseases, resulting in significant production losses. Natural products, such as essential oils (EOs), are promising alternatives to pesticides to control storage rots. This work aimed to test the efficacy of biofumigation with EOs in the control of nectarine postharvest diseases while also evaluating the effect on the quality parameters (firmness, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity) and on the fruit fungal microbiome. Basil, fennel, lemon, oregano, and thyme EOs were first tested in vitro at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% concentrations to evaluate their inhibition activity against Monilinia fructicola. Subsequently, an in vivo screening trial was performed by treating nectarines inoculated with M. fructicola, with the five EOs at 2.0% concentration by biofumigation, performed using slow-release diffusers placed inside the storage cabinets. Fennel, lemon, and basil EOs were the most effective after storage and were selected to be tested in efficacy trials using naturally infected nectarines. After 28 days of storage, all treatments showed a significant rot reduction compared to the untreated control. Additionally, no evident phytotoxic effects were observed on the treated fruits. EO vapors did not affect the overall quality of the fruits but showed a positive effect in reducing firmness loss. Metabarcoding analysis showed a significant impact of tissue, treatment, and sampling time on the fruit microbiome composition. Treatments were able to reduce the abundance of Monilinia spp., but basil EO favored a significant increase in Penicillium spp. Moreover, the abundance of other fungal genera was found to be modified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate fruit yield and quality characteristics among new nectarine cultivars grown in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. 'Gardeta', 'Gartario', and 'Garofa' nectarine cultivars were cultivated on 'GN15' rootstock. The flowering stage, fruit set percentage, yield, and fruit quality properties of these cultivars were investigated between 2018 and 2021. During the study, chill requirements ranged between 391 and 600 chilling hours and between 207 and 361 chill units in the area, and huge values were obtained for the average initial fruit set above 60% and the final fruit set above 45%. 'Gardeta' had the highest cumulative yield per tree (80.15 kg tree-1) and cumulative yield per hectare (133.04 tons ha-1). The fruit size, Total Soluble Solids (TSS) content, and fruit coloration were homogeneously distributed in all three cultivars. In addition, the Flowering (F) and Initial Fruit Set (IFS) characters were negatively correlated with Fruit Weight (FW), Fruit Length (FLE), and Fruit Diameter (FD). As a result, the 'Gardeta' was found remarkable with late flowering, the highest yield, and superior fruit quality characteristics such as size, red skin color, and high TSS/total acidity values in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. In addition, the date of Full Flowering (FF) and Fruit Firmness (FF) were negatively correlated with fruit Skin color L* (SL), C (SC), and h° (SH) variables. The results demonstrated that the new nectarine cultivars used here showed changes in yield parameters and fruit quality attributes depending on the genotypic and environmental effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in 2022-2023 on the territory of the Institute of Fruit Growing – Plovdiv in a collection plantation. The objects of study were five selected nectarine elites-El.23-42, El.4-171, El. 3-158, El. 4-168, and El. 29-31. Chemical analyses, fruit biometric measurements and a sensory profile were performed. From the averages obtained, we found that elite 23-42 had the highest sucrose content (8.11%) and the lowest acid content. The highest tannin content (0.139%) was found in el. 29-31. With very large fruit (over 200 g.) the two late ripening elites 3-158 and 29-31 were 241 g. and 227 g. respectively. Average fruit weight was recorded for elites 4-168 (185 g.) and 4-171 (169 g). The smallest fruits were measured in the early ripening elite 23-42 (154 g.) In terms of sensory profile, all elites were rated very good. With the highest values of almost all the parameters observed and the highest average score was elite 3-158 (7.81). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, the cold resistance of five main nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, var nectarine) cultivars grown in Shanxi Province of China was evaluated and compared. To explore the physio-biochemical mechanism underlying their cold resistance variations, semi-lethal low temperature (LT50) and thirteen cold resistance related parameters at six timepoints during overwintering were determined and analyzed. Results showed that these five nectarine cultivars could be classified into high cold resistant (HR), moderate cold resistant (MR) and low cold resistant (LR) groups. The HR cultivars were of higher relative water (RW) and proline (PRO) contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but much lower relative electric conductivity (RE), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and catalase (CAT) activity. Moreover, the increase of PRO and abscisic acid (ABA) contents and decrease of RW content in HR cultivars were greater than other cultivars. Additionally, redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that these indexes were significantly correlated with the HR cultivars, indicating that they could be used as potential markers for the cold resistance evaluation of nectarine germplasm resources. Cold stress occurs in late winter and early spring threatens greatly the nectarine industry. In this study, the semi-lethal low temperature (LT50) and thirteen cold resistance related parameters of five nectarine cultivars, including 'Nonglehong little princess' (LP), 'Luyou No. 5' (LY), 'Nonglehong No. 6' (NL), 'Zhongyou No. 20' (ZY) and 'Qiuhongzhu' (QH), were determined. Based on these parameters, they were categorized into high—(HR, including NL and LP), moderate—(MR, including QH) and low-cold resistant (LR, including ZY and LY) groups. The relative water (RW), proline (PRO), soluble sucrose (SS) and soluble protein (SP) contents, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities of HR cultivars were higher while their relative electronic conductivity (RE), malondialdehyde (MDA) and gibberellin acid (GA3) contents and catalase (CAT) activity were lower than other cultivars during natural overwintering. Redundancy analysis revealed that the lowest temperature in a day (LT) and LT50 significantly explains 69.8% and 10.9% of these physiological variables, respectively. Moreover, GA3 and indoleacetic acid (IAA) contents and CAT activity were positively correlated, while PRO, SS, ABA and RW contents were negatively correlated with both LT and LT50. Our study will be helpful in understanding the cold resistance variations of nectarine germplasm resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh-cut fruits were convenient for consumers but vulnerable to quality deterioration, including browning, softening, and volatile aroma loss. In this study, the whole nectarines were pretreated with 100% O2 (pure oxygen, PO) for 2 h and stored at near-freezing temperature (NFT, -1.5 ± 0.1°C) for 9 days after cutting. We investigated the changes of samples in browning degree, enzyme activity, cell membrane permeability, antioxidant activity, and aroma components. Specifically, PO pretreatment increased the peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities, which endows the whole nectarines with resistance to environmental stresses before fresh-cut. NFT storage effectively inhibited the activity of the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and the increase of the total phenolic content (TPC). Higher antioxidant levels and anti-browning effects were observed in fresh-cut nectarines treated with PO + NFT, which demonstrated by higher levels of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging capacity, ferricion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and enzyme activity ratios (ratio 1 and ratio 2). During the storage of 9 days, the firmness and membrane permeability were preserved, malondialdehyde (MDA) content was suppressed, which delayed the softening of nectarine tissue. Furthermore, soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acid (TA) were also well preserved by PO + NFT, which maintained the physiological and metabolic qualities. Electronic nose tests revealed that PO + NFT postponed the volatile aroma deterioration. In conclusion, PO + NFT effectively maintains the storage quality of fresh-cut nectarines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh-cut processing is a good strategy to enhance the commercialization of peaches and nectarines, which easily deteriorate during low-temperature storage mostly due to the occurrence of chilling injury. Although several studies have been performed to improve the shelf-life of fresh-cut stone fruit, the achievement of high-quality fresh-cut peaches and nectarines still constitutes a challenge. The present study aimed to gain insights into the evolution of the postharvest quality of fresh-cut nectarines (Prunus persica L. Batsch) Big Bang, cold-stored at two