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1. The fingerprint of the summer 2018 drought in Europe on ground-based atmospheric CO₂ measurements

Author

Ramonet, M., Ciais, P., Apadula, F., Bartyzel, J., Bastos, A., Bergamaschi, P., Blanc, P. E., Brunner, D., di Torchiarolo, L. Caracciolo, Calzolari, F., Chen, H., Chmura, L., Colomb, A., Conil, S., Cristofanelli, P., Cuevas, E., Curcoll, R., Delmotte, M., di Sarra, A., Emmenegger, L., Forster, G., Frumau, A., Gerbig, C., Gheusi, F., Hammer, S., Haszpra, L., Hatakka, J., Hazan, L., Heliasz, M., Henne, S., Hensen, A., Hermansen, O., Keronen, P., Kivi, R., Komínková, K., Kubistin, D., Laurent, O., Laurila, T., Lavric, J. V., Lehner, I., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Leskinen, A., Leuenberger, M., Levin, I., Lindauer, M., Lopez, M., Myhre, C. Lund, Mammarella, I., Manca, G., Manning, A., Marek, M. V., Marklund, P., Martin, D., Meinhardt, F., Mihalopoulos, N., Mölder, M., Morgui, J. A., Necki, J., O'Doherty, S., O'Dowd, C., Ottosson, M., Philippon, C., Piacentino, S., Pichon, J. M., Plass-Duelmer, C., Resovsky, A., Rivier, L., Rodó, X., Sha, M. K., Scheeren, H. A., Sferlazzo, D., Spain, T. G., Stanley, K. M., Steinbacher, M., Trisolino, P., Vermeulen, A., Vítková, G., Weyrauch, D., Xueref-Remy, I., Yala, K., and Kwok, C. Yver

Published
2020

4. Quantification of CH4 coal mining emissions in Upper Silesia by passive airborne remote sensing observations with the Methane Airborne MAPper (MAMAP) instrument during the CO2 and Methane (CoMet) campaign

Author

Krautwurst, S., Gerilowski, K., Borchardt, J., Wildmann, N., Galkowski, M., Swolkien, J., Marshall, J., Fiehn, A., Roiger, A., Ruhtz, T., Gerbig, C., Necki, J., Burrows, J., Fix, A., and Bovensmann, H.

Abstract

Methane (CH4) is the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, whose atmospheric concentration is modulated by human-induced activities, and it has a larger global warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO2). Because of its short atmospheric lifetime relative to that of CO2, the reduction of the atmospheric abundance of CH4 is an attractive target for short-term climate mitigation strategies. However, reducing the atmospheric CH4 concentration requires a reduction of its emissions and, therefore, knowledge of its sources. For this reason, the CO2 and Methane (CoMet) campaign in May and June 2018 assessed emissions of one of the largest CH4 emission hot spots in Europe, the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in southern Poland, using top-down approaches and inventory data. In this study, we will focus on CH4 column anomalies retrieved from spectral radiance observations, which were acquired by the 1D nadir-looking passive remote sensing Methane Airborne MAPper (MAMAP) instrument, using the weighting-function-modified differential optical absorption spectroscopy (WFM-DOAS) method. The column anomalies, combined with wind lidar measurements, are inverted to cross-sectional fluxes using a mass balance approach. With the help of these fluxes, reported emissions of small clusters of coal mine ventilation shafts are then assessed. The MAMAP CH4 column observations enable an accurate assignment of observed fluxes to small clusters of ventilation shafts. CH4 fluxes are estimated for four clusters with a total of 23 ventilation shafts, which are responsible for about 40 % of the total CH4 mining emissions in the target area. The observations were made during several overflights on different days. The final average CH4 fluxes for the single clusters (or sub-clusters) range from about 1 to 9 t CH4 h−1 at the time of the campaign. The fluxes observed at one cluster during different overflights vary by as much as 50 % of the average value. Associated errors (1σ) are usually between 15 % and 59 % of the average flux, depending mainly on the prevailing wind conditions, the number of flight tracks, and the magnitude of the flux itself. Comparison to known hourly emissions, where available, shows good agreement within the uncertainties. If only emissions reported annually are available for comparison with the observations, caution is advised due to possible fluctuations in emissions during a year or even within hours. To measure emissions even more precisely and to break them down further for allocation to individual shafts in a complex source region such as the USCB, imaging remote sensing instruments are recommended.

Published
2021

6. Retrieval of Methane Source Strengths in Europe Using a Simple Modeling Approach to Assess the Potential of Spaceborne Lidar Observations

Author

Weaver, C, Kiemle, C, Kawa, S. R, Aalto, T, Necki, J, Steinbacher, M, Arduini, J, Apadula, F, Berkhout, H, and Hatakka, J

Subjects
Geosciences (General)
Abstract

We investigate the sensitivity of future spaceborne lidar measurements to changes in surface methane emissions. We use surface methane observations from nine European ground stations and a Lagrangian transport model to infer surface methane emissions for 2010. Our inversion shows the strongest emissions from the Netherlands, the coal mines in Upper Silesia, Poland, and wetlands in southern Finland. The simulated methane surface concentrations capture at least half of the daily variability in the observations, suggesting that the transport model is correctly simulating the regional transport pathways over Europe. With this tool we can test whether proposed methane lidar instruments will be sensitive to changes in surface emissions. We show that future lidar instruments should be able to detect a 50% reduction in methane emissions from the Netherlands and Germany, at least during summer.

