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Reporting healthcare quality has become an important factor in healthcare delivery. Prior research has shown that patient-consumers do not frequently use information on websites reporting physician quality to guide their choice of physicians. Our aim is to understand the contextual and personal characteristics that influence patient-consumers’ decisions to trust or ignore information sources about healthcare quality. We use data from Finding Quality Doctors: How Americans Evaluate Provider Quality in the US, 2014, to examine factors that explain trust in sources reporting healthcare quality provided by physicians. Using factor analysis, 3 overarching information sources were identified: (1) employers and healthcare providers; (2) user advocacy sources; and (3) insurance companies and government. We use multiple regression analysis to understand the factors that impact trust in these 3 information sources. Our study found that contrary to previous findings, health status was not a significant factor that affects trust in sources reporting care quality data. Also, age was the only factor that significantly correlated with trusting information from all 3 sources. Specifically, younger adults trusted information from all sources compared to older adults. Furthermore, political affiliation, employment status, income, and area of residence correlated with trusting care quality information from either companies and government agencies or family and social network sources. Results suggest that individual and contextual characteristics are significant factors in trusting information sources regardless of health status and these should be taken into consideration by those promoting public reporting of healthcare quality information.

Purpose In spite of progress in understanding the importance of social support for health outcomes in Persons Living with HIV (PLWH), more remains to be known about mechanisms of support most beneficial at each stage of HIV treatment. In this study, we use a qualitative analytic approach to investigate the forms and sources of social support deemed most integral to the diagnosis, care engagement, and medication adherence behaviors of a diverse sample of PLWH in a mostly rural health district in the Southeastern United States. Methods In-depth interviews (N = 18) were collected during the qualitative phase of a larger mixed methods needs assessment for the Northeast Georgia Health District. A deductive-inductive analysis of participant narratives revealed variation in the perceived importance of particular forms and sources of social support during the initial versus advanced stages of HIV care. Findings PLWH identified the emotional, informational, and appraisal support provided by family as especially critical for emotional stability, coping, and care linkage during the initial stages of diagnosis and treatment. However, once in care, PLWH emphasized informational and instrumental forms of support from care providers and appraisal support from peers as key influences in care engagement and retention behaviors. Conclusion Increased understanding of the social support mechanisms that contribute to the HIV treatment behaviors of PLWH can fill knowledge gaps in research and inform the efforts of health care providers seeking to leverage various aspects of the social support toward improving the care retention, health, and wellness outcomes of PLWH.

Background: Stroke can result in disabling impairments, affecting functional mobility, balance, and gait. Individualized in-patient rehabilitation interventions improve balance and gait in patients with stroke. Rhythmic pairing of personally-selected music with rehabilitation interventions can be a practical form of personalized therapy that could improve functional outcomes. Objective: To describe an in-patient rehabilitation intervention that rhythmically paired patient-selected music with rehabilitative interventions for a patient with acute stroke. Case Description: The patient was a 48-year old male who sustained a right thalamic hemorrhagic stroke eight days prior to admittance to the in-patient rehabilitation facility. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (Balance), Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment-Gait portion (POMA-G) (Gait), and Functional Independence Measure® (FIM) Motor were completed on Day 1, Day 4, and Day 16 (Discharge) during the patient's in-patient rehabilitation stay. Outcomes: From intake to discharge, balance, gait and functional mobility significantly increased by 35, 9, and 31 points, respectively. Likewise, the patient reported positive attitudes toward the novel intervention. Conclusion: Incorporating patient-selected music with in-patient physical rehabilitation may be a feasible intervention for patients with acute stroke. Further research with an adequate sample size that randomly assigns patients to music and control conditions is necessary to confirm the promising findings from this case report.

BACKGROUND: Challenges persist regarding how to integrate computing effectively into the exam room, while maintaining patient-centered care. PURPOSE: Our objective was to evaluate a new exam room design with respect to the computing layout, which included a wall-mounted monitor for ease of (re)-positioning. METHODS: In a lab-based experiment, 28 providers used prototypes of the new and older “legacy” outpatient exam room layouts in a within-subject comparison using simulated patient encounters. We measured efficiency, errors, workload, patient-centeredness (proportion of time the provider was focused on the patient), amount of screen sharing with the patient, workflow integration, and provider situation awareness. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the exam room layouts for efficiency, errors, or time spent focused on the patient. However, when using the new layout providers spent 75% more time in screen sharing activities with the patient, had 31% lower workload, and gave higher ratings for situation awareness (14%) and workflow integration (17%). CONCLUSIONS: Providers seemed to be unwilling to compromise their focus on the patient when the computer was in a fixed position in the corner of the room and, as a result, experienced greater workload, lower situation awareness, and poorer workflow integration when using the old “legacy” layout. A thoughtful design of the exam room with respect to the computing may positively impact providers’ workload, situation awareness, time spent in screen sharing activities, and workflow integration.

