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Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare congenital condition characterized by a triad of septum pellucidum dysgenesis, optic nerve hypoplasia, and hypothalamic-hypophyseal dysfunction. In some cases, additional brain anomalies such as schizencephaly can occur, leading to a more complex presentation known as septo-optic dysplasia plus (SOD+). This case report describes a 2-year-old boy presenting with delayed psychomotor development and visual impairment, ultimately diagnosed with SOD+.

Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in every 200,000 live births. The etiology remains largely speculative, with genetic and environmental factors being considered. The thoraco-omphalopagus type accounts for approximately 40% of cases, making it a focal point for clinical and radiological research. Radiological imaging plays a pivotal role in delineating anatomical details, offering insights into the feasibility of surgical interventions and informing parental counselling regarding prognosis and management options. We present a case of thoracoomphalogus conjoined twins diagnosed during the third trimester of pregnancy in a 19-year-old woman. The detailed radiological assessment using ultra-sound and MRI provided crucial information on organ sharing and vascular anatomy, which is critical for management strategies. This case underscores the critical role of prenatal imaging in detecting complex congenital anomalies, facilitating informed decision-making by healthcare providers and families.

Gastrointestinal duplication is an infrequent congenital disorder characterized by the presence of a muscular layer covered by mucosa. Gastric duplication cysts account for approximately 2%-9% of all gastrointestinal duplication cysts. The typical clinical presentation often includes symptoms such as epigastric pain, vomiting, and the presence of a palpable abdominal mass. However, these symptoms can overlap with more common conditions. Diagnostic confirmation usually necessitates additional imaging studies, and surgical intervention is the recommended treatment approach. In this case report, we present the case of a 9-year-old girl who presented with chronic abdominal pain and vomiting. Following a comprehensive evaluation, including a CT scan and various diagnostic tests, a diagnosis of gastric duplication cyst was established. The patient subsequently underwent a laparotomy procedure, during which the cyst was completely excised. Follow-up visits indicated an uneventful recovery, with complete resolution of all symptoms. The aim of this work is to report on the clinico-radiological aspects of gastric duplication cysts and their surgical treatment.

Demons-Meigs syndrome is a very rare entity. It combines a benign ovarian “fibroma-like” tumor with ascites and hydrothorax. The notion of benignancy is the key point. CA-125 levels are most of the time normal, but high levels can be observed in rare cases which makes it difficult to have a diagnostic. We present here the case of a 43-year-old female patient who presented with abdominopelvic pain. Imaging discovered a 30 cm large intraabdominal mass with ascites and bilateral pleural effusion. Surgical resection of the tumor was performed, and pathology identified an ovarian fibroma. No postintervention complications were observed, with resorption of the ascites and hydrothorax.

Yolk sac tumors can occur in various extragonadal sites, including the hepatobiliary tract, and are often associated with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein. We report the case of a 14-month-old male infant presenting with abdominal pain and distension. Ultrasound and computed tomography scans of the abdomen revealed contiguous hepatic masses with lobulated contours, containing areas of necrosis. The patient underwent surgical resection, and histological studies confirmed the diagnosis of a yolk sac tumor. The occurrence of a yolk sac tumor in the liver is extremely rare. Ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging can be highly effective in diagnosing these tumors when combined with biopsy procedures to confirm the diagnosis. Although rare, yolk sac tumors of the liver should be considered a differential diagnosis for hepatic masses.

Susac syndrome is a rare microangiopathy of unclear etiology, likely autoimmune, characterized by a characteristic clinical triad of encephalopathy, retinopathy, and hypoacusis. The majority of cases reported in the literature involve adult patients, with its occurrence in the pediatric population being extremely rare. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for diagnosis and patient monitoring, revealing nearly pathognomonic features, particularly valuable given the typically incomplete clinical triad and the consistent presence of encephalopathy, often as the initial symptom. We report the case of an 11-year-old child diagnosed with Susac syndrome, highlighting the importance of considering this diagnosis in cases of childhood encephalopathy and initiating treatment as early as possible to prevent irreversible sequelae.

Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus. Echinococcus Granulosus is the most common cause of hydatid disease in humans. Bone involvement is rare, accounting for only 0.9% to 2.5% of all cases. We report the case of an 8-year-old child admitted with right arm pain, revealing a hydatid cyst on the humerus. Lesion assessment revealed a hydatid cyst of the humerus with extension to the adjacent soft tissues. The surgical procedure involved the excision of the cyst along with drainage. In this case report, we review the epidemiological, clinical, and paraclinical aspects of the disease, as well as the treatment modalities. Bone hydatid disease is infiltrative, diffuse, slow, and progressive, making diagnosis late, and compromising the quality of treatment.

Nephroblastoma or Wilms' tumor is the most common malignant tumor of the kidney in the pediatric population. Metastasis is caused by hematogenous spread. The most common localizations in decreasing order of frequency are lymph nodes, lungs, and liver. The bone is very rarely affected. According to the literature, bone metastases have been described in the iliac bone, skull, and mandible. The vertebral localization was described in 3 cases only, the first 1 in 2009, and the 2 others in 2015 . The goal of our work is to report a very rare case of metastatic vertebral localization of a Wilms' tumor in relapse after treatment; and thus to underline the potential for vertebral and intracanal involvement in nephroblastoma.

Uterine rupture is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication. It is commonly a complication that happens in the third trimester of pregnancy. Its occurrence in early pregnancy is very rare. We report a case of a patient who presented with uterine rupture on a scarred uterus during the termination of pregnancy with misoprostol at 10 weeks' amenorrhea. In this case, we discuss the clinical warning signs, risk factors, and diagnostic methodology, and compare our approach with the literature.

The arteria lusoria or retroesophageal right subclavian artery is the most common malformation of the aortic arch. It may be discovered with some symptoms of airway and/or esophageal compression, such as dyspnea or dysphagia, but in most cases it is an asymptomatic pathology. We report a case of a 3 months old patient diagnosed with Down syndrome who was admitted for pulmonary infection with incidental finding of retrooesophageal right subclavian artery.

Infantile myofibromatosis is a proliferative disorder occurring during infancy and early childhood, marked by the development of nodular or diffuse lesions consisting of various mesenchymal elements. Intracranial involvement is infrequently reported. Here, we present the case of a 3-year-old girl exhibiting a rare manifestation of IM with intracranial parenchymal involvement, displaying a histological pattern documented in existing literature on patients with infantile myofibromatosis. Subsequent MRI follow-up revealed no signs of recurrence.

The white cerebellum sign is a concerning but uncommon radiological imaging result that is frequently seen in patients with severe, frequently irreversible anoxic-ischemic brain injury. Due to its frequent correlation with an unfavorable prognosis, radiologists must recognize this sign. We report the case of a 1 year old girl with history of epilepsy who presented with deterioration of conscious level and focal fits and brain computed tomography scan done on her revealed the white cerebellum sign.

Multiseptated gallbladder also known as “Honeycomb gallbladder” is a rare condition that was first described by Tandon in 1963. It is described as a congenital anomaly in most of the cases. It may be asymptomatic or may lead symptoms. We present the case of a multiseptate gallbladder in a 5 year old girl who was admitted for managament of acute appendicitis.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an acute and rapidly progressive auto-immune demyelinating disorder in the central nervous system. It is a rare disease but is more frequently observed in the pediatric population. We report a case of a monophasic postvaccination ADEM, which presented with paraparesis associated with fever. It showed a favorable evolution under corticosteroids, without recurrence after 3 years of follow-up. The diagnosis was established due to the postvaccination context and the MRI abnormalities characteristics. This case prompted a general discussion about the etiologies of myelin insults in children, especially demyelinating disorders, by shedding the light on their MRI features.

Maldevelopment of the vagina and cervix is frequently accompanied by uterine aplasia or hypoplasia. Complete cervico-vaginal aplasia with a normally developing uterus is a very uncommon type of developmental failure. Failure to treat the condition can result in complications such as hematometra and hematosalpinx caused by the retrograde flow of blood into the fallopian tubes. In this case report, we describe the case of a 32-year-old woman experiencing cyclic abdominal pain and primary amenorrhea. The patient exhibited cervico-vaginal agenesis, with a functional uterus that was complicated by hematometra and bilateral hematosalpinx.

Fibrous dysplasia is a rare non-hereditary congenital condition characterized by 2 main forms: monostotic and polyostotic. Monostotic is the more common form, while polyostotic, often associated with a syndrome, is rarer. The case presented involves a 10-year-old patient who was diagnosed with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia accompanied by an endocrinopathy. This report explores the clinical and radiological aspects of this condition based on the patient’s case.

