84 results on '"Nawrath, C."'
Search Results
2. Coherence and indistinguishability of highly pure single photons from non-resonantly and resonantly excited telecom C-band quantum dots
- Author
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Nawrath, C., Olbrich, F., Paul, M., Portalupi, S. L., Jetter, M., and Michler, P.
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Quantum Physics ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics - Abstract
In the present work, the effect of resonant pumping schemes in improving the photon coherence is investigated on InAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum dots emitting in the telecom C-band. The linewidths of transitions of multiple exemplary quantum dots are determined under above-band pumping and resonance fluorescence via Fourier-transform spectroscopy and resonance scans, respectively. The average linewidth is reduced from $9.74\,\mathrm{GHz}$ in above-band excitation to $3.50\,\mathrm{GHz}$ in resonance fluorescence underlining its superior coherence properties. Furthermore, the feasibility of coherent state preparation with a fidelity of $49.2\,\%$ is demonstrated, constituting a step towards on-demand generation of coherent, single C-band photons from quantum dots. Finally, two-photon excitation of the biexciton is investigated as a resonant pumping scheme. A deconvoluted single-photon purity value of $g^{(2)}_{\mathrm{HBT}}(0)=0.072\pm 0.104$ and a degree of indistinguishability of $V_{\mathrm{HOM}}=0.894\pm0.109$ are determined for the biexciton transition. This represents an important step towards fulfilling the prerequisites for quantum communication applications like quantum repeater schemes at telecom wavelength.
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- 2019
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3. Non-equilibrium spin noise spectroscopy of a single quantum dot operating at fiber telecommunication wavelengths.
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Sun, Tian-Jiao, Sterin, P., Lengert, L., Nawrath, C., Jetter, M., Michler, P., Ji, Yang, Hübner, J., and Oestreich, M.
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ELECTRON-hole recombination ,TELECOMMUNICATION ,NOISE measurement ,NOISE ,THERMAL equilibrium ,QUANTUM dots ,OPTICAL fiber networks ,PHOTON emission - Abstract
We report on the spin and occupation noise of a single, positively charged (InGa)As quantum dot emitting photons in the telecommunication C-band. The spin noise spectroscopy measurements are carried out at a temperature of 4.2 K in dependence on intensity and detuning in the regime beyond thermal equilibrium. The spin noise spectra yield in combination with an elaborate theoretical model the hole-spin relaxation time of the positively charged quantum dot and the Auger recombination and the electron-spin relaxation time of the trion state. The extracted Auger recombination time of this quantum dot emitting at 1.55 μ m is comparable to the typical Auger recombination times on the order of a few μ s measured in traditionally grown InAs/GaAs quantum dots emitting at around 900 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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4. Resonance fluorescence of single In(Ga)As quantum dots emitting in the telecom C-band
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Nawrath, C., primary, Vural, H., additional, Fischer, J., additional, Schaber, R., additional, Portalupi, S. L., additional, Jetter, M., additional, and Michler, P., additional
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- 2021
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5. High-frequency linkage of co-expressing T-DNA in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana transformed by vacuum-infiltration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
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Poirier, Y., Ventre, G., and Nawrath, C.
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- 2000
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6. Plastid Targeting of the Enzymes Required for the Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate in Higher Plants.
- Author
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Nawrath, C., primary, Poirier, Y., additional, and Somerville, C.R., additional
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- 1994
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7. Coherence and indistinguishability of highly pure single photons from non-resonantly and resonantly excited telecom C-band quantum dots
- Author
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Nawrath, C., primary, Olbrich, F., additional, Paul, M., additional, Portalupi, S. L., additional, Jetter, M., additional, and Michler, P., additional
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- 2019
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8. Structural and optical properties of InAs/(In)GaAs/GaAs quantum dots with single-photon emission in the telecom C-band up to 77 K
- Author
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Carmesin, C., primary, Olbrich, F., additional, Mehrtens, T., additional, Florian, M., additional, Michael, S., additional, Schreier, S., additional, Nawrath, C., additional, Paul, M., additional, Höschele, J., additional, Gerken, B., additional, Kettler, J., additional, Portalupi, S. L., additional, Jetter, M., additional, Michler, P., additional, Rosenauer, A., additional, and Jahnke, F., additional
- Published
- 2018
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9. Export of salicylic acid from the chloroplast is enabled by the MATE transporter EDS5
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Serrano M. Wang B. Garcion C. Abou-Mansour E. Heck S. Geisler M. Mauch F. Nawrath C. and Métr
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food and beverages - Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is central for the defense of plants to pathogens and abiotic stress. SA is synthesized in chloroplasts from chorismic acid by an isochorismate synthase (ICS1); SA biosynthesis is negatively regulated by autoinhibitory feedback at ICS1. Genetic studies indicated that the multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY5 (EDS5) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is necessary for SA accumulation after biotic and abiotic stress but so far it is not understood how EDS5 controls the biosynthesis of SA. Here we show that EDS5 colocalizes with a marker of the chloroplast envelope and that EDS5 functions as a multidrug and toxin extrusion like transporter in the export of SA from the chloroplast to the cytoplasmin Arabidopsis where itcontrols the innate immune response. The location at the chloroplast envelope supports a model of the effect of EDS5 on SA biosynthesis: in the eds5 mutant stress induced SA is trapped in the chloroplast and inhibits its own accumulation by autoinhibitory feedback.