Internal psychological states and coping processes are significant determinants of resilience. The primary aim of this qualitative work is to provide further insight into how core affect influences the adaptability of persons living with HIV (PLWH) after diagnosis. In-depth interviews were conducted with a diverse group of PLWH in a health district located in the Southeastern United States. A deductive-inductive approach was taken while coding and analyzing, N = 18 participant narratives concerning the psychological and coping processes surrounding diagnosis and engagement in care. Active behavioral and cognitive coping after diagnosis was exhibited by PLWH expressing salient attributes of positive affect, whereas the salience of negative affect among PLWH was associated with avoidant coping and heightened distress. Our findings illuminate the beneficial role of positive affect and active coping on the health and well-being of PLWH. The study implications extend to the development and enhancement of programs designed to fortify psychological resilience.

Objectives Chronic kidney disease (CKD) almost universally occurs in individuals with other medical problems. However, few studies have described CKD-related multimorbidity using a framework that identifies chronic conditions as concordant (having overlap in treatment goals) versus discordant (having opposing treatment recommendations) and unrelated (having no overlap, but contributing to complexity via different resource requirements). Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers. Participants VA patients (n = 821,334) ages 18–100 years with at least one outpatient visit and incident CKD defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has developed a new exam room design standard that is intended to facilitate a greater degree of patient centeredness. This new design includes a wall-mounted monitor on an armature system and a moveable table workspace. To date, however, this design has not been formally evaluated in a field setting. We conducted observations and interviews with primary care providers and their patients from three locations within the Phoenix VA Health Care System, in a pilot study comparing the new exam room design standard with the older legacy exam rooms. When using the new exam room layout, providers spent a greater proportion of time focused on the patient, spent more time in screen-sharing activities with the patient, and had a higher degree of self-reported situation awareness. However, the legacy exam rooms were perceived as better facilitating workflow integration. Provider and patient debrief interviews were supportive of the new exam room design. Overall, our field study results suggest that the new exam room design does contribute to a greater degree of patient centeredness, though more thorough evaluations are required to support these preliminary results.

The purpose of this project was to improve dysphagia-screening processes in a tertiary Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The dysphagia-screening tool was redesigned on the basis of frontline clinician feedback, clinical guidelines, user satisfaction, and multidisciplinary expertise. The revised tool triggered a speech-language consult for positive screens and demonstrated higher scores in user satisfaction and task efficiency. Systems redesign processes were effective for redesigning the tool and implementing practice changes with clinicians involved in dysphagia screening.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how patients' self-rated health status (SRHS) is associated with their attribute reaction integration process and, in turn, their overall ratings of hospitals. We collected patient satisfaction data from 70 hospitals by means of a patient satisfaction questionnaire. The sample included patients who were 18 years or older and discharged from the hospital from July 1, 2011, through June 30, 2012. Data for 36,528 patients were available for analysis. We conducted multiple linear regression analysis with patients' SRHS and interaction effects with nursing care, physician care, staff care, and room, while controlling for age, gender, race, and education. Study findings showed an association between SRHS levels and the patient's overall rating of the hospital; they also revealed interaction effects with nursing care, physician care, and staff care variables in the model. The statistically significant interaction effects indicate that for patients whose SRHS was less than excellent, physician care became more important and nursing care and staff care became less important compared with patients whose SRHS was excellent. When we consider the nature of medical care, this transition seems reasonable. We also found that it is reasonable to categorize patients into two groups: those whose SRHS is excellent and those whose SRHS is less than excellent (i.e., very good, good, fair, or poor). As the study findings show, these two groups of patients combined their attribute reactions differently.