Published
2014
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8. CH4 lidar measurements during the CoMet 2018 airborne field campaign

Author

Fix, Andreas, Amediek, Axel, Büdenbender, Hans Christian, Ehret, Gerhard, Kiemle, Christoph, Quatrevalet, Mathieu, Wirth, Martin, Wolff, Sebastian, Bovensmann, Heinrich, Butz, Andre, Galkowski, Michal, Gerbig, Christoph, Jöckel, Patrick, Marshall, Julia, Necki, J., Kuze, Akihiko, Pfeilsticker, Klaus, Roiger, Anke-Elisabeth, Swolkien, Justyna, and Zöger, Martin

Subjects
Lidar, Greenhouse gases, Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe, airborne measurements, passive remote sensing
Abstract

Active remote sensing techniques using lidar shows much promise to provide accurate measurements of methane columns from air- and spaceborne platforms which is urgently required to provide global and regional-scale GHG data needed for their accurate modelling helping to provide additional information to constrain bottom-up inventories. Installed onboard the German research aircraft HALO the integrated-path differential-absorption (IPDA) lidar CHARM-F measures weighted vertical columns of the greenhouse gases CH4 (but also CO2) below the aircraft and along its flight track aiming at high accuracy and precision. Results will be shown from the deployment during the CoMet field campaign that was carried out in spring 2018 with its main focus on one of the major European hot spots in methane emissions, the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland. First analyses reveal a measurement precision of below 0.5% for 20-km averages and also low bias, which was assessed by comparison with in-situ instruments. The measurements flights were designed to capture individual methane plumes from coal mine venting, but also measure regional gradients from this complex source region. Many other different instruments, both airborne and ground-based, complemented the lidar measurements to provide a comprehensive dataset for model analyses. CHARM-F also acts as the airborne demonstrator for MERLIN, the “Methane Remote Lidar Mission”, conducted by the German and French space agencies DLR and CNES with launch foreseen in 2023. In this context, the airborne lidar data are likewise important for mission support such as for e.g. algorithm development and improvement.

Published
2019

9. CoMet: an airborne mission to simultaneously measure CO2 and CH4 using lidar, passive remote sensing, and in-situ techniques

Author

Fix, Andreas, Amediek, Axel, Büdenbender, Hans Christian, Ehret, Gerhard, Kiemle, Christoph, Quatrevalet, Mathieu, Rapp, Markus, Wirth, Martin, Bovensmann, Heinrich, Butz, Andre, Kuze, Akihiko, Jöckel, Patrick, Gerilowski, K., Gerbig, Christoph, Marshall, Julia, Necki, J., Pfeilsticker, Klaus, Roiger, Anke-Elisabeth, Swolkien, Justyna, and Zöger, Martin

Subjects
Greenhouse gases, airborne measurements, passive remote sensing, lidar
Abstract

In order to improve our current knowledge on the budgets of the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases, CO2 and CH4, a co-ordinated measurement campaign in the Central European region was successfully carried out in May/June 2018 with the German research aircraft HALO and two smaller Cessna aircraft as its main experimental platforms. The goal of CoMet is to combine a suite of state-of-the-art airborne active (lidar) and passive remote sensors (spectrometer) with in-situ instruments to provide regional-scale data about greenhouse gases (GHGs) which are urgently required for their accurate modelling.

Published
2018

10. Combining airborne and ground based remote sensing (lidar, spectrometer) as well as in-situ techniques to determine CH₄ emissions of a European CH₄ emission hot spot area – initial results from COMET

Author

Bovensmann, Heinrich, Fix, Andreas, Amediek, Axel, Andersen, Truls, Borchardt, Jakob, Büdenbender, Hans Christian, Burrows, J.P., Butz, Andre, Chen, Huilin, Dandosci, Alexandru, Eckl, Maximilian, Ehret, Gerhard, Ene, Dragos, Fiehn, Alina, Galkowski, Michal, Gerbig, Christoph, Hase, Frank, Heimann, Martin, Gerilowski, K., Kiemle, Christoph, Kleinschek, Ralph, Kostinek, Julian, Krautwurst, Sven, Kud, Michal, Kuze, A., Jöckel, Patrick, Landgraf, Jochen, Luther, Andreas, Maazallahi, Hossein, Mallaun, Christian, Marshall, Julia, Menoud, Malika, Necki, J., Pfeilsticker, Klaus, Quatrevalet, Mathieu, Rapp, Markus, Röckmann, T., Roiger, Anke-Elisabeth, Ruhtz, Thomas, Schmidt, Martina, Stanisavljevic, Mila, Swolkien, Justyna, van der Veen, Carina, Wildmann, Norman, Wirth, Martin, and Zöger, Martin

