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1. Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Published
2024
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3. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K., primary, Andrady, Anthony L., additional, Barnes, Paul W., additional, Busquets, Rosa, additional, Revell, Laura E., additional, Bornman, Janet F., additional, Aucamp, Pieter J., additional, Bais, Alkiviadis F., additional, Banaszak, Anastazia T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bruckman, Laura S., additional, Häder, Donat‐P., additional, Hanson, Mark L., additional, Heikkilä, Anu M., additional, Hylander, Samuel, additional, Lucas, Robyn M., additional, Mackenzie, Roy, additional, Madronich, Sasha, additional, Neale, Patrick J., additional, Neale, Rachel E., additional, Olsen, Catherine M., additional, Ossola, Rachele, additional, Pandey, Krishna K., additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Robinson, Sharon A., additional, Robson, T. Matthew, additional, Rose, Kevin C., additional, Solomon, Keith R., additional, Sulbæk Andersen, Mads P., additional, Sulzberger, Barbara, additional, Wallington, Timothy J., additional, Wang, Qing‐Wei, additional, Wängberg, Sten‐Åke, additional, White, Christopher C., additional, Young, Antony R., additional, Zepp, Richard G., additional, and Zhu, Liping, additional

Published
2024
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4. Reductions in Depth-integrated Picophytoplanktonic Photosynthesis Due to Inhibition by Ultraviolet and Photosynthetically Available Radiation: Global Predictions for $\textit{Prochlorococcus}$ and $\textit{Synechococcus}$

Author

Neale, Patrick J. and Thomas, Brian C.

Subjects
Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Physics - Biological Physics, Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
Abstract

Phytoplankton photosynthesis in most natural waters is often inhibited by ultraviolet (UV) and intense photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) but the effects on ocean productivity have received little consideration aside from polar areas subject to periodic enhanced UV-B due to depletion of stratospheric ozone. Here we consider responses in the temperate and tropical mid-ocean regions typically dominated by picophytoplankton including the prokaryotic lineages, $\textit{Prochlorococcus}$ and $\textit{Synechococcus}$. Spectral models of photosynthetic response for each lineage were constructed using model strains cultured at different growth irradiances and temperatures. In the model, inhibition becomes more severe once exposure exceeds a threshold (Emax) related to repair capacity. Model parameters are presented for $\textit{Prochlorococcus}$ adding to those previously presented for $\textit{Synechococcus}$. The models were applied to the estimation of mid-day, water-column photosynthesis based on an atmospheric model of spectral incident radiation, satellite-derived spectral water transparency and sea surface temperature. Comparing predictions integrated over the water column including versus excluding inhibition, production was 7-28% lower due to inhibition depending on strain and site conditions. Inhibition was consistently greater for $\textit{Prochlorococcus}$ compared to two strains of $\textit{Synechococcus}$. Considering only the surface mixed layer, production was inhibited 7-73%. Weighted by lineage abundance and daily PAR exposure, inhibition of full water column production averages around 20% for the modeled region of the Pacific with two-thirds of the inhibition due to UV. The results suggest more consideration is needed on inhibition effects, especially due to UV, which are largely excluded from present models of global phytoplankton production., Comment: In press at Global Change Biology

Published
2016
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5. Solar irradiance changes and phytoplankton productivity in Earth's ocean following astrophysical ionizing radiation events

Author

Neale, Patrick J. and Thomas, Brian C.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
Abstract

Two atmospheric responses to simulated astrophysical ionizing radiation events significant to life on Earth are production of odd-nitrogen species, especially NO2, and subsequent depletion of stratospheric ozone. Ozone depletion increases incident short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UVB, 280-315 nm) and longer ( > 600 nm) wavelengths of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR, 400 -700 nm). On the other hand, the NO2 haze decreases atmospheric transmission in the long-wavelength UVA (315-400 nm) and short wavelength PAR. Here we use the results of previous simulations of incident spectral irradiance following an ionizing radiation event to predict changes in Terran productivity focusing on photosynthesis of marine phytoplankton. The prediction is based on a spectral model of photosynthetic response developed for the dominant genera in central regions of the ocean (Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus), and remote-sensing based observations of spectral water transparency, temperature, wind speed and mixed layer depth. Predicted productivity declined after a simulated ionizing event, but the effect integrated over the water column was small. For integrations taking into account the full depth range of PAR transmission (down to 0.1% of utilizable PAR), the decrease was at most 2-3% (depending on strain), with larger effects (5-7%) for integrations just to the depth of the surface mixed layer. The deeper integrations were most affected by the decreased utilizable PAR at depth due to the NO2 haze, whereas shallower integrations were most affected by the increased surface UV., Comment: in Astrobiology, Vol. 16, Num. 4, 2016