different storage temperatures (4 and 8 °C) for up to 10 days. Several aspects influencing the quality traits (sensory and postharvest quality parameters; the profile of phenolic and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) were explored to predict the marketable life of the fresh-cut nectarines. The respiration rate was higher in samples stored at 4 °C, while the browning process was more evident in fruit stored at 8 °C. Partial Least Squares Regression performed on VOCs showed that samples stored at 4 °C and 8 °C presented a different time evolution during the experiment and the trajectories depended on the interaction between time and temperature. Moreover, Multiple Linear Regression analysis discovered that the 17 VOCs affected by the storage conditions seemed to suggest that no chilling injury was detected for nectarines Big Bang. In conclusion, this approach could also be used with other nectarine cultivars and/or different stone fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major factors affecting the in vitro immature embryo rescue efficiencies from Prunus persica or P. armeniaca accessions have been identified, along with improving the feasibility. Variations in the woody plant medium (WPM) were used depending on the embryo size. Embryos less than 5 mm long were cultured in WPM supplemented with 1 μM BAP and 1 μM GA3, while embryos bigger than 5 mm long were cultured in hormone-free medium, with or without vermiculite. The environmental in vitro culture conditions consisted of three phases: a (I) stratification at 4 °C during a 3- to 5-month-long period in the dark, followed by (II) growth of germinated embryos at 14 °C for a 4-week-long period, with 12 h light a day, which favors plantlet development, and finally, (III) growth at 24 °C, with 16 h light a day, until the plantlets were acclimatized in the greenhouse. The germination of smaller embryos, at the end of phase I, ranged from 82.2% to 22.1% for apricots and flat peaches, respectively, whereas for bigger embryos, the germination varied from 97.3% to 53.2% for the same species. The embryo germination for peaches and nectarines ranged from 40.1% to 30.3% for smaller embryos, and from 91.9% to 63.0% for bigger embryos. Endo- and epiphytic contamination, affecting from 7.4% to 52.9% of cultured embryos, depending on the fruit type and conservation conditions, and the capacity to acclimate to soil conditions, ranging from 50.4% to 93.2%, were the two most important factors influencing the protocol’s efficiency and feasibility. Considering the overall efficiencies, expressed as hardened plants transferred to field plots over clean uncontaminated embryo, the values ranged from 55.8% for nectarines, 54.0% for peaches, 45.6% for apricots, and 23.3% for flat fruits. The addition of vermiculite to the culture medium significantly improved the plantlet development, avoiding subculture to fresh medium when an extension of phase III was required before acclimatization. Compared to laboratory glassware, the use of food glass containers with air-permeable sealing film, along with vermiculite-containing medium, significantly reduced the costs when handling the large number of embryos required for breeding programs.

At present, the picking of nectarines mainly relies on manual completion in China, and the process involves high labor intensity during picking and low picking efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce automated picking. To improve the accuracy of nectarine fruit recognition in complex environments and to increase the efficiency of automatic orchard-picking robots, a lightweight nectarine detection method, YOLOv8n-CSD, is proposed in this study. This model improves on YOLOv8n by first proposing a new structure, C2f-PC, to replace the C2f structure used in the original network, thus reducing the number of model parameters. Second, the SEAM is introduced to improve the model’s recognition of the occluded part. Finally, to realize real-time detection of nectarine fruits, the DySample Lightweight Dynamic Upsampling Module is introduced to save computational resources while effectively enhancing the model’s anti-interference ability. With a compact size of 4.7 MB, this model achieves 95.1% precision, 84.9% recall, and a mAP@0.5 of 93.2%—the model’s volume has been reduced while the evaluation metrics have all been improved over the baseline model. The study shows that the YOLOv8n-CSD model outperforms the current mainstream target detection models, and can recognize nectarines in different environments faster and more accurately, which lays the foundation for the field application of automatic picking technology.