Amyand’s hernia is a rare condition characterized by an inguinal hernia containing the appendix, which can lead to complications. It is more common in children and it can be challenging to diagnose due to its location, often being mistaken for other conditions like strangulated hernias, orchitis-epididymitis, or testicular torsion. Imaging, including computed tomography and sonography, plays an important role in diagnosis, which is usually made intraoperatively. A case concerning a 3-month-old boy with a large acute scrotum that had been evolving for 4 days was presented. Clinical examination revealed a hard inguinal mass and a large scrotum with signs of inflammation. An inguinoscrotal ultrasound found a herniated appendix, suggesting the diagnosis of Amyand’s hernia, which was confirmed after surgery.

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome (DDMS) is a rare entity. Few cases have been described in the literature. It can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. The clinical signs are very varied. Imaging is the key to diagnosis. Calvarial thickening, enlargement sinus, and cerebral hemiatrophy are suggestive signs. It is a cause of cerebral hemiatrophy and epilepsy. We report the clinical and radiological signs of this syndrome through a case of an 8-year-old male child treated for epilepsy. The importance of our article is to report a case diagnosed at an early age (8 years). Most studies report cases diagnosed in adults. MRI revealed pathognomonic signs of Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome.

Ewing's sarcoma is generally an aggressive, poorly differentiated bone and soft tissue tumor affecting children and young adults, it accounts for 4%-6% of all primary bone tumors and primary facial locations occur in only 1%-4% of all cases, primarily in the mandible and calvaria. Involvement of the paranasal sinuses is rare. Here we report the case of an 11-year-old girl with no medical, surgical, or traumatic history, who presented for 1 month and progressive evolution of swelling of the left cheek, associated with pain, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and a slight weight loss not quantified. A craniofacial computed tomography (CT) scan showed a mixed lytic and condensing lesional tissue process centered on the left maxillary sinus, heterogeneously enhanced after contrast injection, lysing the walls of the sinus extended to the homolateral nasal cavity and slightly infiltrating the adjacent soft tissues. An incisional biopsy was performed and the pathological study proved that it was Ewing's sarcoma. She was put on neoadjuvant chemotherapy using 6 courses of vincristine, doxorubicin, ifosfamide, etoposide which resulted in a partial regression of the tumor size by 50%. Then the patient was put on combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A follow-up CT scan after 6 courses of vincristine, actinomycin, cyclophosphamide, and 17 sessions of radiotherapy showed lesion stability. Maxillary Ewing's sarcoma is a rare and aggressive tumor. Therefore, early diagnosis, combination therapy, and long-term follow-up are suggested in such cases to improve the survival rate.

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is the most frequently misdiagnosed renal tumor in children. We report the case of a 6-year-old boy with clear cell sarcoma of the kidney with an unusual presentation, including a primary tumor of the left kidney with metastasis in the homolateral psoas muscle. The renal tumor was revealed by abdominal mass without hematuria. In a review of the literature. Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney is most commonly associated with bone and lung metastases. Muscular metastasis at initial diagnosis has not previously been reported. This case represents an unusual metastatic pattern of clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. This also illustrates clear cell sarcoma of the kidney's ability to metastasize to other sites including the muscular. These tumors present a diagnostic challenge for the radiologist who should be aware of this entity to differentiate it from other renal tumors which are more frequent at this age. We aim to report the clinical, radiological features, and pathological presentation of this entity.

Ollier disease is an uncommon disease characterized by several enchondromas and an asymmetric distribution of cartilage lesions, which can vary significantly in size, location, age, and gender. The primary symptom of this condition is a nonossifying chondrocyte mass or hamartomatous chondrocyte growth in the metaphysis of a short or long bone. Specific cases can progress to chondrosarcoma or osteosarcoma. X-ray is the most fundamental diagnostic technique for skeletal illnesses. In this article, we present a case of Ollier disease from Mother and Child Hospital IBN SINA, Rabat, Morocco.