Published
2016
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7. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

There are close links between solar UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution. UV-driven weathering is a key process leading to the degradation of plastics in the environment but also the formation of potentially harmful plastic fragments such as micro- and nanoplastic particles. Estimates of the environmental persistence of plastic pollution, and the formation of fragments, will need to take in account plastic dispersal around the globe, as well as projected UV radiation levels and climate change factors.image

Published
2024
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8. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author

Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Sulbæk Andersen, Mads P., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Sulbæk Andersen, Mads P., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

There are close links between solar UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution. UV-driven weathering is a key process leading to the degradation of plastics in the environment but also the formation of potentially harmful plastic fragments such as micro- and nanoplastic particles. Estimates of the environmental persistence of plastic pollution, and the formation of fragments, will need to take in account plastic dispersal around the globe, as well as projected UV radiation levels and climate change factors.

Published
2024

9. Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol:UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023

Author

Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P.Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P.Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.

Published
2024

10. Solar irradiance changes and photobiological effects at Earth's surface following astrophysical ionizing radiation events

Author

Thomas, Brian C., Neale, Patrick J., and Snyder II, Brock R.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
Abstract

Astrophysical ionizing radiation events have been recognized as a potential threat to life on Earth, primarily through depletion of stratospheric ozone and subsequent increase in surface-level solar ultraviolet radiation. Simulations of the atmospheric effects of a variety of events (such as supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and solar proton events) have been previously published, along with estimates of biological damage at Earth's surface. In this work, we employed the TUV radiative transfer model to expand and improve calculations of surface-level irradiance and biological impacts following an ionizing radiation event. We considered changes in surface-level UVB, UVA, and photosynthetically active radiation (visible light) for clear-sky conditions and fixed aerosol parameter values. We also considered a wide range of biological effects on organisms ranging from humans to phytoplankton. We found that past work overestimated UVB irradiance, but that relative estimates for increase in exposure to DNA damaging radiation are still similar to our improved calculations. We also found that the intensity of biologically damaging radiation varies widely with organism and specific impact considered; these results have implications for biosphere-level damage following astrophysical ionizing radiation events. When considering changes in surface-level visible light irradiance, we found that, contrary to previous assumptions, a decrease in irradiance is only present for a short time in very limited geographical areas; instead we found a net increase for most of the modeled time-space region. This result has implications for proposed climate changes associated with ionizing radiation events., Comment: In press at Astrobiology

Published
2015
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15. Sorption of colored vs. noncolored organic matter by tidal marsh soils.

Author

Neale, Patrick J., Megonigal, J. Patrick, Tzortziou, Maria, Canuel, Elizabeth A., Pondell, Christina R., and Morrissette, Hannah

Subjects
SALT marshes, DISSOLVED organic matter, SOIL mineralogy, SORPTION, WETLAND soils, SOILS
Abstract