Summary We determined the effect of a multifaceted stroke telerehabilitation (STeleR) intervention on falls-related self-efficacy and satisfaction with care. We conducted a prospective, randomized, multisite, single-blinded trial in 52 veterans from three Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Participants who experienced a stroke in the past 24 months were randomized to the STeleR intervention or usual care. Participants in the intervention arm were administered an exit interview to gather specific patient satisfaction data three months after their final outcome measure. The STeleR intervention consisted of three home visits, five telephone calls, and an in-home messaging device provided over three months to instruct patients in functionally based exercises and adaptive strategies. The outcome measures included Falls Efficacy Scale to measure fall-related self-efficacy and a Stroke-Specific Patient Satisfaction with Care (SSPSC) scale, a measure separated into two subscales (satisfaction with home care and satisfaction with hospital care) was employed to measure the participants’ satisfaction. At six months, compared with the usual care group, the STeleR group showed statistically significant improvements in one of the two SSPSC scales (satisfaction with hospital care, p = .029) and approached significance in the second SSPSC scale (satisfaction with home care, p = .077). There were no improvements in fall-related self-efficacy. Core concepts identified were: (a) beneficial impact of the trained assistant; (b) exercises helpful; (c) home use of technology. The STeleR intervention improved satisfaction with care, especially as it relates to care following their experience from the hospital. With the limited resources available for in-home rehabilitation for stroke survivors, STeleR (and especially its exercise components) can be a useful complement to traditional post-stroke rehabilitation.

Context: Health care environments have been changing rapidly, and one of the changes is to emphasize patient satisfaction. However, most studies assume that all patients integrate their health care attribute reactions in the same way to arrive at their satisfaction. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate how patients’ experience of pain influences their attribute reaction integration process and their overall rating of the hospital. Design: Patient satisfaction data were collected using a mailed questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses with a dichotomous (yes/no) pain variable and its interaction effects with nursing care, physician care, staff care, and hospital room were conducted with control variables. Main Outcome Measures: The pain variable was statistically significant and also revealed interaction effects with the physician care and the staff care variables in the model. Patients who needed medicine for pain showed lower overall rating of the hospitals than patients who did not need medicine. Results: The statistically significant interaction effects indicate that for patients who needed medicine for pain, staff care becomes more important and physician care becomes less important compared to patients who do not need medicine for pain. All 4 attributes (nursing care, physician care, staff care, and hospital room) are not equally influential. Conclusion: Implementing policies and procedures related to these interaction effects would lead to the most efficient and effective improvement outcomes. These findings suggest that future policies should be modified to enhance nursing and staff care to provide more direct care for patients with pain.

Teenage pregnancy and childbearing remain pressing public health issues that have garnered attention from public health officials and social services agencies. This paper reports on the initial implementation and formative evaluation of a journaling program used as a means of communicating health information to pregnant and parenting adolescents (young women age 15-19) while also providing participants with a means of self-expression. The journaling prototype was implemented in a community-based agency in the Midwest by Family Support Specialists (FSSs) who made home visits on a monthly basis to assist pregnant and parenting adolescents (n=52) with successful family planning and public health education. A mixed method approach of qualitative (analysis of journals, field notes, and responses of semi-structured interviews with FSSs) and quantitative (questionnaires from pregnant and parenting adolescent respondents) data with purposive sampling was employed to evaluate the implementation of the journaling intervention. Twenty of the 52 study participants were pregnant when the journaling intervention was implemented, while 32 were not pregnant, but recently had a child and were currently parenting. Two core themes emerged from analysis of the data after the implementation of the journals: (1) usefulness of the journal and responsiveness to participants' information needs and (2) functionality challenges. The results offer practical starting points to tailor the implementation of journaling in other contexts. Further, areas for improvement emerged regarding the distribution timeline for the journal and the content of the journal itself. As such, we discuss the lessons learned through this collaborative project and suggest opportunities for future phases of the journal intervention.