Introduction: Pulmonary artery aneurysms encompass a wide range of presentations and forms. Mycotic aneurysms represent a particular subset of focal dilatation of the vessel wall with high morbidity and mortality rates. Herein, we report the case of a 32 year old patient, with a prior history of ventricular septal defect presenting with a mycotic pulmonary artery aneurysm associated with infective endocarditis and septic emboli. Case presentation: We present the case of a 32 year old male with known history of congenital ventricular septal defect presented to the emergency department with signs of sepsis and dyspnea. Blood cultures were positive for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. An echocardiogram found evidence of endocarditis with multiples intra cavitary vegetations. A CT angiogram demonstrated major right ventricular dilatation, multiple nodules and peripheral opacities, scattered throughout the lungs, indicative of septic emboli. Segmental saccular dilatation of the left lateral basal pulmonary artery consistent with a mycotic aneurysm formation was found. The patient was started on intravenous antibiotics and given the overall satisfactory evolution a conservative approach was pursued. The patient was discharged with antibiotics and scheduled for surgical repair of the ventricular septal defect. Conclusion: To our knowledge, mycotic aneurysms associated to congenital heart malformation like ventricular septal wall defect remains a rare condition with few reported cases in the literature. Being aware of this entity is important for every practicing radiologist to allow for early diagnosis and treatment.

Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia is an uncommon benign bone condition that predominantly affects children and typically leads to varus deformities in the proximal tibia. It was first described by Bell in 1985. The etiology remains unknown and the diagnosis is radiological; biopsy is not necessary. We present a case of a 2-year-old child who presented to our department for a right limb varus deformity caused by focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia.

Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis (DNH) is an infrequent condition characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of multiple cutaneous hemangiomas and the involvement of 3 or more organs. DNH is suspected when multiple hemangiomas are identified on the skin of the infant. Although it is benign in nature, DNH can lead to critical and life-threatening complications. Diagnosis primarily relies on clinical evaluation with a significant emphasis on imaging techniques. In this case report, we present an unusual pediatric case of diffuse infantile hemangioendothelioma, for which the investigative approach included ultrasound and CT scans. These imaging methods were instrumental in revealing the presence of lesions in the liver, thyroid, and brain, ultimately playing a pivotal role in making the diagnosis of DNH. A positive clinical and biological improvement was observed with corticosteroid treatment during a 3-month follow-up.

Burkitt’s lymphoma is rare but highly aggressive and very fast-growing B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). It can affect any organ such as the central nervous system, jaw, intestines, kidneys, ovaries, and other organs. It results from the malignant evolution and proliferation of B-type lymphoid cells. The diagnosis is based on a biopsy of a tumor mass or bone marrow aspiration revealing the presence of tumor cells. We report the case of a 7 year old child who was referred for a gingival swelling evolving since 1 month following a dental extraction. Imaging and anatomopathological examination after biopsy concludes to a multi systemic Burkitt’s lymphoma. A chemotherapy was immediately started with spectacular complete remission.

Nephrogenic rests (NRs) are foci of embryonic nephrogenic cells that persist beyond the 36th week of gestation. They are precursor lesions of Wilms tumor and are found incidentally in approximately 1% of infants. The term nephroblastomatosis (NBS) is utilized when nephrogenic rests extensively or multifocally affect the kidneys. We report a case of a left nephroblastoma with bilateral nephroblastomatosis, treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by a left nephrectomy, highlighting the imaging features of nephrogenic rests on ultrasound, CT, and MRI, and the potential possibilities of distinguishing nephroblastomas from nephrogenic rests in one hand, and the possibilities of distinguishing active nephrogenic rests from inactive ones in the other hand. We furthermore discuss the role of histology in making those distinctions, and the role of chemotherapy in reducing nephrogenic rests’ size and cellularity.

The superior mesenteric artery syndrome also known as Wilkie’s syndrome or Benign duodenal stasis, is a condition that occurs when the third duodenum is compressed between the superior mesenteric artery anteriorly and the abdominal aorta posteriorly following the disappearance of the perivascular fatty tissue. It can emulate the symptoms of an upper abdominal obstruction. This case involves a 9-year-old female patient experiencing food vomiting that did not improve with medication. Radiological work-up, which included an abdominal X-ray and a CT angiography, led to the diagnosis of extrinsic and incomplete obstruction of the third duodenum by the aorto-mesenteric clamp. Unfortunately, this diagnosis is rarely made. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the etiology, clinical presentation, and imaging findings of this syndrome.

