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A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. The bulky and normal polymers are graphs of aromatic organic compounds. The main idea of this article is to elaborate the expected results of Zagreb connection, sombor and reduced sombor indices in bulky and normal polymers. The generalized expected results with the help of probability technique for all the chains like polyonino, pentachain, polyphenyl, cyclooctane cyclodecane and so on different chains for Alkanes have been determined which are connected with and without any bond (edge). The Sombor topological index is named after the city of Sombor in Serbia, where it was introduced by a group of researchers in the field of chemoinformatics and mathematical chemistry. At the end, we have find the meta, ortho and para polymers to define the average values of Zagreb connection, Sombor and reduced Sombor indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical graph is a graphical representation of the molecular structure of a chemical compound, showing the atoms of the compound and the bonds between them. Chemical graphs are used in many areas of chemistry, including organic chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science. The basic idea of this paper is to compute the expected results of multiplicative K Banhatti and multiplicative hyper K Banhatti indices of this category of organic compounds. The average value of the multiplicative K Banhatti and multiplicative hyper K Banhatti indices for the set of random poly-phenylene chains have been calculated. Moreover, we presented the comparison between the expected results of multiplicative K Banhatti and multiplicative hyper K Banhatti indices for polyphenyl and spiro chain, have been resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium-doped zinc spinel ferrite (ZnCexFe2−xO4) nanoparticles with x = 0.00–0.20 were synthesized via sol–gel method and annealed at 600 °C for 3 h. The existence of FCC spinel phase with secondary phase of the prepared samples was confirmed by the XRD pattern. The crystallite size was estimated by Williamson–Hall, Scherrer’s formula, modified Scherrer’s formula, and size strain plot found in the range of 12–19 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed nonuniform and nonspherical grains distribution in the samples. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the existence of two characteristic absorption bands in the samples. Complex impedance, complex dielectric constant, tangent loss, AC conductivity, and complex electric modulus were determined in the 1 MHz to 3 GHz frequency range. It is found that dielectric constant almost remains constant up to 1.4 GHz and after that relaxation peaks are observed. Vibrating sample magnetometry showed that saturation magnetization decreased by 44.37%. Low dielectric losses at high frequencies made them good contestants for microwave devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Coons patch is characterized by a finite set of boundary curves, which are dependent on the choice of blending functions. For a bicubically blended Coons patch (BBCP), the Hermite cubic polynomials (interpolants) are used as blending functions. A BBCP comprises information about its four corner points, including the curvature represented by eight tangent vectors, as well as the twisting behavior determined by the four twist vectors at these corner points. The interior shape of the BBCP depends not only on the tangent vectors at the corner points but on the twist vectors as well. The alteration in the twist vectors at the corner points can change the interior shape of the BBCP even for the same arrangement of tangent vectors at these corner points. In this study, we aim to determine the optimal twist vectors that would make the surface an extremal of the minimal energy functional. To achieve this, we obtain the constraints on the optimal twist vectors (MPDs) of the BBCP for the specified corner points by computing the extremal of the Dirichlet and quasi-harmonic functionals over the entire surface with respect to the twist vectors. These twist vectors can then be used to construct various quasi-minimal and quasi-harmonic BBCP s by varying corner points and tangent vectors. The optimization techniques involve minimizing a functional subject to certain constraints. The methods used to optimize twist vectors of BBCP s can have potential applications in various fields. They can be applied to fuzzy optimal control problems, allowing us to find the solution of complex and uncertain systems with fuzzy constraints. They provide us an opportunity to incorporate symmetry considerations for the partial differential equations associated with minimal surface equations, an outcome of zero-mean curvature for such surfaces. By exploring and utilizing the underlying symmetries, the optimization strategies can be further enhanced in terms of robustness and adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plantar wart is a common viral infection of the plantar surface of the foot. Multiple treatment modalities are available but there is no definitive management option. The aim of this study is to compare topical adapalene gel 0.1% with cryotherapy in patients presenting with plantar warts in terms of time taken for complete clearance of the