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The aim of this work was to study the, so far, unexplored possibility that non-genetic inheritance of animal behavioral characteristics could depend on the state of the parents at the time of conception, by studying inheritance of high and low motor and exploratory activity in the first generation of rats. In this study, we measured the levels of motor and exploratory activity in rats at the ages of 2 and 5 months. Male and female rats were mated at the age of 5 months. The following groups were used: male and female rats with high motor activity at ages of 2 and 5 months (ACT+); male and female rats with high activity at the age of 2 months, but low activity at the age of 5 months (ACT–); male and female rats with low activity at the ages of 2 and 5 months (PAS–); male and female rats with low activity at the age of 2 months, but high activity at the age of 5 months (PAS+). Significant differences in the severity of exploratory activity were found between the offspring of ACT+ and ACT– rats. Moreover, these differences were observed only in males, and not in females. Differences between the offspring of PAS+ and PAS– rats were observed in both the male and female rats. The motor activity of animals in the period from 20 minutes after the start of registration did not differ between groups. Thus, it can be considered that individual characteristics of general motor activity are due to genetically inherited factors, while differences in the level of exploratory activity, apparently, are formed due to non-genetic influences from parents during mating.

Актуальность работы обусловлена необходимостью импортозамещения программного обеспечения в области проектирования, моделирования и оптимизации процессов подготовки и переработки нефти и газа. Практически все используемые на предприятиях нефтегазового сектора пакеты моделирующих систем представляют собой разработки США, Канады, Великобритании и других стран. В сложившихся условиях санкционных рисков по использованию импортного программного обеспечения для моделирования технологических процессов крайне актуальной задачей является разработка и быстрая адаптация инженерных математических моделей всех базовых процессов нефтепереработки, которые в дальнейшем станут основой российских импортозамещающих программных продуктов. В Национальном исследовательском Томском политехническом университете более 30 лет проводятся исследования процессов получения моторных топлив, на основании которых разработаны надежные математические модели таких технологий, как каталитический риформинг бензинов, изомеризация пентангексановой фракции углеводородов, каталитический крекинг вакуумного дистиллята и смесевого нефтяного сырья, гидропереработки нефтяных фракций, компаундирование высокооктановых бензинов и других. Отличительной особенностью разработанных математических моделей является то, что они, с одной стороны, построены на основе фактических промышленных данных по эксплуатации установок на различных НПЗ, а с другой, учитывают основные фундаментальные физико-химические закономерности механизмов реакций, дезактивации катализаторов, макрокинетические факторы процессов производства моторных топлив. Решение многокритериальной задачи оптимизации технологии приготовления моторных топлив (бензинов и дизельных топлив) возможно с применением метода математического моделирования на физико-химической основе, т. е. с учетом термодинамики и кинетики превращений углеводородов на поверхности катализатора, а также нестационарности протекания процессов ввиду закоксовывания, старения и отравления катализатора вредными примесями, изменения химического состава перерабатываемого сырья. Цель: разработка технических решений, направленных на повышение эффективности многостадийного производства бензинов с использованием инженерных моделей процессов нефтепереработки. Методы исследования базируются на использовании математического моделирования многокомпонентных процессов переработки углеводородного сырья. В качестве исходных данных использованы результаты хроматографического определения группового и индивидуального состава различных нефтяных фракций. Результаты. Выполнены оценка и прогнозирование влияния компонентного состава перерабатываемого сырья каталитического риформинга на качественные и количественные характеристики компонентов товарного бензина. Применение модели каталитического крекинга показало, что выход целевых продуктов процесса и активность катализатора выше на 4,9 и 6,7 % мас. при переработке сырья с более низким содержанием ароматических углеводородов и смол (29,9 и 1,6 % мас.), что связано со снижением содержания кокса на катализаторе на 0,15 % мас. Определен максимальный выход бензина для двух типов сырья (55,4 и 56,5 % мас.), который достигается при 536,0 и 534,0 °С, что объясняется их углеводородным составом. Выполнены прогнозные расчеты с оценкой влияния состава потока бензиновой фракции каталитического крекинга на рецептуру и качество получаемого товарного бензина при использовании более легкого сырья на установке крекинга. Показана возможность увеличения доли потока бензиновой фракции каталитического крекинга в рецептуру приготовления товарного бензина. Себестоимость производства моторного топлива в этом случае снижается на величину от 0,1 до 1,0 %. The