Myositis ossificans is non-neoplastic heterotopic bone forms in skeletal muscle. We recognize 3 subtypes: fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, myositis ossificans with no history of trauma (nontraumatic or pseudomalignant), and circumscribed or traumatic myositis ossificans. Traumatic myositis ossificans circumscripta has not, as far as we are aware, been previously documented as a complication of traumatic hip dislocation. We present the radiological findings of a 10-year-old girl with Thevenards syndrome, whose traumatic hip dislocation was complicated by circumstantial myositis ossificans. X-rays and computed tomography scan enabled us to diagnose by the presence of mature bone in the periphery of the lesion with a smooth contour and well separated from the bone. The treatment of dislocation and complication was nonoperatively.

The brown tumor is a non-neoplastic lesion resulting from an abnormality in bone metabolism in the context of primary, secondary, or tertiary hyperparathyroidism. They can affect any bone structure and be single or multiple. They are usually located on the long bones, pelvis, ribs, and collarbones. Facial localization is rare and is found in only 4.5% of brown tumors dominated by mandibular involvement. The treatment of a brown tumor depends on several elements: etiology, location, and symptomatology. It can regress or disappear after the treatment of hyperparathyroidism, thus avoiding surgical removal. Otherwise, excision of this mass is performed. We illustrate through this case a brown mandibular tumor revealing secondary hyperparathyroidism in a patient with a history of end-stage chronic renal failure on hemodialysis and associated neurofibromatosis type 1.

Poland syndrome is indeed a rare congenital malformation that can present with various degrees of thoracic and homolateral upper limb anomalies. The classic features of Poland syndrome include agenesis or hypoplasia of the sternocostal head of the pectoralis major muscle, hypoplasia of the nipple, absence of subcutaneous fat, multiple rib abnormalities, and sometimes Sprengel deformity (elevation of the scapula). Additionally, ipsilateral symbrachydactyly (combination of “short fingers” with cutaneous syndactyly [fused fingers]) may also be observed. However, it’s important to note that not all of these findings are always present in every patient, and the combination of features can vary greatly. Surgical treatment for Poland syndrome primarily focuses on improving pulmonary functions resulting from severe thoracic deformities. However, it is frequently performed with the additional goal of enhancing cosmetic appearance. In recent times, the use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and fat transfer has shown promising results for correcting chest defects and breast augmentation. In our study, we present a series of 3 cases that were referred to our institution due to thoracic deformities associated with Poland syndrome.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinico-radiological entity occurring during several conditions and more frequently in those associated with severe hypertension. The diagnostic approach is possible by considering the clinical context and MRI data, where white matter abnormalities are observed predominantly in the parietal and occipital territories secondary to the formation of a vasogenic edema. The evolution is characterized by a reversibility of the lesions in case of early diagnosis and management. The authors report a case of reversible posterior encephalopathy in a 12-year-old child who presented with a status epilepticus, revealing an acute renal failure.

Fetus in fetu is an uncommon medical anomaly characterized by the presence of a malformed fetus within the body of a living twin. Although the retroperitoneum is the most typical location, occurrences in the sacrococcygeal and dorsolumbar regions are rare. Ongoing debates center around its embryopathogenesis, debating whether it is a highly specialized teratoma or a result of parasitic twinning in a monozygotic monochorionic diamniotic pregnancy. Notably, distinguishing factors such as vertebral bodies and limbs are pivotal in discerning FIF from teratomas. Diagnostic imaging techniques are integral for preoperative diagnosis, with histopathological examination confirming the condition’s presence

Rhinoscleroma is a rare benign granulomatous disease in children, the pathogen of which is Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis. Rhinoscleroma almost always affects the respiratory tract, the nasal cavities are the most common site, but can also be found over the entire extent of the respiratory tree, clinically the patient often presents with nasal obstruction with other non-specific signs, Histology is the basis of the diagnosis of rhinoscleroma. Early and appropriate medical treatment improves the prognosis and prevents progression to disabling sequelae. We present the case of a 9-year-old child who presented to the pediatric emergency department with a 2-month history of nasal obstruction unresponsive to medical treatment (Oxymetazoline). This was accompanied by mild nasal swelling and intermittent episodes of epistaxis. A CT scan of the paranasal sinuses was performed, ruling out a malignant tumor in the nasal cavity due to the absence of bone lysis. A nasal cavity biopsy with histopathological examination was conducted, confirming the diagnosis of rhinoscleroma. This was supported by the presence of an infiltrate rich in histiocytes and plasma cells, along with the identification of Russell bodies during PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining. The patient underwent a medical treatment regimen involving a sulfamide-based antibiotic therapy (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) for 8 weeks, along with a short-term corticosteroid therapy at a dose of 1 mg/kg/24 hours. At the first follow-up after 1 month, there was a noticeable reduction in nasal swelling and an improvement in nasal obstruction. A second follow-up 3 months later showed favorable results, with complete disappearance of both the swelling and nasal obstruction. Considering the possibility of recurrence, an annual follow-up was decided upon.