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- 2013
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10. Simultaneous filtering of the Mollow triplet sidebands via a Cs-based Faraday filter
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Portalupi, S.L., primary, Widmann, M., additional, Nawrath, C., additional, Jetter, M., additional, Michler, P., additional, Wrachtrup, J., additional, and Gerhardt, I., additional
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- 2017
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11. Dissection of the complex phenotype in cuticular mutants of Arabidopsis reveals a role of SERRATE as a mediator
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Voisin, D., Nawrath, C., Kurdyukov, S., Franke, R.B., Reina-Pinto, J.J., Efremova, N., Will, I., Schreiber, L., and Yephremov, A.
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lcsh:QH426-470 ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,Calcium-Binding Proteins ,Arabidopsis ,Membrane Proteins ,RNA-Binding Proteins ,Plant Biology/Plant-Environment Interactions ,Arabidopsis/anatomy & histology ,Arabidopsis/genetics ,Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics ,Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Genome-Wide Association Study ,Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics ,Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism ,Membrane Proteins/genetics ,Membrane Proteins/metabolism ,Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ,Mutation ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ,Phenotype ,Plant Biology/Plant Biochemistry and Physiology ,lcsh:Genetics ,Plant Biology/Plant Genetics and Gene Expression ,Plant Biology/Plant Growth and Development ,Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Serrate-Jagged Proteins ,Research Article ,Plant Biology/Plant-Biotic Interactions - Abstract
Mutations in LACERATA (LCR), FIDDLEHEAD (FDH), and BODYGUARD (BDG) cause a complex developmental syndrome that is consistent with an important role for these Arabidopsis genes in cuticle biogenesis. The genesis of their pleiotropic phenotypes is, however, poorly understood. We provide evidence that neither distorted depositions of cutin, nor deficiencies in the chemical composition of cuticular lipids, account for these features, instead suggesting that the mutants alleviate the functional disorder of the cuticle by reinforcing their defenses. To better understand how plants adapt to these mutations, we performed a genome-wide gene expression analysis. We found that apparent compensatory transcriptional responses in these mutants involve the induction of wax, cutin, cell wall, and defense genes. To gain greater insight into the mechanism by which cuticular mutations trigger this response in the plants, we performed an overlap meta-analysis, which is termed MASTA (MicroArray overlap Search Tool and Analysis), of differentially expressed genes. This suggested that different cell integrity pathways are recruited in cesA cellulose synthase and cuticular mutants. Using MASTA for an in silico suppressor/enhancer screen, we identified SERRATE (SE), which encodes a protein of RNA–processing multi-protein complexes, as a likely enhancer. In confirmation of this notion, the se lcr and se bdg double mutants eradicate severe leaf deformations as well as the organ fusions that are typical of lcr and bdg and other cuticular mutants. Also, lcr does not confer resistance to Botrytis cinerea in a se mutant background. We propose that there is a role for SERRATE-mediated RNA signaling in the cuticle integrity pathway., Author Summary As the skin of a plant, the epidermis mediates a broad set of protective functions which includes defense against abiotic environmental stresses and pathogens. The majority of its barrier capacity is localized to the outermost cell wall, which is covered by a waxy cuticle. Several distinct cuticular mutants in the model plant Arabidopsis produce a remarkable syndrome that is characterized by ectopic cell adhesion and changes in plant morphology. We used these mutants to study the constitution of the cuticle and the activation of the molecular compensatory mechanisms that are important for adaptation. We examined whole-genome responses in these mutants and used an appropriate statistical procedure to reveal the genes which change their expression. We then applied the same approach to the analysis of hundreds of datasets in repositories. The comparison of gene expression profiles identified the gene SERRATE, which encodes a protein of RNA–processing multi-protein complexes, and further analysis revealed that the syndrome is suppressed in double mutants, as predicted. Our finding suggests that the mechanism which operates to control the integrity of the cuticle involves the regulation of small–RNA signaling.