Nectarines have remarkable nutritional value, low caloric content, and are rich in antioxidants. However, despite substantial local and global demand, their susceptibility to rapid spoilage during peak summer harvest is limited. To address this issue, the current study investigated the potential benefits of using melatonin (MLT), an antioxidant biomolecule, in combination with edible hydrocolloid coatings like carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and gum Arabic (G.A.) on 'Snow Queen' nectarine fruits. The nectarines were treated with various combinations of coatings, including 1% and 1.5% CMC, 8% and 10% G.A., and 0.1 mM melatonin. These coated and non-coated samples were stored under standard supermarket conditions (18 ± 1 °C, 85–90% R.H.) for 16 days. The outcomes demonstrated that the most effective treatment was the combination of 1% CMC with 0.1 mM melatonin. This treatment significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced the rate of respiration, curbed fruit decay by approximately 95%, minimized weight loss by around 42%, and maintained approximately 39% higher levels of total phenol content and roughly 30% greater antioxidant (AOX) activity. These positive effects were accompanied by preserved firmness and overall quality attributes. Moreover, the treatment extended the shelf life to 16 days through retarding senescence and suppressing the activities of lipoxygenase (LOX) and pectin methylesterase (PME), all without compromising the functional qualities of the nectarine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nematode population densities were determined in 60 soil and root samples collected from 6 fruit orchards in the Bilecik province (western Turkey), between April 2022 and June 2022. The total number of identified nematodes have reached up to 2418 individuals (number of female: 1036; male: 154; and juvenile: 1228). They belong to 54 species, 54 genera, 33 families and 11 orders. Plant parasitic nematodes that were detected mostly are listed as follows: Helicotylenchus (6,12 %), Pratylenchus (5,74 %), Paratylenchus (4.83 %), Xiphinema (3,06 %), Tylenchorhynchus (2,19 %), Malenchus (1.94 %) and Tylenchus (1.19 %). According to the maturity index analysis, mean values showed the highest maturity level at peach trees (MI value: 3,52), followed by; walnut trees (MI value: 2.49), cherry trees (MI value: 2.15), nectarine trees (MI value: 1.86), plum trees (MI value: 1.57), and olive trees (MI value: 1.42). Mostly the diverse group in terms of species richness was within the order Dorylaimida. The nematodes associated with peach and walnut trees here showed the most stable environments in terms of soil nematode community structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To recognize the key ester‐related volatile compounds, 5 types of peaches including 54 late‐ripening peach materials were examined by headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and E‐nose. Here, a large number of esters were identified to be released by ripe peach fruits and were mainly characterized by fruity, green, and fatty notes. The variety and content of esters had greatly changed within or between cultivars, indicating that the fruit volatiles were highly differentiated depending on the specific genotypes and cultivation conditions. The ester types showed that fatty acid‐derived C6 alcohols and methyl‐/ethyl‐ short‐chain alcohol were the main ester precursors, which were more likely to be utilized and well selected by alcohol acyltransferases, whereas the preference of acyl donors was not observed. The common peach type, which exhibited a unique volatile profile, displayed broader diversity and more abundant characteristics in ester‐related volatiles than the other four types. A total of 19 key esters were identified as the main components and the content of most esters showed no significant difference among different peach types. Some key esters had even been enriched in nectarines. Moreover, the multiple discriminant analysis revealed a possible relationship between peach types and the domestication of the peach evolution. This study investigated ester‐related volatiles released by different types of peach fruits and can be further used to evaluate the peach qualities, providing an important reference for peach breeding and processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit pubescence (trichome) is an important characteristic and is controlled by a single dominant gene (G/g), resulting in peaches and nectarines. The length and/or density of fruit fuzz varies greatly among different peach cultivars. However, little is known about fruit trichome development in peaches. In this study, significant differences in fruit trichome length and density were identified between 'XT1' and its bud mutation 'BM', showing much higher values for 'BM'. Comparative transcriptome analysis was performed, and 987 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, which were confirmed by qRT-PCR. GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analyses showed that genes involved in defense response, secondary metabolites and plant hormone signal transduction may also be related to the development of peach fruit trichomes. By integrating other transcriptome data, we