Meningocele is a rare congenital malformation of the central nervous system resulting from a herniation of the meninges containing cerebrospinal fluid through a bony defect in the skull. It is part of neural tube closure anomalies. The overall incidence of meningocele is 0.8 to 3 per 10 000 live births; it varies based on geographical location and race, with a predominance of occipital localization. Among diagnostic methods, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remain crucial examinations. Prenatal diagnosis of this malformation primarily relies on ultrasound and screening through maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. They typically manifest very early at birth with a highly suggestive radioclinical presentation. Surgical treatment usually allows for a definitive cure. Superinfection and rupture of the meningocele are exceptional, resulting from delayed diagnosis and management. In several developed countries, prevention through genetic counseling and the intake of folic acid during the periconceptional period, along with accurate prenatal diagnosis and the legalization of therapeutic abortion, has led to a decrease in the prevalence of meningoceles. In less developed countries, where there is a delay in diagnosis in exceptional cases, superinfection and rupture may occur. We present the case of an 8-month-old infant with a complicated occipital meningocele with superinfection and rupture.

Tuberculosis of the central nervous system is the second most common site after tuberculous meningitis. It represents 0.2% of intracranial expansive lesions in some Western countries compared to 10%-30% in developing countries. We report the case of an infant of 1 year and 2 months old who presented for 15 days with convulsions with asthenia, hypotonia, without fever. The clinical examination and laboratory workup were without abnormalities. His father had ongoing pulmonary tuberculosis, but the infant had no clinical or radiological signs of pulmonary tuberculosis. A brain MRI was showed multiple punctiform brain lesions, suggesting intracerebral tuberculomas in the first place, given the clinical and radiological appearance and the father's history of tuberculosis. The patient was put on anti-convulsant and antibacillary treatment. Through this case, we can see the clinical and radiological polymorphism of cerebral tuberculoma. The diagnosis of certainty remains anatomopathological. The prognosis is poor when it is detected late.

Key clinical message Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is an antenatal anatomical defect characterized by pituitary insufficiency with symptomatology depending on associated hormonal deficits. Diagnosis is often delayed because many clinical findings. The gold standard for detection is pituitary MRI showing absence of pituitary stalk, anterior pituitary hypoplasia, and postpituitary ectopy. The treatment remains polyhormonal substitution. Abstract Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is an antenatal anatomical defect. It is characterized by pituitary insufficiency with symptomatology depending on associated hormonal deficits. Diagnosis of PSIS is often delayed probably because of various clinical characteristics findings. Pituitary imaging abnormality is a specific indicator of hypopituitarism. The symptomatological triad associates a very thin or interrupted pituitary stalk, an ectopic or absent pituitary gland and hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary gland. The gold standard for detection is pituitary MRI. Some genetic factors are associated with the disease. The treatment remains polyhormonal substitution depending on the associated deficits. We reported the case of a 14‐year‐old child with growth retardation in whom the biological work‐up and pituitary MRI concluded that the diagnosis was PSIS with growth hormone deficiency. The treatment implemented was a recombinant growth hormone treatment. The immediate outcome was marked by a regression of symptoms.

Neuroblastomas commonly metastasize to the cranium and orbit, although other facial bones were less implicated. In this report we present a 3 years old child with metastatic neuroblastoma to the mandible that presented with swollen right jaw. The first assessment of the head with computed tomography revealed soft tissue mass with permeative lytic changes of the osseous structures centered on the right mandible, as well as osteo-meningitis metastases. These masses were proven to be metastatic lesions from intra-abdominal neuroblastoma of the right adrenal gland. Over the previous several years, only 29 cases of neuroblastoma metastasis to the mandible have been reported in the literature.