Purpose Differences in stroke care quality for patients in rural and urban locations have been suggested, but whether differences exist across Veteran Administration Medical Centers (VAMCs) is unknown. This study examines whether rural-urban disparities exist in inpatient quality among veterans with acute ischemic stroke. Methods In this retrospective study, inpatient stroke care quality was assessed in a national sample of veterans with acute ischemic stroke using 14 quality indicators (QIs). Rural-Urban Commuting Areas codes defined each VAMC's rural-urban status. A hierarchical linear model assessed the rural-urban differences across the 14 QIs, adjusting for patient and facility characteristics, and clustering within VAMCs. Findings Among 128 VAMCs, 18 (14.1%) were classified as rural VAMCs and admitted 284 (7.3%) of the 3,889 ischemic stroke patients. Rural VAMCs had statistically significantly lower unadjusted rates on 6 QIs: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis, antithrombotic at discharge, antithrombotic at day 2, lipid management, smoking cessation counseling, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale completion, but they had higher rates of stroke education, functional assessment, and fall risk assessment. After adjustment, differences in 2 QIs remained significant—patients treated in rural VAMCs were less likely to receive DVT prophylaxis, but more likely to have documented functional assessment. Conclusions After adjustment for key demographic, clinical, and facility-level characteristics, there does not appear to be a systematic difference in inpatient stroke quality between rural and urban VAMCs. Future research should seek to understand the few differences in care found that could serve as targets for future quality improvement interventions.

Challenges adapting to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy are largely unexplored in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack. This study, nested within a randomized controlled trial of CPAP use, employed qualitative methods to explore challenges and motivators related to CPAP at two time points: prior to initiating therapy and at a 1-month follow up. Emergent thematic analysis, an inductive, qualitative approach, revealed variations in how patients experienced and adapted to CPAP across five phases: (a) interpreting the sleep apnea diagnosis, (b) contemplating CPAP therapy, (c) trying CPAP therapy, (d) making mid-course adjustments, and (e) experiencing benefits from CPAP therapy. Patients all had mild to moderate sleep apnea, and frequently did not experience sleep apnea symptoms. A salient motivator for adhering to CPAP therapy for these patients was the desire to reduce the risk of subsequent cerebrovascular events. Self-determination theory guided the interpretation of results.

Pain is the most common physical symptom in primary care, accounting for an enormous burden in terms of patient suffering, quality of life, work and social disability, and health care and societal costs. Although collaborative care interventions are well-established for conditions such as depression, fewer systems-based interventions have been tested for chronic pain. This paper describes the study design and baseline characteristics of the enrolled sample for the Stepped Care to Optimize Pain care Effectiveness (SCOPE) study, a randomized clinical effectiveness trial conducted in five primary care clinics. SCOPE has enrolled 250 primary care veterans with persistent (3 months or longer) musculoskeletal pain of moderate severity and randomized them to either the stepped care intervention or usual care control group. Using a telemedicine collaborative care approach, the intervention couples automated symptom monitoring with a telephone-based, nurse care manager/physician pain specialist team to treat pain. The goal is to optimize analgesic management using a stepped care approach to drug selection, symptom monitoring, dose adjustment, and switching or adding medications. All subjects undergo comprehensive outcome assessments at baseline, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months by interviewers blinded to treatment group. The primary outcome is pain severity/disability, and secondary outcomes include pain beliefs and behaviors, psychological functioning, health-related quality of life and treatment satisfaction. Innovations of SCOPE include optimized analgesic management (including a stepped care approach, opioid risk stratification, and criteria-based medication adjustment), automated monitoring, and centralized care management that can cover multiple primary care practices.

The aim of this policy statement is to provide a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence evaluating the use of telemedicine in cardiovascular and stroke care and to provide consensus policy suggestions. We evaluate the effectiveness of telehealth in advancing healthcare quality, identify legal and regulatory barriers that impede telehealth adoption or delivery, propose steps to overcome these barriers, and identify areas for future research to ensure that telehealth continues to enhance the quality of cardiovascular and stroke care. The result of these efforts is designed to promote telehealth models that ensure better patient access to high-quality cardiovascular and stroke care while striving for optimal protection of patient safety and privacy.

Despite many advances in stroke care treatment, there is substantial room for improvement in quality of care for stroke patients. In an attempt to disseminate up-to-date quality information and evidence-based best practices of stroke care, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA)and the VHA Stroke QUERI implemented an innovative web-based toolkit tailored for providers and program planners interested in improving stroke care quality. This study evaluated the VA Stroke QUERI Toolkit to determine its most useful aspects and those that require improvement. In-depth qualitative interviews (n = 48) were conducted with a geographically dispersed sample of clinicians and program planners throughout the VHA system. Findings suggest the Stroke QUERI toolkit was perceived as an effective, efficient and user-friendly site but knowledge of the toolkit continues to be initiated and shared mainly through individuals and small groups. To achieve greater impact a comprehensive set of strategies designed to encourage broader uptake is required.