finally determined 47 DEGs that might participate in peach trichome development, including five plant-hormone-related genes. The promoter analysis showed that one abscisic-acid-related gene, Prupe.6G072400 (abscisic acid 8′-hydroxylase 2), and one auxin-related gene, Prupe.3G074900 (auxin-responsive protein IAA1), have obvious differences in the cis-acting elements of the promoters between 'XT1' and 'BM'. The results of this study will provide a valuable resource illustrating the mechanism of fruit trichome development in peaches and benefit future genomic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peaches and nectarines have a short shelf life even when harvested at appropriate physiological maturity. Market life is increased by storage at low temperatures. However, chilling injury symptoms can appear, causing physiological disorders and limiting shipping potential. The rootstock effect on the post-harvest quality has hardly been explored. Thus, the principal aim of this work was to study the influence of seven different Prunus rootstocks on the "Big Top" nectarine cv, considering harvest and post-harvest quality parameters and their correlation with chilling injury disorders. Basic fruit quality traits, individual sugars and organic acids analyzed by HPLC and other biochemical compounds such as relative antioxidant capacity, total phenolics content, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C and related enzyme activities (PAL, POD, PPO) were considered. In addition, correlations with possible candidate genes for chilling injury (CI) tolerance were searched by qPCR. Although a low susceptibility to CI symptoms has been found in "Big Top", rootstocks "PADAC 9902-01", "PADAC 99-05" and "ReplantPAC" exhibited lower CI symptoms. A statistically significant influence of the evaluated rootstocks was found concerning the parameters of this study. Phenols and anthocyanins seem to be important parameters to be considered in the prevention of chilling injury disorders. Moreover, PAL1, PPO4, PG2 and LDOX genes relative expressions were positively associated with chilling injury susceptibility. This study opens new perspectives for understanding peach fruit adaptation and response to cold storage temperatures during the post-harvest period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the fruit-cracking mechanism in nectarine, we compared three cracking-susceptible nectarine varieties ('Huaguang', 'Yanguang', and 'Zaohongzhu') and one cracking-resistant nectarine variety ('Shuguang'). Our findings indicate that 'Shuguang' nectarines exhibited significantly higher levels of calcium, calcium pectinate, total pectin, cellulose, Na2CO3-soluble pectin and CDTA-soluble pectin in the peel compared to 'Huaguang', 'Yanguang', and 'Zaohongzhu'. In contrast, the activities of polygalacturonases, pectinesterases, β-galactosidases, and cellulase were significantly lower in 'Shuguang'. Interestingly, no significant differences were observed in indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid content between 'Shuguang' and the other three cracking-susceptible nectarine varieties. However, the abscisic acid content in 'Shuguang' was significantly lower. Additionally, compared with the three cracking-susceptible nectarine varieties, the expression level of PpPIP1 (encoding the plasma membrane intrinsic protein, which can improve the permeability of plant cell membranes and greatly improve the efficiency of water diffusion across membranes) in flesh was significantly lower, and the expression levels of PpExp1 and PpExp2 (encoding expansins, which play significant roles in loosening and expanding cell wall components) were significantly higher in the peels of cracking-resistant nectarine varieties. These differences can provide a basis for further study of the mechanism of nectarine fruit-cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lowering the storage temperature is an effective method to extend the postharvest and shelf life of fruits. Nevertheless, this technique often leads to physiological disorders, commonly known as chilling injuries. Apples and pears are susceptible to chilling injuries, among which superficial scald is the most economically relevant. Superficial scald is due to necrotic lesions of the first layers of hypodermis manifested through skin browning. In peaches and nectarines, chilling injuries are characterized by internal symptoms, such as mealiness. Fruits with these aesthetic or compositional/structural defects are not suitable for fresh consumption. Genetic variation is a key factor in determining fruit susceptibility to chilling injuries; however, physiological, or technical aspects such as harvest maturity and storage conditions also play a role. Multi-omics approaches have been used to provide an integrated explanation of chilling injury development. Metabolomics in pome fruits specifically targets the identification of ethylene, phenols, lipids, and oxidation products. Genomics and transcriptomics have revealed interesting connections with metabolomic datasets, pinpointing specific genes linked to cold stress, wax synthesis, farnesene metabolism, and the metabolic pathways of ascorbate and glutathione. When applied to Prunus species, these cutting-edge approaches