relevance of this study is caused by the need for import substitution of software in the field of design, modeling and optimization of the gas and oil processing. Almost all software for modeling used at oil and gas entities are the developments of the USA, Canada, Great Britain and other countries. In the current conditions of sanctions risks on using imported software for modeling technological processes, the development and rapid adaptation of engineering mathematical models of all basic oil refining processes are an extremely urgent task. These models will further become the basis of Russian import-substituting software products. Over the course of 30 years, the National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University has been researching the processes of the motor fuels production. On the basis of these studies the reliable mathematical models have been developed for technologies such as catalytic reforming of gasoline, isomerization of the hydrocarbons pentane-hexane fraction, catalytic cracking of vacuum distillate and mixed petroleum feedstock, hydroprocessing of petroleum fractions, compounding of high-octane gasolines, and others. Distinctive features of the developed mathematical models are related to following: firstly, they are built on the basis of real industrial data on the operation units at various refineries and, secondly, they take into account the main fundamental physical and chemical laws of reaction mechanisms, the catalyst deactivation as well as the macrokinetic factors of motor fuel production processes. The solution of multicriteria problem of optimizing the technology of preparation of motor fuels (gasoline and diesel fuels) is possible using the method of mathematical modeling on a physical and chemical basis. This approach takes into account the thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrocarbon conversions on the catalyst surface, as well as the non-stationarity of the processes due to coking, aging and poisoning by harmful impurities of the catalyst, changes in the chemical composition of the feedstock. The aim of this study is to develop the technical solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of multi-stage gasoline production using the engineering models of oil refining processes. The method of the research is based on using the mathematical modelling method for multi-stage processes of petroleum feedstock refining. The group and individual composition of various petroleum fractions determined by chromatographic methods, were used as an initial data. Results. The effect of the component composition of the processed feedstock of catalytic reforming on the qualitative and quantitative properties of the components of commercial gasoline was estimated and predicted. The use of the catalytic cracking model showed that when processing the feedstock with a lower content of aromatic hydrocarbons and resins the coke content on the catalyst is lower by 0,15 % wt. This leads to increasing the catalyst activity and the desired product yields by 6,7 % and 4,9 wt. % in comparison with the feedstock with higher content of resins and aromatics.The maximum gasoline yield for two types of the feedstocks (55,4 and 56,5 % wt.) which is achieved at 536,0 and 534,0 °C was determined according to their hydrocarbon compositions. The predictive calculations with an assessment of how the composition of the catalytic cracking gasoline influences the formulation and commercial quality of the commercial gasoline using the lighter catalytic cracking feedstock, were performed. The possibility of increasing the amount of the catalytic cracking gasoline into the commercial gasoline formula is shown. The cost of motor fuel production in this case is reduced from 0,1 to 1,0 %.

In the gasoline preparation process, various products are used, such as catalytic reforming, isomerization, hydrocracking, hydrodewaxing, catalytic cracking, liquidphase catalytic alkylation processes, as well as additives such as gasoline. As a result of the catalytic activity of a bifunctional catalyst in isomerization and aromatization reactions. The yield of liquid products (C[5+]), the composition of the reformate and the octane number can be adjusted by optimizing the independent variables (temperature, pressure, consumption of raw materials) or by adding different promoters to the reaction catalytic zone (water, chlorine). Optimization of this process is a very complex multi-stage technology for processing hydrocarbon feedstock into high-octane components, and increasing its efficiency reduces the cost of the product.

The article explores the theoretical aspects of the concept of human development in the context of the social economy formation, their interconnection and differences. The results of the analytical assessments of the development of the social economy for the needs of human development confirm the inadequate effectiveness of government policy. It was determined that the accumulated human potential in Ukraine isn't implemented effectively in the context of human needs. It identifies a number of negative phenomena in the social and economic problems. As a result, short recommendations have been proposed to promote the further development of the social economy and the formation of human development.