lesions. Methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Dermatology, PNS Shifa Hospital, Karachi from 28th April to 28th October 2020. Eighty-four patients with plantar warts who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Approval from the institutional ethical review committee was sought and written informed consent was taken from all the patients. Patients were divided into two groups, A (Adapalene 0.1% gel) and B (Cryotherapy) of 42 patients each. Adapalene gel was applied twice daily under occlusion at home and cryotherapy was done at the clinic after every two weeks. Patients were followed weekly from the onset of treatment and days taken for complete clearance of plantar warts were noted. Both the groups were compared for the outcome, i.e., time taken for complete clearance of lesions. Results: The mean time for complete clearance of plantar warts in group A was 35.619±3.154 days and in group B, it was 50.404±3.178 days. Conclusion: Adapalene gel 0.1% used for the treatment of plantar warts helped in complete clearance of lesions faster than cryotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study protective effect of ethanol extract of Pistacia chinensis bark (PCEB) was investigated in rats against CCl4 induced lung and thyroid injuries. PCEB dose dependently inhibited the rise of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, and protein content and restored the levels of antioxidant enzymes, that is, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, S-glutamyl transpeptidase, and quinone reductase in both lung and thyroid tissues of CCl4 treated rats. Decrease in number of leukocytes, neutrophils, and hemoglobin and T3 and T4 content as well as increase in monocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes count with CCl4 were restored to normal level with PCEB treatment. Histological study of CCl4 treated rats showed various lung injuries like rupture of alveolar walls and bronchioles, aggregation of fibroblasts, and disorganized Clara cells. Similarly, histology of CCl4 treated thyroid tissues displayed damaged thyroid follicles, hypertrophy, and colloidal depletion. However, PCEB exhibited protective behaviour for lungs and thyroid, with improved histological structure in a dose dependant manner. Presence of three known phenolic compounds, that is, rutin, tannin, and gallic acid, and three unknown compounds was verified in thin layer chromatographic assessment of PCEB. In conclusion, P. chinensis exhibited antioxidant activity by the presence of free radical quenching constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss., family Compositae, is a medicinally important plant of alpine region. Its tuberous roots are used in various ailments in folk medicine. This study was undertaken to estimate total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) and to determine anti-free radical potential by diverse in vitro antioxidant assays. Crude methanol extract (JDME) was fractionated into n-hexane (JDHE), chloroform (JDCE), ethyl acetate (JDEE), n-butanol (JDBE), and aqueous (JDAE) fractions. The results indicated that JDEE and JDCE constituted the highest amount of TFC (807± 7.2mg rutin equivalent/g sample) and TPC (757± 9.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/g sample), respectively. Significant correlation of TFC with IC50 values was recorded for ·OH (R2 = 0.91), H2O2 (R2 = 0.82), and ABTS (R2 = 0.82) assay. It could bemade clear that JDEE was the most potent in antioxidant activity as compared to others, with generally lower IC50 values for DPPH (41.1± 1.0 μg/mL), ABTS (46.7± 0.6 μg/mL), H2O2 (42.2± 0.9 μg/mL), ·OH (61.±1.1 μg/mL),O2- (152±1.1 μg/mL), and antilipid peroxidation (54.3±1.6 μg/mL).HPLC chromatogramof JDEE revealed the presence of catechin, caffeic acid, and rutin. The results indicated the antioxidant activities of J. dolomiaea roots and merit further investigations for their use in oxidative stress related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study protective effect of ethanol extract of Pistacia chinensis bark (PCEB) was investigated in rats against CCl4 induced lung and thyroid injuries. PCEB dose dependently inhibited the rise of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, and protein content and restored the levels of antioxidant enzymes, that is, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and quinone reductase in both lung and thyroid tissues of CCl4 treated rats. Decrease in number of leukocytes, neutrophils, and hemoglobin and T3 and T4 content as well as increase in monocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes count with CCl4 were restored to normal level with PCEB treatment. Histological study of CCl4 treated rats showed various lung injuries like rupture of alveolar walls and bronchioles, aggregation of fibroblasts, and disorganized Clara cells. Similarly, histology of CCl4 treated thyroid tissues displayed damaged thyroid follicles, hypertrophy, and colloidal depletion. However, PCEB exhibited protective behaviour for lungs and thyroid, with improved histological structure in a dose dependant manner. Presence of three known phenolic compounds, that is, rutin, tannin, and gallic acid, and three unknown compounds was verified in thin layer chromatographic assessment of PCEB. In conclusion, P. chinensis exhibited antioxidant activity by the presence of free radical quenching constituents.