have uncovered that the development of mealiness symptoms is linked to ethylene signaling, cell wall synthesis, lipid metabolism, cold stress genes, and increased DNA methylation levels. Emphasizing the findings from multi-omics studies, this review reports how the integration of omics datasets can provide new insights into understanding of chilling injury development. This new information is essential for successfully creating more resilient fruit varieties and developing novel postharvest strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on investigating the drying behaviors of nectarine slices under varying drying temperatures (Tdrying) through the utilization of energy and exergy analysis methodologies, alongside an exploration of the drying kinetics employing diverse mathematical models. The drying process was carried out using a closed-type heat pump drying (HPD) system. The findings revealed a reduction in drying time with an increase in temperature. Notably, the condenser, compressor, and drying cabinet exhibited their highest exergy efficiencies at a Tdrying of 45 °C, while the evaporator demonstrated its highest exergy efficiency at 35 °C. The highest exergy efficiencies were achieved at a Tdrying of 45 °C and calculated as 65.94%, 77.95% and 80.53% for the condenser, dryer and compressor, respectively. Among the considered models, Aghbashlo et al. demonstrated the most optimal fit for moisture ratio. The Deff values ranged from 5.476 × 10-10 to 1.095 × 10-9 m² /s within the Tdrying range of 35 to 45 °C. As the Tdrying elevated, the Deff also raised. Using an Arrhenius-type equation, the expression for the temperature dependence of Deff was established. The determined activation energy value for moisture diffusion was 56.50 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the efficacy of fucoidan-based coatings in preserving nectarine fruits at room temperature. The present study compared the preservation effects of different fucoidan concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%) with distilled water serving as a control (0%). The findings revealed that the addition of fucoidan dose-dependently improved the room temperature preservation quality of the nectarines. Notably, a 5% fucoidan concentration markedly delays the onset of the respiratory peak in nectarines. On day 14 of storage, the plants were subsequently cultured on a 5% fucoidan coating (F5), which exhibited a weight loss rate of 5.87%, a spoilage rate of 18.33%, a hardness of 3.87 kg/cm², a soluble solid content of 11.47%, a titratable acid content of 0.29% and an ascorbic acid content of 2.58%. The overall acceptability score was 7.83. These results demonstrated that coating with fucoidan is an effective method for the preservation of nectarines.

Spring frost is a risk for fruit tree production. In this study, a dynamic agrivoltaic system (AV) was tested as a solution to protect trees from frosts. The study was done in a nectarine AV in France in 2022 and 2023. The AV plot was paired with an adjacent control plot without panels. Air temperature nearby the trees was measured continuously with thermo-hygrometers each year. In 2022 and 2023 frost sensors to mimic organ temperature were also used. In 2023, bud temperatures were continuously measured during bloom. Frosts during bloom were observed in 2022 and 2023 but only the 2022 frost was associated with flower damage. Solar panels were positioned in horizontal position during the nights with frost. Night air temperature nearby the AV trees was warmer in comparison with control trees (increases between 0.27 and 0.47 °C). An increase between 0.25-1.29 °C was also observed for frost sensors and between 1.61-1.69 °C for the flower buds. Phenology was similar between control and AV trees. In 2002, 35% of control flowers were injured during frost while less than 10% were injured in the AV. We conclude that agrivoltaics can be used to protect flowers from frost.

Thrips constitute one of the main nectarine pests, with damage either in flowering or before harvesting (silvering). Several species are associated with damage to flowers, but Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is the main species associated with summer damage in Europe. Tree canopies of nectarine orchards under organic and integrated management were sampled in Lleida and Girona at four key moments of the season (bud burst, full flowering, fruit setting stage, and colorization of the fruit) during 2021 and 2022 to determine the species composition in the area and the damage caused during fruit maturation. Adult individuals in flowers, leaves, and fruit surfaces were collected and identified, and silvering damage to the fruit surface was assessed in the Lleida area. Fifteen species in Lleida and 10 species in Girona were collected from the tree canopy. Organic orchards in Lleida showed lower populations and silvering damage levels when compared with integrated orchards. Thrips fuscipennis Haliday (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) 1836 was the main species in Lleida during harvest, and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) 1895 was the main species in Girona. Due to their predominance, both species were associated with silvering damage during fruit maturation.

