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Democracy is a discussion, a thought formulated by the first czechoslovak president TGM that is now taken as a common knowledge. In the EU there is currently one of the main topics for discussion a fear of negative impacts of muslim migration on the law and freedoms of the Europeans. The czech president Miloš Zeman has taken this topic as a crucial and struggles to use it to unify the local civic public. This president who himself takes negative attitude towards refugees must face a fact that not a small group of czech citizens does not consider them only as a threat. In this situation the president escalates an urgency of his own warning communications while at the same time discredit opinions of a minority and also people expressing them. It is by this practice that he increases a danger of a realization of the tyranny of the majority in the czech environment. As for the other patological phenomenon that can ccur in real democracy, the best cure against the tyranny of the majority is an open discussion among citizens itself. It presumes and at the same time supports their mutual respect. Democracy has risen from the discussion based on the mutual respect of people and contains an autoimmunity system that protects it everywhere where it hasn't forgotten its roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European politicians from Central Europe use a very strange definition of liberalism. This strange definition leaves out the idea of equal opportunities - one of the two liberal principles. This omission is one of the results brought by the radical liberalism. Radical liberals protect liberty so strongly that they refuse any equality. They are afraid of the propensity to the totalitarianism so they refuse almost all state interventions. Radical liberals forget that an absolute refusing of the equality leads to breaking of one of the liberal principles. Liberty without equal opportunity leads to the same illiberal situation as equality without individual liberty. Both of the liberal principles must be preserved if we want to live in a liberal society. Contemporary liberals should find a solution to unite the liberal principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If fertilization of matured oocyte does not occur, unfertilized oocyte undergoes aging, resulting in a time-dependent reduction of the oocyte's quality. The aging of porcine oocytes can lead to apoptosis. Carbon monoxide (CO), a signal molecule produced by the heme oxygenase (HO), possesses cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic effects that have been described in somatic cells. However, the effects of CO in oocytes have yet to be investigated. By immunocytochemistry method we detected that both isoforms of heme oxygenase (HO-1 and HO-2) are present in the porcine oocytes. Based on the morphological signs of oocyte aging, it was found that the inhibition of both HO isoforms by Zn-protoporphyrin IX (Zn-PP IX) leads to an increase in the number of apoptotic oocytes and decrease in the number of intact oocytes during aging. Contrarily, the presence of CO donors (CORM-2 or CORM-A1) significantly decrease the number of apoptotic oocytes while increasing the number of intact oocytes. We also determined that CO donors significantly decrease the caspase-3 (CAS-3) activity. Our results suggest that HO/CO contributes to the sustaining viability through regulation of apoptosis during in vitro aging of porcine oocytes., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests.

For a long time, carbon monoxide (CO) was known for its toxic effect on organisms. But there are still many things left to discover on that molecule. CO is formed directly in the body by the enzymatic activity of heme oxygenase (HO). CO plays an important role in many physiological processes, such as cell protections (against various stress factors), and the regulation of metabolic processes. Recent research proves that CO also operates in the female reproductive system. At the centre of interest is the importance of CO for gestation. During the gestation period, CO is an important element affecting the proper function of the feto-placental unit and generally affects fetal survivability rates. Gestation is one of the most important processes of successful reproduction, although there are more relevant processes that need to be researched. While already proven that CO influences steroidogenesis and the corpus luteum survivability rate, our knowledge concerning the function and importance of CO in the reproductive system is still relatively limited. As an example, our knowledge of CO function in an oocyte, the most important cell for reproduction, is almost non-existent. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge concerning the function of CO in the female reproductive system.