Introduction: Preventable hospitalizations are responsible for increasing the cost of health care and reflect ineffectiveness of the health services in the primary care setting. The objective of this study was to assess expenditure for hospitalizations and utilize expenditure differentials to determine factors associated with ambulatory care - sensitive conditions (ACSCs) hospitalizations. Methods: A cross-sectional study of hospitalizations among Medicaid enrollees in comprehensive managed care plans in 2009 was conducted. A total of 25 581 patients were included in the analysis. Expenditures on hospitalizations were examined at the 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th expenditure percentiles both at the bivariate level and in the logistic regression model to determine the impact of differing expenditure on ACSC hospitalizations. Results: Compared with patients without ACSC admissions, a larger proportion of patients with ACSC hospitalizations required advanced treatment or died on admission. Overall mean expenditures were higher for the ACSC group than for non-ACSC group (US$18 070 vs US$14 452). Whites and blacks had higher expenditures for ACSC hospitalization than Hispanics at all expenditure percentiles. Patient’s age remained a consistent predictor of ACSC hospitalization across all expenditure percentiles. Patients with ACSC were less likely to have a procedure on admission; however, the likelihood decreased as expenditure percentiles increased. At the median expenditure, blacks and Hispanics were more likely than other race/ethnic groups to have ACSC hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR]: 1.307, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.013-1.686 and OR 1.252, 95% CI: 1.060-1.479, respectively). Conclusion: Future review of delivery and monitoring of services at the primary care setting should include managed care plans in order to enhance access and overall quality of care for optimal utilization of the resources.

Purpose The primary aim of this chapter is to explore stigmatization, stress, and coping among adolescent mothers and to identify positive coping mechanisms that not only resist stigmatization but also generate positive affect. Methodology/approach Fifty-two pregnant and parenting adolescents in an urban county in the Midwestern United States were recruited to participate. A journaling tool was developed and used to allow participants to express their thoughts and concerns in a real-time, reflexive manner. Data were coded at different “nodes” or themes. Concepts, such as stigma, stress, strength, and empowerment were operationalized into key words and “themes” based on previous published literature. Key phrases were used to code the journaling data. Findings Adolescent mothers used positive reappraisal of life circumstances to create a positive self-image and resist the stress of stigma and parenting. Overcoming stereotypes and success in parenting were reappraised as “strength,” which allowed the young women to feel empowered in their caregiving role. Research implications/limitations The chapter also contributes to the sociological literature on positive coping responses to stigma and stress. Indeed, very few studies have employed the sociological imagination of pregnant and parenting adolescents by describing not only their lives but also seeking their understanding and explaining their lives sociologically. This chapter also has direct implications for several health care providers, including nurses and social workers. For example, nurses and social workers are a vital part of the healthcare team for pregnant and parenting adolescents, and they often serve as the link between the adolescent, her family and significant others, and healthcare and social service agencies. Originality/value This chapter described the mechanisms that adolescent mothers use to cope with stress with a focus on how caregiving generates positive affect through the voices of these young mothers themselves. This chapter contributed to the sociological literature on stress and coping. In particular, our findings were also in line with the work of sociologist Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence concept. SOC is a global measure that indicates the availability of, and willingness to use, adaptive coping resources as a key variable in maintaining health.

We examine how distance to a Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facility, patient hometown classification (e.g., small rural town), and service-connected disability are associated with veterans' utilization of radiation therapy services across the VHA and Medicare. In 2008, 45,914 dually-enrolled veteran patients received radiation therapy. Over 3-quarters (35,513) of the patients received radiation therapy from the Medicare program. Younger age, male gender, shorter distance to a VHA facility, and VHA priority or disability status increased the odds of utilizing the VHA. However, veterans residing in urban areas were less likely to utilize the VHA. Urban dwelling patients' utilization of Medicare instead of the VHA suggests a complex decision that incorporates geographic access to VHA services, financial implications of veteran priority status, and the potential availability of multiple sources of radiation therapy in competitive urban markets.