One way to improve the quality of food products is by conducting more thorough research on regional foods. This approach has several benefits, such as promoting human health, supporting the local economy, and preserving cultural food traditions. In this regard, our study investigated the potential of nectarine powder as a regional fruit product that could be developed into a global innovation. The present study examined: the physicochemical composition, antioxidant activity, microbiological load, and adsorption and desorption characteristics of the nectarine powder. The fruit powder was acquired through the use of a heat pump dryer, where drying took place at 42 °C for a duration of 8 h until achieving a moisture content ranging from 13.5 % to 14.5 %. The approximate physicochemical values are as follows: proteins, total carbohydrates, crude fiber, ash content and total lipids. Microbiological parameters, namely the total count of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, yeasts and molds, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive staphylococci, and coliforms were checked and found to be within the acceptable limits as stipulated by the relevant state standards. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated through the utilization of various methods, including DPPH (33.19 ± 0.09mMTE/g extract), ABRS (2.55 ± 0.05mMTE/g extract), FRAP (1.43 ± 0.03mMTE/g extract) and CUPRAC (0.83 ± 0.01mMTE/g extract) methods. Investigation of the mass transfer sorption characteristics is performed using the gravimetric-static method. The conditions of the experiment were selected according to the usual conditions in which the food products are found in the commercial depot. The equilibrium and monolayer moisture data are investigated at 10 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C and relative air humidity in the wide range from 11 % to 87 %, achieved by the salts saturated solutions. To depict the adsorption and desorption isotherms, the modified models of Halsey, Chung-Pfost, Henderson, and Oswin were selected.

The flavour and mouthfeel of peaches are crucial qualities of peach germplasm resources that significantly influence consumer preferences. In this study, we utilized 212 peach germplasm resources from the Nanjing Peach Resource Repository, National Fruit Germplasm facility, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences as materials for sensory analysis, electronic nose analysis, and composition analysis via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the sensory analysis, we divided 212 peach germplasms into three clusters based on hierarchical cluster analysis (d = 5). No.27, No.151, and No.46 emerged as the most representative of these clusters. The electronic nose was used to conduct an evaluation of the aroma profiles of the 212 peach germplasms, revealing that the primary distinguishing factors of peach aroma can be attributed to three sensors: W1S (methane), W1W (terpenes and organosulfur compounds), and W5S (hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds). The primary differences in the aromatic substances were characterized by sensors W2W (aromatic compounds, sulphur, and chlorine compounds) and W1C (aromatic benzene). The HPLC analysis indicated that the persistence of peach sensory characteristics was positively correlated with acids and sourness and negatively correlated with sweetness and the ratio of sugar to acids. The overall impression of the 212 peach germplasms revealed a negative correlation with acids, while a positive correlation was observed between the overall impression and the ratio of sugar to acids. Therefore, this study substantially contributes to the preliminary screening of the analysed specific characteristics of peach germplasms such as No.27, No.46, No.151, and No.211. These selections may provide valuable information for the potential creation of superior germplasm resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field surveys were carried out to assess the incidence of peach latent mosaic viroid in nine orchards of stone fruit trees in four growing regions of Poland. Forty of 119 peaches, six of 37 apricots, five of eight nectarines and one of four plums trees tested positive by RT-PCR for this viroid. Most of the infected stone fruit trees did not show any symptoms. Leaf yellow mosaic was only noticed on 'Maycrest' peach and 'Saturn' nectarine trees, and additional symptoms of cracked fruits with corky sutures and enlarged pits were observed on one 'Maycrest' tree. One or two isolates from each orchard and each species of infected tree were selected, and together, 11 isolates of peach latent mosaic viroid were used for genetic analyses. The nucleotide sequence similarity of selected isolates found in Poland was 93.6–100%. They shared 82.0–98.8% similarity with the viroid strains from different hosts and geographical regions. The phylogenetic analysis led to the clustering of all isolates detected during this study in the most numerous represented subgroup II-A, composed of peach latent mosaic viroid strains originating from different geographic regions and host plants. Although Polish isolates were clustered in the same subgroup, some differed in length and nucleotide sequences. It was shown that the genetic