Subjects
Lidar, models, Greenhouse gases, Verkehrsmeteorologie, Erdsystem-Modellierung, Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe, Oberpfaffenhofen, airborne measurements
Published
2018

11. The CoMet Mission

Author

Fix, Andreas, Amediek, Axel, Bovensmann, Heinrich, Burrows, John P., Butz, Andre, Ehret, Gerhard, Gerbig, Christoph, Heimann, Martin, Gerilowski, K., Jöckel, Patrick, Marshall, Julia, Necki, J., Pfeilsticker, K., Rapp, Markus, Roiger, Anke-Elisabeth, Swolkien, Justyna, and Zöger, Martin

Subjects
validation, Lidar, satellite, aircraft measurements, Methane
Published
2018

12. Inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions during 2006–2012 using different inverse models and reassessed atmospheric observations

Author

Bergamaschi, P., Karstens, U., Manning, A. J., Saunois, M., Tsuruta, A., Berchet, A., Vermeulen, A. T., Arnold, T., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Hammer, S., Levin, I., Schmidt, M., Ramonet, M., Lopez, M., Lavric, J., Aalto, T., Chen, H., Feist, D. G., Gerbig, C., Haszpra, L., Hermansen, O., Manca, G., Moncrieff, J., Meinhardt, F., Necki, J., Galkowski, M., O'Doherty, S., Paramonova, N., Scheeren, H. A., Steinbacher, M., and Dlugokencky, E.

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

We present inverse modelling (top down) estimates of European methane (CH4) emissions for 2006–2012 based on a new quality-controlled and harmonised in situ data set from 18 European atmospheric monitoring stations. We applied an ensemble of seven inverse models and performed four inversion experiments, investigating the impact of different sets of stations and the use of a priori information on emissions. The inverse models infer total CH4 emissions of 26.8 (20.2–29.7) Tg CH4 yr−1 (mean, 10th and 90th percentiles from all inversions) for the EU-28 for 2006–2012 from the four inversion experiments. For comparison, total anthropogenic CH4 emissions reported to UNFCCC (bottom up, based on statistical data and emissions factors) amount to only 21.3 Tg CH4 yr−1 (2006) to 18.8 Tg CH4 yr−1 (2012). A potential explanation for the higher range of top-down estimates compared to bottom-up inventories could be the contribution from natural sources, such as peatlands, wetlands, and wet soils. Based on seven different wetland inventories from the Wetland and Wetland CH4 Inter-comparison of Models Project (WETCHIMP), total wetland emissions of 4.3 (2.3–8.2) Tg CH4 yr−1 from the EU-28 are estimated. The hypothesis of significant natural emissions is supported by the finding that several inverse models yield significant seasonal cycles of derived CH4 emissions with maxima in summer, while anthropogenic CH4 emissions are assumed to have much lower seasonal variability. Taking into account the wetland emissions from the WETCHIMP ensemble, the top-down estimates are broadly consistent with the sum of anthropogenic and natural bottom-up inventories. However, the contribution of natural sources and their regional distribution remain rather uncertain. Furthermore, we investigate potential biases in the inverse models by comparison with regular aircraft profiles at four European sites and with vertical profiles obtained during the Infrastructure for Measurement of the European Carbon Cycle (IMECC) aircraft campaign. We present a novel approach to estimate the biases in the derived emissions, based on the comparison of simulated and measured enhancements of CH4 compared to the background, integrated over the entire boundary layer and over the lower troposphere. The estimated average regional biases range between −40 and 20 % at the aircraft profile sites in France, Hungary and Poland.

Published
2018

13. Better understanding of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions using aircraft-borne in-situ observations: Overview on first measurement results and future activities at DLR-IPA

Author

Roiger, Anke-Elisabeth, Kostinek, Julian, Klausner, Theresa, Eckl, Maximilian, Fiehn, Alina, Jöckel, Patrick, Fix, Andreas, Schlager, Hans, Gerbig, Christoph, Necki, J., Davis, K., Burrows, John P., Andrés-Hernández, M.D., and Zavala-Araiza, D.

Subjects
Lidar, methane, Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe, carbon dioxide, airborne measurements
Abstract

One of the main objectives of the “Paris Agreement” is to keep the global temperature rise this century well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. This ambitious goal can only be achieved by a severe reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The development of efficient mitigation strategies however requires detailed knowledge of current emission source strengths for the two main anthropogenic greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4).