Tidal marshes are significant sources of colored (or chromophoric) dissolved organic carbon (CDOC) to adjacent waters and, as a result, contribute substantially to their optical complexity and ultimately affect their water quality. Despite this, our mechanistic understanding of the processes that regulate the exchange and transformation of CDOC at the tidal marsh–estuarine interface remains limited. We hypothesized that tidal marsh soils regulate this exchange and transformation subject to soil mineralogy and salinity environment. To test this hypothesis, we generated initial mass sorption isotherms of CDOC and noncolored dissolved organic carbon (NCDOC) using anaerobic batch incubations of Great Dismal Swamp DOC with four tidal wetland soils, representing a range of organic carbon content (1.77 ± 0.12 % to 36.2 ± 2.2 %) and across four salinity treatments (0, 10, 20, and 35). CDOC sorption followed Langmuir isotherms that were similar in shape to those of total DOC, but with greater maximum sorption capacity and lower binding affinity. Like isotherms of total DOC, CDOC maximum sorption capacity increased and binding affinity decreased with greater salinity. Initial natively adsorbed colored organic carbon was low and increased with soil organic content. In contrast, NCDOC desorbed under all conditions with desorption increasing linearly with initial CDOC concentration. This suggests that for our test solutions CDOC displaced NCDOC on tidal marsh soils. Parallel factor analysis of 3-D excitation emission matrices and specific ultraviolet absorbance measurements suggested that CDOC sorption was driven primarily by the exchange of highly aromatic humic-like CDOC. Taken together, these results suggest that tidal marsh soils regulate export and composition of CDOC depending on the complex interplay between soil mineralogy, water salinity, and CDOC vs. NCDOC composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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19. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Author

Barnes, Paul W., Williamson, Craig E., Lucas, Robyn M., Robinson, Sharon A., Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D., Bornman, Janet F., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R., Andrady, Anthony L., McKenzie, Richard L., Neale, Patrick J., Austin, Amy T., Bernhard, Germar H., Solomon, Keith R., Neale, Rachel E., Young, Paul J., Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E., Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C., Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J., Ballaré, Carlos L., Cory, Rose M., Flint, Stephan D., de Gruijl, Frank R., Häder, Donat-P., Heikkilä, Anu M., Jansen, Marcel A. K., Pandey, Krishna K., Robson, T. Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A., Wängberg, Sten-Åke, Worrest, Robert C., Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R., and Zepp, Richard G.

Published
2019
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26. Environmental Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and interactions with Climate Change: 2022 Assessment Report

Author

Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Hader, D P, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel, Pandey, Krishna K, Rhodes, Lesley E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Sulzberger, Barbara, Williamson, Craig E, White, Christopher C, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Hader, D P, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel, Pandey, Krishna K, Rhodes, Lesley E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Sulzberger, Barbara, Williamson, Craig E, White, Christopher C, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Yazar, Seyhan, and Young, Antony R

Abstract

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was established 35 years ago following the 1985 Vienna Convention for protection of the environment and human health against excessive amounts of harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-315 nm) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface due to a reduced UV-B-absorbing ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol, ratified globally by all 198 Parties (countries), controls ca 100 ozone-depleting substances (ODS). These substances have been used in many applications, such as in refrigerants, air conditioners, aerosol propellants, fumigants against pests, fire extinguishers, and foam materials. The Montreal Protocol has phased out nearly 99% of ODS, including ODS with high global warming potentials such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), thus serving a dual purpose. However, some of the replacements for ODS also have high global warming potentials, for example, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Several of these replacements have been added to the substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The HFCs are now being phased down under the Kigali Amendment. As of December 2022, 145 countries have signed the Kigali Amendment, exemplifying key additional outcomes of the Montreal Protocol, namely, that of also curbing climate warming and stimulating innovations to increase energy efficiency of cooling equipment used industrially as well as domestically. As the concentrations of ODS decline in the upper atmosphere, the stratospheric ozone layer is projected to recover to pre-1980 levels by the middle of the 21st century, assuming full compliance with the control measures of the Montreal Protocol. However, in the coming decades, the ozone layer will be increasingly influenced by emissions of greenhouse gases and ensuing global warming. These trends are highly likely to modify the amount of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface with implications for the effects on ecosystems and human health. Against this background, four Panels of expert

Published
2023

27. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Questions and Answers about the Effects of Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate on Humans and the Environment. Supplement of the 2022 Assessment Report of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel

Author

Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, Robinson, Sharon A, Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, and Robinson, Sharon A

Abstract

This collection of Questions & Answers (Q&As) was prepared by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the Montreal Protocol under the umbrella of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The document complements EEAP’s Quadrennial Assessment 2022 (https://ozone. unep.org/science/assessment/eeap) and provides interesting and useful information for policymakers, the general public, teachers, and scientists, written in an easy-to-understand language.