We developed a User-Testing Database to be able to process a greater amount of user data, from multiple sources of data, at a much finer level of granularity, and to be able to aid in a more sophisticated analysis, including specific queries of usability data than a typical “manual”-based usability analysis. In this paper, we demonstrate our User-Testing Database as applied to a usability assessment of the Veterans Affairs (VA) My HealtheVet personal health record. The usability test included 24 Veterans who completed a series of scenarios in the usability lab at a Midwest Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC). The User-Testing Database facilitated reduction of data gathered from video review, facilitator notes, and debrief notes into 1160 observations that were sorted into conceptual bins and summarized for the designers of the personal health record. From creation of the database to completion of the reports took four months and did not require extensive knowledge of qualitative analysis techniques. We argue a User-Testing Database can allow other usability studies to increase the number of participants and the granularity of the data without prohibitively increasing the amount of time and experience required to process the data gathered.

Personal health records (PHRs) are designed to help people manage information about their health. Over the past decade, there has been a proliferation of PHRs, but research regarding their effects on clinical, behavioral, and financial outcomes remains limited. The potential for PHRs to facilitate patient-centered care and health system transformation underscores the importance of embracing a broader perspective on PHR research.Drawing from the experiences of VA staff to evaluate the My HealtheVet (MHV) PHR, this article advocates for a health services research perspective on the study of PHR systems.We describe an organizing framework and research agenda, and offer insights that have emerged from our ongoing efforts regarding the design of PHR-related studies, the need to address PHR data ownership and consent, and the promotion of effective PHR research collaborations.These lessons are applicable to other PHR systems and the conduct of PHR research across different organizational contexts.

In 2005, the American Stroke Association formed a task force on the development of stroke systems to propose a new framework for stroke care delivery that would emphasize linkages rather than silos in the chain of stroke survival and provide a blueprint for large organizations or state and federal agencies on how to implement a more coordinated approach to stroke care.1 The stroke systems of care model (SSCM) recommends implementation of telemedicine and aeromedical transport to increase access to acute stroke care in neurologically underserved areas, as do the latest American Stroke Association guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke.2 The present report was commissioned by the American Heart Association to address how telemedicine might help address current barriers to improved stroke care delivery in the United States within the framework of the SSCM. Telemedicine has been defined broadly as “the use of telecommunications technologies to provide medical information and services” (p 483).3 Technically, this encompasses all aspects of medicine practiced at a distance, including use of telephone, fax, and electronic mail technology, as well as the use of interactive full-motion integrated video and audio, that brings together patients and providers separated by distance.4 In the early part of the twentieth century, electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms were transmitted over ordinary analogue telephone lines, and in 1920, medical advice service for sea craft via Morse code and voice radio was established. Expensive and cumbersome 2-way closed-circuit television systems used in the 1960s to transmit radiographs and evaluate patients have been replaced by low-cost, personal computer–based solutions for videoconferencing and transmission of physiological data from clinics or patient homes or from inaccessible sites such as ships, aircraft, and geographically remote regions.5 Telemedicine has been proposed as an alternative means of managing many different diseases and …

There are currently over half a million end-stage renal disease patients and70,000 patients listed to receive a deceased donor kidney transplant in the United States. To receive a deceased donor transplant, patients are placed on a waiting list at one of approximately 240 centers. Although candidate decisions to list at a particular center may often be made passively (based on proximity or physician referral), the important question remains as to whether the center of listing has a significant impact on patient outcomes.The study evaluated adult kidney transplant candidates in the United States listed from 1995 to 2000 (n = 108,928) with follow-up through 2006. The primary outcome of patient survival was investigated with survival models evaluated with respect to 4 center characteristics (volume, donor quality, waiting time, past performance). Center characteristics derived from years preceding listing, simulating information that could be attainable for prospective candidates.Center waiting time had a marked association with survival (Adjusted hazard ratio = 1.32, 95% confidence interval: 1.27-1.38 for the longest waiting times). Past performance and donor quality also had significant association with survival; center volume was not a significant factor. The cumulative impact of center factors resulted in an average 4-year difference in life expectancy. Center characteristics at listing were strongly correlated with levels at the time of transplantation and centers with the "best" characteristics were located in every region of the country.Center characteristics have significant impact on kidney transplant candidate survival. Information regarding the variability and importance of center factors should be clearly disseminated to transplant candidates.