Published
2018

14. In situ observations of the isotopic composition of methane at the Cabauw tall tower site

Author

Röckmann, T., Eyer, S., van der Veen, C., Popa, M. E., Tuzson, B., Monteil, G., Houweling, S., Harris, E., Brunner, D., Fischer, H., Zazzeri, G., Lowry, D., Nisbet, E. G., Brand, W. A., Necki, J. M., Emmenegger, L., Mohn, J., Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Afd Marine and Atmospheric Research, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Earth and Climate, Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Afd Marine and Atmospheric Research, and Marine and Atmospheric Research

Subjects
In situ, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Mesoscale meteorology, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Methane, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, SDG 17 - Partnerships for the Goals, Natural gas, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Emission inventory, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, Isotope, δ13C, business.industry, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Temporal resolution, business, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

High-precision analyses of the isotopic composition of methane in ambient air can potentially be used to discriminate between different source categories. Due to the complexity of isotope ratio measurements, such analyses have generally been performed in the laboratory on air samples collected in the field. This poses a limitation on the temporal resolution at which the isotopic composition can be monitored with reasonable logistical effort. Here we present the performance of a dual isotope ratio mass spectrometric system (IRMS) and a quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS)-based technique for in situ analysis of the isotopic composition of methane under field conditions. Both systems were deployed at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) in the Netherlands and performed in situ, high-frequency (approx. hourly) measurements for a period of more than 5 months. The IRMS and QCLAS instruments were in excellent agreement with a slight systematic offset of (+0.25 ± 0.04) ‰ for δ13C and (−4.3 ± 0.4) ‰ for δD. This was corrected for, yielding a combined dataset with more than 2500 measurements of both δ13C and δD. The high-precision and high-temporal-resolution dataset not only reveals the overwhelming contribution of isotopically depleted agricultural CH4 emissions from ruminants at the Cabauw site but also allows the identification of specific events with elevated contributions from more enriched sources such as natural gas and landfills. The final dataset was compared to model calculations using the global model TM5 and the mesoscale model FLEXPART-COSMO. The results of both models agree better with the measurements when the TNO-MACC emission inventory is used in the models than when the EDGAR inventory is used. This suggests that high-resolution isotope measurements have the potential to further constrain the methane budget when they are performed at multiple sites that are representative for the entire European domain.

Published
2016

15. In situ observations of the isotopic composition of methane at the Cabauw tall tower site

Author

Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Afd Marine and Atmospheric Research, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Röckmann, T., Eyer, S., van der Veen, C., Popa, M. E., Tuzson, B., Monteil, G., Houweling, S., Harris, E., Brunner, D., Fischer, H., Zazzeri, G., Lowry, D., Nisbet, E. G., Brand, W. A., Necki, J. M., Emmenegger, L., Mohn, J., Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Afd Marine and Atmospheric Research, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Röckmann, T., Eyer, S., van der Veen, C., Popa, M. E., Tuzson, B., Monteil, G., Houweling, S., Harris, E., Brunner, D., Fischer, H., Zazzeri, G., Lowry, D., Nisbet, E. G., Brand, W. A., Necki, J. M., Emmenegger, L., and Mohn, J.

Published
2016

17. Regional inversion of CO2 ecosystem fluxes from atmospheric measurements: reliability of the uncertainty estimates

Author

Broquet, G., Chevallier, F., Breon, F., Kadygrov, N., Alemanno, M., Apadula, F., Hammer, S., Haszpra, L., Meinhardt, F., Morgui, J., Necki, J., Piacentino, S., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Thompson, R., Vermeulen, A., Yver, C., Ciais, P., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut für Umweltphysik [Heidelberg], Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSz), German Federal Environmental Agency / Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Institut Català de Ciències del Clima, AGH University of Science and Technology [Krakow, PL] (AGH UST), Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile (ENEA), ICOS-RAMCES (ICOS-RAMCES), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), The publication of this articleis financed by CNRS-INSU., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ), and Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA)

Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], lcsh:QD1-999, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

The Bayesian framework of CO2 flux inversions permits estimates of the retrieved flux uncertainties. Here, the reliability of these theoretical estimates is studied through a comparison against the misfits between the inverted fluxes and independent measurements of the CO2 Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) made by the eddy covariance technique at local (few hectares) scale. Regional inversions at 0.5° resolution are applied for the western European domain where ~ 50 eddy covariance sites are operated. These inversions are conducted for the period 2002–2007. They use a mesoscale atmospheric transport model, a prior estimate of the NEE from a terrestrial ecosystem model and rely on the variational assimilation of in situ continuous measurements of CO2 atmospheric mole fractions. Averaged over monthly periods and over the whole domain, the misfits are in good agreement with the theoretical uncertainties for prior and inverted NEE, and pass the chi-square test for the variance at the 30% and 5% significance levels respectively, despite the scale mismatch and the independence between the prior (respectively inverted) NEE and the flux measurements. The theoretical uncertainty reduction for the monthly NEE at the measurement sites is 53% while the inversion decreases the standard deviation of the misfits by 38%. These results build confidence in the NEE estimates at the European/monthly scales and in their theoretical uncertainty from the regional inverse modelling system. However, the uncertainties at the monthly (respectively annual) scale remain larger than the amplitude of the inter-annual variability of monthly (respectively annual) fluxes, so that this study does not engender confidence in the inter-annual variations. The uncertainties at the monthly scale are significantly smaller than the seasonal variations. The seasonal cycle of the inverted fluxes is thus reliable. In particular, the CO2 sink period over the European continent likely ends later than represented by the prior ecosystem model.