Being the second most common malignant bone tumor in children and young adults, Ewing’s sarcoma can also occur as a primary soft-tissue tumor called extraosseous or extra-skeletal Ewing’s sarcoma. It is a rare entity, especially in the pediatric population. We report the case of an adolescent who presented to our department for lower extremity magnetic resonance imaging to explore leg swelling. It revealed an extra-skeletal Ewing’s sarcoma with multiple bone metastases. By reporting this case, we also review the literature on this rare abnormality.

Mesenchymal hamartoma (MH) is a benign liver tumor accounting for 3% to 8% of all liver tumors in children, commonly manifesting before 3 years of life. Distinguishing MH from hepatoblastoma and other liver tumors relies on imaging and alpha-fetoprotein (which is usually within normal range in MH), before histologic examination. We report a case of a hepatic MH associated with elevated alpha-fetoprotein, leading to a misdiagnosis of hepatoblastoma and the administration of chemotherapy. We draw the attention to the diagnostic difficulty and pitfalls related to alpha-fetoprotein elevation in the setting of a liver tumor, and we highlight the importance of imaging and histology in establishing the diagnosis.

Spinal cord cavernous malformation is a rare and uncommon vascular malformation, it may remain asymptomatic for a long period or manifest as a sudden or gradual change in spinal cord functioning. The diagnosis relies essentially on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Surgery constitutes the majority of management with all the complications that can occur during and after surgery. We report a case of intramedullary cavernoma of a 12-year-old patient admitted for acute paraparesia with bowel and bladder dysfunction. MRI revealed 2 intramedullary cavernomas at T6-T7 and T11-T12. Through this case report, we discuss the clinical and radiological characteristics of this unusual intramedullary malformation.

A tumoral calcinosis is a rare benign pathology characterized by calcium deposits (calcium phosphate crystals) in the periarticular soft tissues, giving a truly pseudotumor appearance. The same patients with tumoral calcinosis may have manifestation of hyperostosis hyperphosphatemia syndrome. The association is called Hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis which is the case with our patient. We present a unique case of a 10-year-old female child without any notable history. No notion of consanguinity, a non-painful swelling of the right elbow for the last 3 years. She was presented with tumoral calcinosis in the context of familial hyperphosphatemic calcinosis tumor in which the diagnosis of lymphangioma was evoked and then redressed.

Hemangiomas are the most common benign vascular neoplasms of infancy. Congenital hemangiomas proliferate in utero, and are fully formed at birth. They are usually solitary. Generalized forms are exceptional. The liver is the second most common site of hemangiomas after the skin. When >5 cutaneous hemangiomas are present, screening abdominal ultrasound is recommended. Based on the degree of liver parenchyma involvement, 3 hepatic hemangiomas’ subtypes are defined: focal, multifocal, and diffuse. Hepatic hemangiomas’ clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic to life-threatening. High output cardiac failure, consumptive coagulopathy, abdominal compartment syndrome, and liver dysfunction are possible complications. We report an unusual case of symptomatic congenital hemangiomatosis in a male infant born with innumerable generalized cutaneous hemangiomas whose screening abdominal ultrasound revealed multifocal hepatic hemangiomas with extensive mixed shunts. We aim to highlight this unique entity with severe associated complications and stress the role of imaging at initial presentation, for follow-up, and to guide therapeutic choices.

Extramedullary hematopoiesis is a rare disorder in which hematopoietic cells proliferate in tissues other than the bone marrow as a result of a range of hematologic illnesses. Our case is unique in that it covers a number of extramedullary hematopoiesis sites in a 15-year-old girl, some of which are uncommon.

Endometriosis is defined by the presence of functional ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, excluding the myometrium. It is a benign tumor that can infiltrate and cling to other organs, mimicking a malignant tumor. Umbilical endometriosis is a rare type of endometriosis that can occur naturally or as a result of a surgical operation. We report the case of a patient who experienced catamenial umbilical discomfort and whose radiological examination revealed endometriotic involvement.