Published
2023

28. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol. 2023 Assessment Update of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K, Andrady, Anthony L, Bornman, Janet F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Banaszak, Anastazia T, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bruckman, Laura S, Busquets, Rosa, Hader, Donat P, Hanson, Mark L, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M, Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel E, Olsen, Catherine M, Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, T Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Andrady, Anthony L, Bornman, Janet F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Banaszak, Anastazia T, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bruckman, Laura S, Busquets, Rosa, Hader, Donat P, Hanson, Mark L, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M, Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel E, Olsen, Catherine M, Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, T Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.

Published
2023

29. Programa del Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas (UNEP), Preguntas y Respuestas acerca de los Efectos de la Disminución del Ozono, la Radiación Ultravioleta y el Clima en los humanos y el Medio Ambiente. Suplemento del Reporte de Evaluación 2022 del Panel de Evaluación de los Efectos en el Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas

Author

Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, Robinson, Sharon A, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, and Robinson, Sharon A

Abstract

Esta colección de preguntas y respuestas fue preparada por el Panel de Evaluación de los Efectos en el Medio Ambiente (EEAP por sus siglas en inglés) del Protocolo de Montreal bajo el amparo del Programa para el Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas (PNUM). Este documento es un complemento de la Evaluación Cuatrienal 2022 realizada por el EEAP (https://ozone. unep.org/science/assessment/eeap), y provee de información interesante y útil para redactores de políticas públicas, maestros y científicos. Este P&Rs está escrito en un lenguaje de fácil comprensión para el público en general.

Published
2023

31. Sorption of Colored vs Noncolored Organic Matter by Tidal Marsh Soils.

Author

Neale, Patrick J., Megonigal, J. Patrick, Tzortziou, Maria, Canuel, Elizabeth A., Pondell, Christina R., and Morrissette, Hannah

Subjects
SALT marshes, DISSOLVED organic matter, SOIL mineralogy, WETLAND soils, SORPTION, SOILS
Abstract

Tidal marshes are significant sources of colored (or chromophoric) dissolved organic carbon (CDOC) to adjacent waters and, as a result, contribute substantially to their optical complexity making CDOC a good indicator of water quality. Despite this, our mechanistic understanding of the processes that regulate the exchange and transformation of CDOC at the tidal marsh-estuarine interface remains limited. We hypothesized that tidal marsh soils regulate this exchange and transformation subject to soil mineralogy and salinity environment. To test this hypothesis, we generated initial mass sorption isotherms of CDOC and noncolored dissolved organic carbon (NCDOC) using anaerobic batch incubations with four tidal wetland soils, representing a range of organic carbon content (1.77 ± 0.12 % to 36.2 ± 2.2 %) and across four salinity treatments (0, 10, 20, and 35). CDOC sorption followed Langmuir isotherms that were similar in shape to those of total DOC, but with greater maximum sorption capacity and lower binding affinity. Like isotherms of total DOC, CDOC maximum sorption capacity increased and binding affinity decreased with greater salinity. Initial natively adsorbed colored organic carbon was low and increased with soil organic content. In contrast, NCDOC desorbed under all conditions with desorption increasing linearly with initial CDOC concentration. This suggests that for our test solutions (made from Great Dismal Swamp DOC), CDOC displaced NCDOC on tidal marsh soils. Parallel factor analysis of 3-D excitation emission matrices and specific ultraviolet absorbance measurements suggested that CDOC sorption was driven primarily by the exchange of highly aromatic humic-like CDOC. Taken together, these results suggest that tidal marsh soils regulate export and composition of CDOC depending on the complex interplay between soil minerology, water salinity, and CDOC vs NCDOC composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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45. Phytoplancton

Author

Servant-Vildary, Simone, Iltis, André, Richerson, Peter J., Neale, Patrick J., Tapia, Rene Alfaro, Carney, Heath J., Lazzaro, Xavier, Vincent, Warwick, Wurtsbaugh, Wayne, Dumont, H. J., editor, Werger, M. J. A., editor, Dejoux, C., editor, and Iltis, A., editor

Published
1992
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