Published
2013

18. Diurnal variability of delta C-13 and delta O-18 of atmospheric CO2 in the urban atmosphere of Krakow, Poland

Author

Zimnoch, M, Florkowski, T, Necki, J, Neubert, R, and Isotope Research

Subjects
anthropogenic emission, carbon 13, CARBON-DIOXIDE, carbon dioxide, ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION, oxygen 18, global change, OXYGEN
Abstract

This article presents the results of measurements of the isotopic composition and concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, performed on air samples from Krakow (Southern Poland) in different seasons of the year. A simple isotope mass balance model has been applied to determine the contributions of different sources of CO2 to the urban atmosphere of Krakow city: the latitudinal/regional background, biospheric contributions and anthropogenic emissions. The calculations show that during the summer and early autumn the dominant contribution to local CO2 peaks is the biosphere, making up to 20% of atmospheric CO2 during the nocturnal temperature inversion in the lower troposphere. During early spring and winter, anthropogenic emissions are the main local source.

Published
2004

19. Towards better error statistics for atmospheric inversions of methane surface fluxes

Author

Berchet, A., primary, Pison, I., additional, Chevallier, F., additional, Bousquet, P., additional, Conil, S., additional, Geever, M., additional, Laurila, T., additional, Lavrič, J., additional, Lopez, M., additional, Moncrieff, J., additional, Necki, J., additional, Ramonet, M., additional, Schmidt, M., additional, Steinbacher, M., additional, and Tarniewicz, J., additional

Published
2013
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21. Regional inversion of CO2 ecosystem fluxes from atmospheric measurements: reliability of the uncertainty estimates

Author

Broquet, G., primary, Chevallier, F., additional, Bréon, F.-M., additional, Alemanno, M., additional, Apadula, F., additional, Hammer, S., additional, Haszpra, L., additional, Meinhardt, F., additional, Necki, J., additional, Piacentino, S., additional, Ramonet, M., additional, Schmidt, M., additional, Thompson, R. L., additional, Vermeulen, A. T., additional, Yver, C., additional, and Ciais, P., additional

Published
2013
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22. A new estimation of the recent tropospheric molecular hydrogen budget using atmospheric observations and variational inversion

Author

Yver, C. E., primary, Pison, I. C., additional, Fortems-Cheiney, A., additional, Schmidt, M., additional, Chevallier, F., additional, Ramonet, M., additional, Jordan, A., additional, Søvde, O. A., additional, Engel, A., additional, Fisher, R. E., additional, Lowry, D., additional, Nisbet, E. G., additional, Levin, I., additional, Hammer, S., additional, Necki, J., additional, Bartyzel, J., additional, Reimann, S., additional, Vollmer, M. K., additional, Steinbacher, M., additional, Aalto, T., additional, Maione, M., additional, Arduini, J., additional, O'Doherty, S., additional, Grant, A., additional, Sturges, W. T., additional, Forster, G. L., additional, Lunder, C. R., additional, Privalov, V., additional, Paramonova, N., additional, Werner, A., additional, and Bousquet, P., additional

Published
2011
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23. A new estimation of the recent tropospheric molecular hydrogen budget using atmospheric observations and variational inversion

Author

Yver, C., primary, Pison, I., additional, Fortems-Cheiney, A., additional, Schmidt, M., additional, Bousquet, P., additional, Ramonet, M., additional, Jordan, A., additional, Søvde, A., additional, Engel, A., additional, Fisher, R., additional, Lowry, D., additional, Nisbet, E., additional, Levin, I., additional, Hammer, S., additional, Necki, J., additional, Bartyzel, J., additional, Reimann, S., additional, Vollmer, M. K., additional, Steinbacher, M., additional, Aalto, T., additional, Maione, M., additional, Arduini, I., additional, O'Doherty, S., additional, Grant, A., additional, Sturges, W., additional, Lunder, C. R., additional, Privalov, V., additional, and Paramonova, N., additional

Published
2010
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29. Regional inversion of CO2 ecosystem fluxes from atmospheric measurements: reliability of the uncertainty estimates.

Author

Broquet, G., Chevallier, F., Bréon, F.-M., Kadygrov, N., Alemanno, M., Apadula, F., Hammer, S., Haszpra, L., Meinhardt, F., Morguí, J. A., Necki, J., Piacentino, S., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Thompson, R. L., Vermeulen, A. T., Yver, C., and Ciais, P.