Hydatid disease is a zoonosis caused by a larva of the tapeworm Echinococcus. All organs can be involved, but it is frequently located in liver for adults and lung for children. The clinical features are nonspecific. Imaging findings has an important place in the diagnosis and the follow-up. Rupture is the most common complication of a hydatic cyst and has a variety of imaging findings depending on the ruptured layer, the amount of air within the cyst and the type rupture. We report the case of a 10-year-old boy presenting shortness of breath and fever among other symptoms revealing by chest X-ray and thoracic CT scan, a lung ruptured hydatic cyst to the pleural cavity causing a tension hydro-pneumothorax and a superadded infection.

Schwannomas are uncommon benign tumors of the peripheral nerves with a low risk of malignant transformation. They rarely affect children, can affect any part of the body but rarely occur in the lower extremity and typically present with a palpable mass, pain or neurological signs. Imaging helps to orient the diagnosis and anatomopathological examination helps to confirm it. We report a case of a 12-year-old girl who presented with left knee pain with subcutaneous mass overlying the tibial tuberosity medially. Clinical examination revealed a positive Tinel’s sign. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee was performed, which revealed an encapsulated subcutaneous soft tissue mass overlying the tibial tuberosity medially, eccentric to the course of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve. The patient was operated with total intracapsular excision of the lesion and the anatomopathological study of the surgical specimen came back in favor of a schwannoma. Postoperatively, the patient showed a good recovery with disappearance of pain and swelling.

PHACE(S) syndrome combines: posterior fossa brain malformations, face hemangioma, arterial cerebrovascular abnormalities, cardiovascular abnormalities, eye abnormalities, and ventral developmental defects (Sternal defects or supra-umbilical rope). The diagnosis is based on the association of an infant hemangioma exceeding 5cm in size on the face, neck, scalp with 1 major criteria or 2 minor criteria. Imaging, especially Gadolinium MRI and MRA of the brain, neck, and aortic arch, transthoracic echocardiography, or even cardiac MRI play a key role in the detection of associated neurological and cardiovascular abnormalities.We report 2 cases of PHACE syndrome revealed by 2 different clinical presentations.

The vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is a rare cerebral arteriovenous malformation that can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated early. VGAM usually presents in the neonatal period with high-output cardiac failure. We report the case of a full-term male neonate who presented with respiratory distress, and a fontanel bruit soon after birth. A chest radiograph revealed marked cardiomegaly. Transthoracic echocardiography showed dilatation of all four cardiac chambers and a patent ductus arteriosus. Transfontanellar doppler ultrasound and brain computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis of a VGAM. Clinical worsening took place despite aggressive hemodynamic and ventilatory support. The patient's Bicêtre Neonatal Evaluation Score for embolization was 2. Endovascular treatment could not be performed. The patient regretfully passed away. VGAM should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neonatal congestive heart failure with a structurally normal heart. Early diagnosis and treatment improve prognosis considerably.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare chronic benign inflammatory mastopathy occurring mainly in young women. With a non-specific imagery, it is considered as a diagnosis by exclusion and has a challenging treatment. Histologically, it is characterized by the predominance of polynuclear neutrophils and the absence of caseous necrosis. The breast carcinoma is the main differential diagnosis at the clinical stage, and imagery plays an essential role in its diagnostic approach. Its treatment combines antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, corticosteroid therapy, and surgery. We report a 42-year-old woman who presented a breast lesion diagnosis as granulomatous mastitis based on magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and histology examinations. She received a treatment with different drugs (antibiotics, anti-inflammatories). The outcome treatment was successful with a good healing of breast lesions.

Nephroblastoma is a renal blast tumor, the most common malignant renal tumor in children between 1 and 5 years of age. The average age of onset is 3.5 years, rarely occurring in children over 10 years of age. Its treatment is a model of medical-surgical collaboration. The prognostic factors are mainly the stage but recent studies have also shown that the advanced age of the child is a negative prognostic factor. We report a case of a 14-year-old child who presented with pain with swelling of the right hypochondrium, ultrasound showed a heterogeneous right retroperitoneal mass, MRI showed a large retroperitoneal tumor process with a right renal origin, in heterogeneous T2 signal, in T1 hyposignal, diffusion restricted, containing necrotic areas and heterogeneously enhancing after injection, responsible for pyelocalic dilatation and right renal venous thrombosis, extended to the IVC and the right atrium, with adenopathies, suggesting first a sarcoma. The extension workup showed pulmonary nodules of secondary appearance. An echo-guided biopsy was performed and the anatomopathological study confirmed the diagnosis of nephroblastoma.