variability of isolates found in Poland was unrelated to the regions of their origin. A positive signal was obtained in dot-blot hybridization of all analyzed 11 isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has gained widespread application in food analysis, disease diagnosis, fingerprint analysis, and security monitoring. However, the lack of efficient, broadband NIR luminescent materials hinders the full potential of this technology. Here, an ultra-broadband and high-efficiency Cr3+-doped multi-phase glass-ceramics containing MgAl 2 O 4 , Al 2 SiO 5 , and SiO 2 nanocrystals was discovered, which exhibited an ultra-broadband NIR emission (λ em ∼ 900 nm) with a full width at half maximum more than 300 nm and a high internal quantum yield of 50.9% under the excitation of 465 nm blue light. Moreover, the integrated emission intensity at 100 °C and 150 °C can keep 88% and 77% of that at room temperature. The ultra-broadband, high efficiency, and thermally robust luminescence of this Cr3+-doped multi-phase glass-ceramics can be attributed to the selective enrichment of Cr3+ ions into different nanocrystals with octahedral sites, and medium electron-photon coupling effect. The NIR glass-ceramics-converted light-emitting diode constructed by the glass-ceramics combined with 465 blue LED chip produced an excellent NIR output and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 274 mW/1007 mW and 3.43%/2.79% at 100 mA/320 mA drive current, which demonstrated superior overall performance to the NIR device built by using the well-known NIR phosphors. Additionally, the NIR camera can capture the image of license plate and nectarine, as well as identify the residual drug content in the bottle under the irradiation of the NIR device constructed by the glass-ceramics. This work not only presented an ultra-broadband and high-efficiency NIR material but also highlights a design strategy to effectively enhance the efficiency and broadband characteristics of NIR glass-ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-thermal strategies have shown potential application in fruit processing. In this study, we evaluated the use of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (100–500 MPa) in the rheology of nectarine pulp and spray drying (190 °C/300.05 mL h−1) on powder properties. Empirical models were used to describe the rheological behavior of the pulp, in addition, the obtained powders were characterized in terms of their physical, morphological, structural and bioaccessibility properties. The treatment with HHP reduced the viscosity of the pulp, which showed pseudoplastic behavior and the Ostwald–de-Waele model showed the best fit (R2 > 0.99). While for the powder characteristics (yield between 34.58 and 59.19%), the GAB model best represents the water adsorption isotherms. The physical properties were influenced according to the applied pressure (p < 0.05) and zeta potential showed values in the range of − 28.78 mV to − 25.94 mV. It was seen that the pressure facilitated the extraction of total phenolic compounds, with a subsequent reduction in digestibility, the highlight being the pulp previously treated at 500 MPa, which presented a bioaccessibility of 31.61%. Morphologically, the increase in pressure changed the appearance of the surfaces from ovoid to spherical and rough, while for the FT-IR only the absorption intensities were modified. The HHP treatment applied to the pulp is a fast and efficient non-thermal method to improve the properties of the nectarine pulp and obtaining its powder by spray drying was feasible, guaranteeing greater stability during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local food research contributes to the improvement of the food culture of the nation and to the development of new products. The current scientific paper presents a comparative study of the physicochemical composition, antioxidant activity and microbiological characteristics of the nectarine powder and flour mixtures with its participation. The flour powder was obtained by drying the sliced nectarines through a heat pump dryer in selected conditions - 8h at 42°C and finely they were grounded using a blender. The floury mixtures were made with 70% of basic flour (white wheat flour, whole wheat flour, oat whole flour and Einkorn flour) and 30% of nectarine powder. International Standards such as ISO, AOAC and national standard methods (Bulgarian State Standards) were used for all of the chemical and microbiological analyses. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay) and CUPRAC (CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) methods and they were expressed in mMTE/g DW. The results shown that the nectarine powder own a rich composition and can add as a source of bioactive compounds for improve the nutritional values of the based flour of white wheat, whole wheat, oat and Einkorn. The new obtained floury mixtures were designed for four different sponge cake production with specific nutritional values. In summary, the presented data a great possibility for developing new products with bettered micro and macro composition based on the local fruit powder. And remarked the importance of thorough research on the regional food product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]