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, ECOSYSTEMS, UNCERTAINTY (Information theory), PARAMETER estimation, BAYESIAN analysis, ATMOSPHERIC transport, ATMOSPHERIC models
Abstract

The Bayesian framework of CO2 flux inversions permits estimates of the retrieved flux uncertainties. Here, the reliability of these theoretical estimates is studied through a comparison against the misfits between the inverted fluxes and independent measurements of the CO2 Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) made by the eddy covariance technique at local (few hectares) scale. Regional inversions at 0.5° resolution are applied for the western European domain where 50 eddy covariance sites are operated. These inversions are conducted for the period 2002-2007. They use a mesoscale atmospheric transport model, a prior estimate of the NEE from a terrestrial ecosystem model and rely on the variational assimilation of in situ continuous measurements of CO2 atmospheric mole fractions. Averaged over monthly periods and over the whole domain, the misfits are in good agreement with the theoretical uncertainties for prior and inverted NEE, and pass the chi-square test for the variance at the 30% and 5% significance levels respectively, despite the scale mismatch and the independence between the prior (respectively inverted) NEE and the flux measurements. The theoretical uncertainty reduction for the monthly NEE at the measurement sites is 53% while the inversion decreases the standard deviation of the misfits by 38 %. These results build confidence in the NEE estimates at the European/monthly scales and in their theoretical uncertainty from the regional inverse modelling system. However, the uncertainties at the monthly (respectively annual) scale remain larger than the amplitude of the inter-annual variability of monthly (respectively annual) fluxes, so that this study does not engender confidence in the inter-annual variations. The uncertainties at the monthly scale are significantly smaller than the seasonal variations. The seasonal cycle of the inverted fluxes is thus reliable. In particular, the CO2 sink period over the European continent likely ends later than represented by the prior ecosystem model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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30. Emission of the Greenhouse Gases Nitrous Oxide and Methane from Constructed Wetlands in Europe.

Author

Søvik, A. K., Augustin, J., Heikkinen, K., Huttunen, J. T., Necki, J. M., Karjalainen, S. M., Kløve, B., Liikanen, A., Mander, Ü., Puustinen, M., Teiter, S., and Wachniew, P.

Subjects
CONSTRUCTED wetlands, GREENHOUSE gases, WETLANDS, GROUNDWATER flow, SUBSURFACE drainage, AQUATIC resources, HYDROGEOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL protection
Abstract

The article offers information about a study that explores the potential atmospheric impacts of constructed wetlands due to the worldwide increase in developing these systems in Europe. The study highlights the importance of the cold season in annual greenhouse released from north temperate and boreal constructed wetlands. It measured the fluxes of N2O, CH4, and CO2 in Estonia, Finland, Norway, and Poland during winter and summer in horizontal and vertical subsurface flow, free surface water, and overland and groundwater flow wetlands.

Published
2006
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31. Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition in southern Poland: comparison of high-altitude mountain site and a near-by urban environment.

Author

Chmura, L., Rozanski, K., Necki, J. M., Zimnoch, M., Kuc, T., and Korus, A.

Subjects
ATMOSPHERE, CARBON isotopes, URBAN ecology, CARBON dioxide, FOSSIL fuels
Abstract

The results of regular observations of atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios and its carbon isotope composition (δ13C, Δ 14C), carried out at two continental sites located in central Europe are presented and discussed. The sites (Kasprowy Wierch, 49°140′ N, 19°59′ E, 1989m a.s.l.; Krakow, 50°04′ N, 19°55′ E, 220m a.s.l.), are located in two contrasting environments: (i) high-altitude mountaneous area, relatively free of anthropogenic influences, and (ii) typical urban environment with numerous local sources of carbon dioxide. Despite of relative proximity of those sites (ca. 100 km), substantial differences in both the recorded CO2 levels and their isotopic composition were detected. The CO2 mixing ratios measured in the urban atmosphere revealed quasi-permanent excess concentration of this gas when compared with near-by background atmosphere. The annual mean CO2 concentration recorded in Krakow in 2004 was almost 10% higher than that recorded at high-altitude mountain site (Kasprowy Wierch). Such effect is occuring probably in all urban centers. Carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 proved to be efficient tool for identification the surface CO2 fluxes into the atmosphere related to fossil fuel burning and their influence on the recorded levels of this gas in the local atmosphere. The available records of Δ 14C for Krakow and Kasprowy Wierch suggest gradual reduction of 14C-free CO2 fluxes into the urban atmosphere of Krakow in the past several years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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32. CH4 and CO2 IPDA Lidar Measurements During the Comet 2018 Airborne Field Campaign

Author

Fix Andreas, Amediek Axel, Büdenbender Christian, Ehret Gerhard, Kiemle Christoph, Quatrevalet Mathieu, Wirth Martin, Wolff Sebastian, Bovensmann Heinrich, Butz André, Gałkowski Michał, Gerbig Christoph, Jöckel Patrick, Marshall Julia, Nęcki Jarosław, Pfeilsticker Klaus, Roiger Anke, Swolkień Justyna, and Zöger Martin

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Installed onboard the German research aircraft HALO, the integrated-path differential-absorption (IPDA) lidar CHARM-F measures weighted vertical columns of both greenhouse gases (GHG) below the aircraft and along its flight track, aiming at high accuracy and precision. Results will be shown from the deployment during the CoMet field campaign that was carried out in spring 2018, with its main focus on one of the major European hot spots in methane emissions: the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland. First analyses reveal a measurement precision of below 0.5% for 20-km averages and also low bias, which was assessed by comparison with in-situ instruments. The measurements flights were designed to capture individual CH4 and CO2 plumes from e.g. coal mine venting and coal-fired power plants, respectively, but also to measure large and regional scale GHG gradients and to provide comparisons with the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). Many other different instruments, both airborne and ground-based, complemented the lidar measurements to provide a comprehensive dataset for model analyses. CHARM-F also acts as the airborne demonstrator for MERLIN, the “Methane Remote Lidar Mission”, conducted by the German and French space agencies, DLR and CNES, with launch foreseen in ~ 2024. In this context, the airborne lidar data are likewise important for mission support such as for e.g. algorithm development and improvement and, moreover, the CoMet mission was also an important step for MERLIN validation preparation.