The study purpose was to implement a stroke-specific, care coordination home telehealth (CCHT) programme for US veterans with stroke and their family caregivers.In a non-randomized open trial using a mixed methods design, we tested the utility of a stroke-specific, home telehealth programme with 18 veterans and 14 caregivers for 14 days. Programme questions assessed physical impairment, depressive symptoms, and fall prevalence among veterans, and burden level among family caregivers. Nine veterans and six caregivers completed post-programme interviews exploring their experiences with telehealth.During the 14-day trial, 55% of the veterans screened positive for depression at least once, 36% of the caregivers had clinically significant burden, half of the veterans and caregivers reported post-stroke concerns, and 90% believed post-stroke contact from a care coordinator would have been helpful. In the interviews, seven veterans indicated they had fallen or almost fallen post-stroke. Themes centred on tailoring CCHT to individual needs, coordinating with support services, identifying safety issues, and providing information about stroke prevention.Home telehealth offers innovative ways to target post-stroke rehabilitation programmes to the needs and concerns of patients and their caregivers, and should include regular real-time contact between stroke patients and their healthcare providers.

Properly designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard to use when examining the effectiveness of telehealth interventions on clinical outcomes. Some published telehealth studies have employed well-designed RCTs. However, such methods are not always feasible and practical in particular settings. This white paper addresses not only the need for properly designed RCTs, but also offers alternative research designs, such as quasi-experimental designs, and statistical techniques that can be employed to rigorously assess the effectiveness of telehealth studies. This paper further offers design and measurement recommendations aimed at and relevant to administrative decision-makers, policymakers, and practicing clinicians.

Although telemental healthcare has been available for many years, is generally accepted as effective, and has steadily growing numbers of consumers and providers, more and better research in this area needs to be done in order to convince insurers, policymakers, and funding agencies that mental healthcare delivered from a distance is at least as good as that delivered face-to-face. Because there is a wide spectrum of potential mental health disorders that might be encountered, there are significant gaps in telemental health research that need to be addressed before payment for services or funding for large-scale studies of this application can be expected. This white paper will review the current state of telemental health research and will offer suggestions for future directions necessary for telemental research to take in order to firmly establish its effectiveness.

The cancer care dialogues model emphasizes daily telehealth interactions between patients and a care coordinator (a registered nurse serving as a liaison to the oncologist) to assist patients in the management of common chemotherapy-related symptoms at home. We examined the impact of the dialogues on age-related differences in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among newly diagnosed cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. We assessed HRQOL among 34 patients, including 15 older adults (65 years or older) and 19 younger adults who were followed for 6 months. Older patients consistently reported better HRQOL scores over the treatment period. In multivariate analysis, older patients reported 10.35 points higher in HRQOL (P = .007). In addition, patients who reported no nervousness while undergoing chemotherapy had an 8.60-point increase in HRQOL scores (P = .012). The dialogues model can make important improvement in symptom management and HRQOL, especially in older adults receiving chemotherapy. Older and younger adults with cancer may benefit equally in cancer treatment in a setting with appropriately managed symptoms. The dialogues model offers promising potential for promoting nurses' better understanding of both the patient needs as the patient receives treatment and innovative technologies in patient management.

The objective of this longitudinal study was to detect the relationship between the sense of coherence (SOC), which is an adaptive coping response, and depression in informal caregivers of stroke survivors across 2 years. One-hundred-fifteen veterans, who were hospitalized after experiencing an acute stroke, and their informal caregivers were enrolled prior to discharge. Data were collected via face-to-face in-home interviews at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after discharge. A linear mixed model was fitted to estimate the effects of the time-dependent covariates (SOC) while considering the dependence of outcome measures at repeated times. Based on the linear mixed model, caregivers with a stronger SOC were associated with lower levels of caregiver depression across 2 years following a stroke (p < 0.0001). SOC seems to be an important aspect of a caregiver's capacity to cope after tending to the needs of a stroke patient.

We examined the cost-effectiveness of a care coordination/home telehealth (CCHT) programme for veterans with diabetes. We conducted a retrospective, pre-post study which compared data for a cohort of veterans ( n=370) before and after the introduction of the CCHT programme for two periods of 12 months. To assess the cost-effectiveness, we converted the patients' health-related quality of life data into Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) utility scores and used costs to construct incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). The overall mean ICER for the programme at one-year was &dollar;60,941, a value within the commonly-cited range of cost-effectiveness of &dollar;50,000–100,000. The programme was cost-effective for one-third of the participants. Characteristics that contributed to cost-effectiveness were marital status, location and clinically relevant co-morbidities. By targeting the intervention differently in future work, it may become cost-effective for a greater proportion of patients.

