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In the current study, we investigated the regenerative effects of amniotic fluid exosomes (AF-Exos) in a rat model for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). POI is a condition characterized by a decrease in ovarian function that can lead to infertility. We induced POI by administering cyclophosphamide (CTX) for 15 consecutive days, and then transplanted AF-Exos directly into both ovarian tissues. Four weeks later, we measured the serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2), and performed histopathological evaluations using H & E and Masson's trichrome staining. We also monitored the expression of genes related to the TGF-β signaling pathway using real-time PCR and examined the fertility rate of POI rats after AF-Exos therapy. Histological analysis showed an increase in atretic follicles and a decrease in healthy follicle count after POI induction. Four weeks post-AF-Exos intervention, the healthy follicle count increased (p < 0.01) while the atretic follicle count decreased (p < 0.001). In parallel, the deposition of collagen fibers also decreased following AF-Exos transplantation. The concentrations of FSH and LH hormones in sera remained unchanged after injection of AF-Exos, while E2 levels increased (p < 0.05). The expression of Smad-4 (p < 0.01) and Smad-6 (p < 0.05) was upregulated in POI rats that received AF-Exos, while Smad-2, TGF-β1, TNF-α, and IL-10 remained statistically unchanged. Our records showed a notable increase in litter number after AF-Exos compared to the non-treated POI rats. These results suggest that AF-Exos transplantation has the potential to restore ovarian function through the TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway in POI rats., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a challenging issue in terms of reproduction biology. In this study, therapeutic properties of bone marrow CD146 + mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and CD144 + endothelial cells (ECs) were separately investigated in rats with POI., Methods: POI rats were classified into control POI, POI + CD146 + MSCs, and POI + CD144 + ECs groups. Enriched CD146 + MSCs and CD144 + ECs were directly injected into ovarian tissue (15 × 10 4 cells/10 μL) in relevant groups. After 4 weeks, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E 2 ) levels were measured in blood samples. Ovarian tissues were collected and subjected to Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The expression of angp-2, vegfr-2, smad-2, -4, -6, and tgf-β1 was studied using qRT-PCR analysis. Histopathological examination indicated an increased pattern of atretic follicles in the POI group related to the control rats ( P <0.0001)., Results: Data indicated that injection of POI + CD146 + MSCs and CD144 + ECs in POI rats reduced atretic follicles and increased the number of normal follicles ( P <0.01). Along with these changes, the content of blue-colored collagen fibers was diminished after cell transplantation. Besides, cell transplantation in POI rats had the potential to reduce increased FSH, and LH levels ( P <0.05). In contrast, E2 content was increased in POI + CD146 + MSCs and POI + CD144 + ECs groups compared to control POI rats, indicating restoration of follicular function. CD144 + ( smad-2 , and -4 ) and CD146 + ( smad-6 ) cells altered the activity of genes belonging TGF-β signaling pathway. Unlike POI + CD146 + MSCs, aberrant angiogenesis properties were significantly down-regulated in POI + CD144 + ECs related to the control POI group ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: The transplantation of bone marrow CD146 + and CD144 + cells can lead to the restoration of ovarian tissue function in POI rats via modulating different mechanisms associated with angiogenesis and fibrosis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing Interests., (© 2023 The Author(s).)

Background: The restorative effect of classical music was assessed on the cyclophosphamide-induced animal model of premature ovarian failure (POF)., Methods: Mozart's piano classical music (K.448) was used for up to 4 and 8 weeks. Rats were exposed to music 6 h every day using a stereo system with a volume of 65-70 dB. Sera and ovarian tissue samples were collected for the evaluation of FSH, LH, and E 2 and histopathological examination. At the same time points, samples were taken from the hypothalamus and hippocampus to monitor the expression of Ntrk2, Crh, and Pomc using real-time PCR. Mating trial was performed to evaluate the fertility status of POF rats., Results: Histopathological examination revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the numbers of morphologically normal follicles at all the developmental stages in POF rats after music therapy compared to the POF group (p < 0.05). Music therapy decreased FSH and LH levels to near-to-normal levels conidied with elevation of E 2 (p < 0.05). Ntrk2, Crh, and Pomc expressions were down-regulated in POF rats. Music therapy increasaed the expression of Ntrk2 in the hypothalamus of POF rats (p < 0.05). In contrast, Crh and Pomc failed to reach the detection limit before intervention and four weeks after the intervention however, these genes were expressed eight weeks after music therapy. Fertility status was increased (p < 0.05) in terms of litter size in POF rats after being exposed to music compared to the non-treated POF control group (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Results showed that music can exert therapeutic effects on POF rats via the alteration of sex-related hormones., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Mouse CD90 + SSCs were enriched using the MACS technique and incubated with different doses of estradiol, ranging from 0.01 ng/mL to 500 μg/mL, for 7 days. The viability of SSCs was determined using an MTT assay. The combined effects of estradiol plus Sertoli cell differentiation medium on the orientation of SSCs toward Sertoli-like cells were also assessed. Using immunofluorescence imaging, we monitored protein levels of Oct3/4 after being exposed to estradiol. In addition, protein levels of testosterone, TF, and ABP were measured using ELISA. The expression of Sertoli cell-specific genes such as SOX9, GATA4, FSHR, TF, and ESR-1 and -2 was monitored using real-time PCR assay, and the effects of 14-day injection of estradiol on sperm parameters and Oct3/4 positive progenitor cells in a model of mouse were determined. Data showed that estradiol increased the viability of mouse SSCs in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control (p < 0.05). Along with these changes, cells displayed morphological changes and reduced Oct3/4 transcription factor levels compared to the control SSCs. 7-day incubation of SSCs with estradiol led to the up-regulation of SOX9, GATA4, FSHR, TF, and ESR-1 and -2, and levels of testosterone, TF, and ABP were increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The in-vivo examination noted that estradiol reduced sperm parameters coincided with morphological abnormalities (p < 0.05). Histological examination revealed pathological changes in seminiferous tubules and reduction of testicular Oct3/4 + progenitor cells. In conclusion, estradiol treatment probably can induce Sertoli cell differentiation of SSCs while exogenous administration leads to testicular progenitor cell depletion and infertility in long term., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)