Published
2020
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34. Atmospheric Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide in Southern Poland: Comparison of Mountain and Urban Environments.

Author

Chmura, L., Rozanski, K., Necki, J. M., Zimnoch, M., Korus, A., and Pycia, M.

Subjects
*ATMOSPHERE, *GEOGRAPHY, *URBAN ecology, *CARBON dioxide
Abstract

The results of regular observations of atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios, carried out during the period 1996-2006 at two continental sites located in southern Poland, approximately 100 km apart, are presented and discussed. These sites (Kasprowy Wierch, 49°14'N, 19°59'E, 1989 m a.s.l, and Kraków, 50°04'N, 19°55'E, 220 m a.s.l) are located in two contrasting environments: (i) high-altitude mountainous area, relatively free of anthropogenic influences, and (ii) typical urban environment with numerous local sources of carbon dioxide of anthropogenic origin. The mean annual CO2 concentration recorded at Kasprowy Wierch increased from 361.8 ppm in 1997 to 382.7 ppm in 2006. The resulting mean annual growth rate (2.14±0.57 ppm year¹) is slightly higher than that derived for the marine CO2 reference curve (2.02±0.26 ppm year¹), calculated for the latitude band within which Kasprowy Wierch station is located (48.6°N 53.1°N). The CO2 mixing ratios measured in the urban atmosphere revealed quasi-permanent excess concentration of this gas when compared with the regional reference. The mean concentration of CO2 in Kraków for the period 2003-06 was ca. 8.5% higher than that recorded at the high-altitude mountain site (Kasprowy Wierch). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008

35. Organic aerosol sources in Krakow, Poland, before implementation of a solid fuel residential heating ban.

Author

Casotto R, Skiba A, Rauber M, Strähl J, Tobler A, Bhattu D, Lamkaddam H, Manousakas MI, Salazar G, Cui T, Canonaco F, Samek L, Ryś A, El Haddad I, Kasper-Giebl A, Baltensperger U, Necki J, Szidat S, Styszko K, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH, and Daellenbach KR

Subjects
Poland, Aerosols analysis, Particulate Matter analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Coal analysis, Heating, Air Pollutants analysis
Abstract

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Francesco Canonaco and Anna Tobler work for Datalystica Ltd., which provides the SoFi software used in this paper. Otherwise, the authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Published
2023
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36. Ultra-Light Airborne Measurement System for Investigation of Urban Boundary Layer Dynamics.

Author

Sekula P, Zimnoch M, Bartyzel J, Bokwa A, Kud M, and Necki J

Abstract

Winter smog episodes are a severe problem in many cities around the world. The following two mechanisms are responsible for influencing the level of pollutant concentrations: emission of pollutants from different sources and associated processes leading to formation of secondary aerosols in the atmosphere and meteorology, including advection, which is stimulated by horizontal wind, and convection, which depends on vertical air mass movements associated with boundary layer stability that are determined by vertical temperature and humidity gradients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based measurement system developed for investigation of urban boundary layer dynamics. The evaluation was done by comparing the results of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and particulate matter fraction with aerodynamic diameter below 10 μm (PM 10 ) concentration vertical profiles obtained using this system with two reference meteorological stations: Jagiellonian University Campus (JUC) and radio transmission tower (RTCN), located in the urban area of Krakow city, Southern Poland. The secondary aim of the study was to optimize data processing algorithms improving the response time of UAV sensor measurements during the ascent and descent parts of the flight mission.

Published
2021
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37. The fingerprint of the summer 2018 drought in Europe on ground-based atmospheric CO 2 measurements.

Author

Ramonet M, Ciais P, Apadula F, Bartyzel J, Bastos A, Bergamaschi P, Blanc PE, Brunner D, Caracciolo di Torchiarolo L, Calzolari F, Chen H, Chmura L, Colomb A, Conil S, Cristofanelli P, Cuevas E, Curcoll R, Delmotte M, di Sarra A, Emmenegger L, Forster G, Frumau A, Gerbig C, Gheusi F, Hammer S, Haszpra L, Hatakka J, Hazan L, Heliasz M, Henne S, Hensen A, Hermansen O, Keronen P, Kivi R, Komínková K, Kubistin D, Laurent O, Laurila T, Lavric JV, Lehner I, Lehtinen KEJ, Leskinen A, Leuenberger M, Levin I, Lindauer M, Lopez M, Myhre CL, Mammarella I, Manca G, Manning A, Marek MV, Marklund P, Martin D, Meinhardt F, Mihalopoulos N, Mölder M, Morgui JA, Necki J, O'Doherty S, O'Dowd C, Ottosson M, Philippon C, Piacentino S, Pichon JM, Plass-Duelmer C, Resovsky A, Rivier L, Rodó X, Sha MK, Scheeren HA, Sferlazzo D, Spain TG, Stanley KM, Steinbacher M, Trisolino P, Vermeulen A, Vítková G, Weyrauch D, Xueref-Remy I, Yala K, and Yver Kwok C

