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1. Antibiotic resistance and the COVID‐19 pandemic: A dual crisis with complex challenges in LMICs

Author

Bashar Haruna Gulumbe, Muhammed Rabiu Sahal, Abdulrakib Abdulrahim, Abdullahi Adamu Faggo, Zaharadeen Muhammad Yusuf, Kabir Hassan Sambo, Nazeef Idris Usman, Musbahu Abdullahi Bagwai, Wada Nafiu Muhammad, Aliyu Adamu, Uzairu Aminu, Munkaila Tirmizhi Abubakar, and Kadai Alhaji Lawan

Subjects
AMR, antibiotic resistance, COVID‐19, infectious diseases, LMICs, Medicine
Abstract

Abstract Background and Aims Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a global health crisis of mounting urgency, has been further complicated by the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic. The intricate relationship between these two phenomena is especially pronounced in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) due to the distinct obstacles encountered by their healthcare systems and policy structures. This study aims to explore the complex challenges arising from the coexistence of these two crises in LMICs and proffer specific recommendations for holistic management. Methods An exhaustive bibliographic survey was executed, employing search queries in specialized databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science's SCI‐EXPANDED index. The timeframe for the literature search extended from January 2020 to January 2023. The search strategy employed key terms including antibiotic resistance, AMR, COVID‐19 pandemic, low‐ and middle‐income countries, SARS‐CoV‐2, and LMICs. Results The pandemic has aggravated various drivers of AMR in LMICs, including limited capabilities, weak frameworks, and socioeconomic factors. New challenges have emerged, such as disruptions in the antibiotic supply chain and an increased risk of healthcare‐associated infections. The interaction between these drivers presents a complex problem that demands a coordinated response. Specific recommendations include strengthening health systems, funding research and innovation, and enhancing infection prevention control measures. Conclusion The coexistence of AMR and the COVID‐19 pandemic in LMICs demands an integrated approach involving multiple stakeholders. Emphasis must be placed on constructing aligned regulatory frameworks, nurturing regional collaborations, and focusing on accessible therapeutic options. The study underscores the necessity for actionable strategies to achieve sustainable access to clean water and sanitation and also highlights the importance of long‐term planning, funding, and specialized expertise in emerging modalities like phage therapy.

Published
2023
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4. Phenotypic characterization, detection of virulence factors, and antibacterial susceptibility profile of clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Author

Nazeef Idris Usman

Abstract

Klebsiella pneumoniae has been one of the most occurring bacteria in clinical samples causing community-acquired and nosocomial infections. It has been developing resistance to most antimicrobial agents. These have increased the pathogenicity and the chance for the evolvement of more invasive K. pneumoniae. The study was aimed at the identification and detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae from clinical samples. Some selected virulence factors were detected and the antibacterial susceptibility profile of the isolates was conducted. The incubation period, infective dose, and mortality rate of K.pneumoniae were measured using Baggs albino rats (BALB/c) strain. The isolation and identification of 56 Klebsiella pneumoniae from 223 clinical samples were made. Out of 56 K. pneumoniae isolates, all manifested mucoid phenotype, 44(78.6%) capsule antigen and 13(23.2%) Siderophore. The antimicrobial test conducted identified Zinacef 51(91.1%), Rocephin 50 (89.3%), and Ampiclox 50 (91.1%) as the most resistant. Ciprofloxacin 49 (87.5%), chloramphenicol 35(62.5%), Gentamycin 32(57.1%), and Amoxicillin 28 (50%) were the most susceptible to Klebsiella pneumoniae. The mouse lethality test shows that K. pneumoniae hypermucoviscous strain can cause 41.7% lethality and 66.7% mortality in Baggs Albino rats. Meanwhile an infection dose 105cfu/ml, 107cfu/ml and 109cfu/ml produced an incubation period of 9 days, 7days and 5days. The chi-square test shows no significant association between the isolate and the gender of the patients, but there is a significant association between the samples and isolates identified p

Published
2022

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