Objectives: To assess the effect of one-on-one peer support at enhancing self-efficacy and decreasing depression in older men treated by radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Methods: Six weeks after surgery, 72 men ( Mage = 60) were randomly assigned to a treatment ( n = 37) or control group ( n = 35). Treatment group participants were paired to form dyads with a trained support partner who had similar treatment and related side effects; control group participants received usual health care. Dyads met 8 times over 8 weeks to discuss concerns and coping strategies. Results: At posttest, the treatment group had significantly higher self-efficacy than the controls ( M = 328.89 and M = 304.54, respectively) and significantly less depression ( M = 0.92 and M = 2.49, respectively). Depression outcomes remained significant when controlling baseline self-efficacy and social support ( F = 4.845, p = .032). Discussion: Findings confirm pilot study results and are theoretically consistent with the self-efficacy enhancing nature of vicarious experience described by Bandura in self-efficacy theory.

BACKGROUND: Treatment side effects after radical prostatectomy include urinary, sexual, and bowel dysfunction. These functional declines, coupled with the bother associated with these dysfunctions, lead to a complicated pattern of change in quality-of-life and decreased self-efficacy. METHODS: In this study, 72 men who underwent radical prostatectomy 6-weeks prior were randomly assigned to usual health care control group or peer-to-peer support (dyadic support) group. The dyadic meetings were held once a week for 8 weeks. Measured pre- and post-test was general health-related quality-of-life (SF-36), prostate cancer-specific quality-of-life (UCLA Prostate Cancer Index), and self-efficacy (Stanford Inventory of Cancer Patient Adjustment). RESULTS: By 8 weeks, self-efficacy significantly improved for men in the experimental group, but not for men in the control group. A series of logistic regression analyses showed that the dyadic intervention significantly accounted for changes in physical role functioning, bowel function, mental health, and social function. Age, education, and self-efficacy had significant interaction effects and increased the effects of the dyadic intervention on several outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention had a significant impact on how men react socially and emotionally to the side effects of radical prostatectomy.

Over the last decade, online continuing dental education (CDE) has seen a major transformation in the way it is delivered, marketed, and accessed. The University of Florida College of Dentistry (UFCD) developed and evaluated a web-based CDE format ("Case of the Month") that specifically focused on clinical oral pathology. Over a four-month period, three oral pathology cases were presented monthly (a total of twelve cases overall) using a clinical pathologic conference format including a brief patient history, along with pictures and radiographs needed to make a treatment diagnosis. A differential diagnosis in the form of a question was developed, followed by a detailed description and rationale describing why the option was correct or incorrect. At the conclusion of the case of the month, respondents completed an online survey that ascertained their needs, expectations, attitudes, level of clinical knowledge gained, and experience with the online environment. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the expectations and attitudes of these CDE participants. Results suggested that the participants' needs and expectations were generally met: they were able to navigate the website with ease and found the design to be appealing. The biggest disadvantage reported was the inability to communicate with others, including the instructor, while viewing the case, and more respondents would like to have seen some more general/common oral pathology information.

We examined the feasibility of a Cancer Care Dialogues Model, with daily telehealth interactions between patients at home and their care coordinator, who acted as an adjunct to the oncologist. The patient and the care coordinator used a home messaging device, connected via the ordinary telephone network. Thirty-four patients with a new diagnosis of cancer and whose treatment plan included chemotherapy taken at a single clinic were enrolled and followed for six months. The home messaging device collected information daily on common symptoms associated with chemotherapy. On average, the patients had the home messaging device for 120 days (range 30–180). The mean cooperation rate was 84% (range 4–100). No variables were significantly associated with patient cooperation in the dialogues over time. The health-related quality of life (HRQL) mean score at baseline was 73.9 (SD 15.4), and the mean score at six months was 78.4 (SD 14.5). After adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, there was a 6.5-point increase in HRQL score between the baseline and end of treatment, which represented an important clinical difference. Management of nervousness/worry over time through cancer care dialogues is important in maintaining HRQL and can be assisted by remote home messaging.