Subjects
Europe, Atmosphere analysis, Carbon Cycle, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Droughts, Ecosystem
Abstract

During the summer of 2018, a widespread drought developed over Northern and Central Europe. The increase in temperature and the reduction of soil moisture have influenced carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in various ways, such as a reduction of photosynthesis, changes in ecosystem respiration, or allowing more frequent fires. In this study, we characterize the resulting perturbation of the atmospheric CO 2 seasonal cycles. 2018 has a good coverage of European regions affected by drought, allowing the investigation of how ecosystem flux anomalies impacted spatial CO 2 gradients between stations. This density of stations is unprecedented compared to previous drought events in 2003 and 2015, particularly thanks to the deployment of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network of atmospheric greenhouse gas monitoring stations in recent years. Seasonal CO 2 cycles from 48 European stations were available for 2017 and 2018. Earlier data were retrieved for comparison from international databases or national networks. Here, we show that the usual summer minimum in CO 2 due to the surface carbon uptake was reduced by 1.4 ppm in 2018 for the 10 stations located in the area most affected by the temperature anomaly, mostly in Northern Europe. Notwithstanding, the CO 2 transition phases before and after July were slower in 2018 compared to 2017, suggesting an extension of the growing season, with either continued CO 2 uptake by photosynthesis and/or a reduction in respiration driven by the depletion of substrate for respiration inherited from the previous months due to the drought. For stations with sufficiently long time series, the CO 2 anomaly observed in 2018 was compared to previous European droughts in 2003 and 2015. Considering the areas most affected by the temperature anomalies, we found a higher CO 2 anomaly in 2003 (+3 ppm averaged over 4 sites), and a smaller anomaly in 2015 (+1 ppm averaged over 11 sites) compared to 2018. This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.

Published
2020
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38. Partitioning of atmospheric carbon dioxide over Central Europe: insights from combined measurements of CO2 mixing ratios and their carbon isotope composition.

Author

Zimnoch M, Jelen D, Galkowski M, Kuc T, Necki J, Chmura L, Gorczyca Z, Jasek A, and Rozanski K

Subjects
Air Pollutants analysis, Atmosphere, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Europe, Fossil Fuels, Seasons, Carbon Dioxide analysis
Abstract

Regular measurements of atmospheric CO (2) mixing ratios and their carbon isotope composition ((13)C/(12)C and (14)C/(12)C ratios) performed between 2005 and 2009 at two sites of contrasting characteristics (Krakow and the remote mountain site Kasprowy Wierch) located in southern Poland were used to derive fossil fuel-related and biogenic contributions to the total CO (2) load measured at both sites. Carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere, not coming from fossil fuel and biogenic sources, was considered 'background' CO (2). In Krakow, the average contribution of fossil fuel CO (2) was approximately 3.4%. The biogenic component was of the same magnitude. Both components revealed a distinct seasonality, with the fossil fuel component reaching maximum values during winter months and the biogenic component shifted in phase by approximately 6 months. The partitioning of the local CO (2) budget for the Kasprowy Wierch site revealed large differences in the derived components: the fossil fuel component was approximately five times lower than that derived for Krakow, whereas the biogenic component was negative in summer, pointing to the importance of photosynthetic sink associated with extensive forests in the neighbourhood of the station. While the presented study has demonstrated the strength of combined measurements of CO (2) mixing ratios and their carbon isotope signature as efficient tools for elucidating the partitioning of local atmospheric CO (2) loads, it also showed the important role of the land cover and the presence of the soil in the footprint of the measurement location, which control the net biogenic surface CO (2) fluxes.

Published
2012
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39. Diurnal variability of delta13C and delta18O of atmospheric CO2 in the urban atmosphere of Kraków, Poland.

Author

Zimnoch M, Florkowski T, Necki J, and Neubert R

Subjects
Carbon Isotopes analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Oxygen Isotopes analysis, Periodicity, Poland, Seasons, Atmosphere, Carbon Dioxide analysis
Abstract

This article presents the results of measurements of the isotopic composition and concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, performed on air samples from Kraków (Southern Poland) in different seasons of the year. A simple isotope mass balance model has been applied to determine the contributions of different sources of CO2 to the urban atmosphere of Kraków city: the latitudinal/regional background, biospheric contributions and anthropogenic emissions. The calculations show that during the summer and early autumn the dominant contribution to local CO2 peaks is the biosphere, making up to 20% of atmospheric CO2 during the nocturnal temperature inversion in the lower troposphere. During early spring and winter, anthropogenic emissions are the main local source., (Copyright 2004 Taylor and Francis Ltd.)

Published
2004
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