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Background: This study investigates the impact of blue light-emitting diode (LED) lighting on the physiological responses of Wistar rats. The circadian system plays a vital role in regulating physiological functions, allowing organisms to anticipate and adapt to environmental rhythms. The synchronization of endogenous circadian clocks with external cues, such as light-dark cycles, is essential for optimal performance. However, emerging technologies, like blue LED lighting, present new challenges to circadian rhythms, highlighting the need for continued research in this area. Methods: The study, approved by the Animal Ethics Committee, involved a total of 12 male Wistar rats, which were divided into two groups: a Control group and a blue light (BL) treated group, each consisting of six rats. The BL model was established by subjecting the rats to 12 h of BL exposure daily for a period of 3 months. Half of the rats were sacrificed at the end of this period, while the remaining rats were transitioned to normal light (NL) conditions for another 3 months before being euthanized. Blood and tissue samples were collected for analysis, including measurements of body weight, blood glucose, insulin, melatonin, lipid profile, as well as messenger RNA expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and global DNA methylation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The study found that BL exposure led to a higher monthly increase in body weight, elevated blood glucose levels, and decreased insulin and melatonin levels compared to controls. BL also caused a decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein. Gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of Period1, Cryptochrome1, and brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1 (Bmal1) in blood and hypothalamus, with significant upregulation upon returning to NL conditions. BL exposure induced hypermethylation in DNA sequences, which partially reverted after returning to NL conditions. Conclusion: Our study reveals the broad impact of BL/artificial light contributing to a higher incidence of obesity and metabolic disorders. With the rise of blue-rich LED lighting, more research is needed to understand its long-term effects on health. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between BL exposure and metabolic health, emphasizing the importance of informed decisions regarding lighting technologies to mitigate potential health risks.

Abstract The circadian rhythms are regulated by the circadian clock which is under the control of suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus. The central and peripheral clocks on different tissue together synchronize to form circadian system. Factors disrupt the circadian rhythm, such as irregular eating patterns, sleep/wake time, night shift work and temperature. Due to the misalignment of central clock components, it has been recognized as the pathophysiology of lifestyle-related diseases mediated by the inflammation such as diabetes, obesity, neurological disorder and hormonal imbalance. Also we discuss the therapeutic effect of time-restricted feeding over diabetes and obesity caused by miscommunication between central and peripheral clock. The genetic and epigenetic changes involve due to the deregulation of circadian system. The aim of the present review is to discuss the circadian mechanisms that are involved in the complex interaction between host and external factors and its disruption is associated with deregulation of inflammatory and immune responses. Hence, we need to understand the mechanism of functioning of our biological clocks so that it helps us treat health-related problems such as jet lags, sleep disorders due to night-time shift work, obesity and mental disturbances. We hope minimal cost behavioural and lifestyle changes can improve circadian rhythms and presumably provide a better health.

Background: Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a cluster of hereditary disorders which are caused due to defect in one or more enzymes or disturbance in the protein transport system. Aims and Objective: The aim of this work was to find out the frequency of aminoacidopathies among symptomatic children and to emphasis about cost effective screening of aminoacidopathies in order to minimize morbidity and mortality. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 264 symptomatic children from infants to 15 years of age. Random urine samples (15ml) in sterile container and 1-2 ml of blood in EDTA vials were collected and stored at -20˚C. Color reactions, TLC and HPLC were done in urine and blood samples for amino acid disorders. Results: The prevalence of aminoacidopathies was found high in early age (45.1%), males (55.3%), rural areas (75%) and Muslims (39%). A total of 127 out of 264 (48.1%) symptomatic cases showed at least one of the positive colored tests. Mean hemoglobin level was lower than the normal reference range. 7.7% children had severe anemia (Hb < 7 g/dl). TLC of all these 127 samples was done for amino acids. The results showed positive elevated amino acids in 61 cases (48%). Out of 61 cases only 29 cases were positive for amino acid disorders by HPLC. Generalized aminoaciduria was the common followed by MSUD and tyrosinuria. Based on combination of these three tests, we were able to detect 10.98% (29/264) cases of aminoacidopathies. Conclusions: Hence this study focused using a set of rapid, easy and cost effective simple tests for screening in symptomatic children. There is need to increase the awareness in developing country like India regarding the availability of such affordable and reliable tests.