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- 2009
12. ChemInform Abstract: Progress Toward Biologically Produced Biodegradable Thermoplastics.
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POIRIER, Y., primary, DENNIS, D. E., additional, NAWRATH, C., additional, and SOMERVILLE, C., additional
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- 2010
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13. Targeting of the polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway to the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana results in high levels of polymer accumulation.
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Nawrath, C, primary, Poirier, Y, additional, and Somerville, C, additional
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- 1994
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14. T-DNA integration: a mode of illegitimate recombination in plants.
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Mayerhofer, R., primary, Koncz-Kalman, Z., additional, Nawrath, C., additional, Bakkeren, G., additional, Crameri, A., additional, Angelis, K., additional, Redei, G. P., additional, Schell, J., additional, Hohn, B., additional, and Koncz, C., additional
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- 1991
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15. Isolation of a gene encoding a novel chloroplast protein by T-DNA tagging in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Koncz, C., primary, Mayerhofer, R., additional, Koncz-Kalman, Z., additional, Nawrath, C., additional, Reiss, B., additional, Redei, G.P., additional, and Schell, J., additional
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- 1990
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16. ChemInform Abstract: Progress Toward Biologically Produced Biodegradable Thermoplastics.
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POIRIER, Y., DENNIS, D. E., NAWRATH, C., and SOMERVILLE, C.
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- 1993
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17. Coherently and Incoherently Pumped Telecom C-Band Single-Photon Source with High Brightness and Indistinguishability.
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Joos R, Bauer S, Rupp C, Kolatschek S, Fischer W, Nawrath C, Vijayan P, Sittig R, Jetter M, Portalupi SL, and Michler P
- Abstract
Long-range, terrestrial quantum networks require high-brightness single-photon sources emitting in the telecom C-band for maximum transmission rates. For solid-state quantum emitters, the underlying pumping process, i.e., coherent or incoherent excitation schemes, impacts several photon properties such as photon indistinguishability, single-photon purity, and photon number coherence. These properties play a major role in quantum communication applications, the latter in particular for quantum cryptography. Here, we present a versatile telecom C-band single-photon source that is operated coherently and incoherently using two complementary pumping schemes. The source is based on a quantum dot coupled to a circular Bragg grating cavity, whereas coherent (incoherent) operation is performed via the novel SUPER scheme (phonon-assisted excitation). In this way, high end-to-end-efficiencies (η
end ) of 5.36% (6.09%) are achieved simultaneously with a small multiphoton contribution g(2) (0) of 0.076 ± 0.001 [ g(2) (0) of 0.069 ± 0.001] for coherent (incoherent) operation.- Published
- 2024
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18. The GPAT4 / 6 / 8 clade functions in Arabidopsis root suberization nonredundantly with the GPAT5/7 clade required for suberin lamellae.
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Gully K, Berhin A, De Bellis D, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, and Nawrath C
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- 1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase, Abscisic Acid metabolism, Cell Wall metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Membrane Lipids metabolism, Arabidopsis enzymology, Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis growth & development, Arabidopsis metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase metabolism, Glycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase genetics, Lipids chemistry, Plant Roots metabolism, Plant Roots growth & development, Plant Roots genetics
- Abstract
Lipid polymers such as cutin and suberin strengthen the diffusion barrier properties of the cell wall in specific cell types and are essential for water relations, mineral nutrition, and stress protection in plants. Land plant-specific glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) of different clades are central players in cutin and suberin monomer biosynthesis. Here, we show that the GPAT4 / 6 / 8 clade in Arabidopsis thaliana , which is known to mediate cutin formation, is also required for developmentally regulated root suberization, in addition to the established roles of GPAT5/7 in suberization. The GPAT5 / 7 clade is mainly required for abscisic acid-regulated suberization. In addition, the GPAT5 / 7 clade is crucial for the formation of the typical lamellated suberin ultrastructure observed by transmission electron microscopy, as distinct amorphous globular polyester structures were deposited in the apoplast of the gpat5 gpat7 double mutant, in contrast to the thinner but still lamellated suberin deposition in the gpat4 gpat6 gpat8 triple mutant. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the intrinsic phosphatase activity of GPAT4, GPAT6, and GPAT8, which leads to monoacylglycerol biosynthesis, contributes to suberin formation. GPAT5/7 lack an active phosphatase domain and the amorphous globular polyester structure observed in the gpat5 gpat7 double mutant was partially reverted by treatment with a phosphatase inhibitor or the expression of phosphatase-dead variants of GPAT4 / 6 / 8. Thus, GPATs that lack an active phosphatase domain synthetize lysophosphatidic acids that might play a role in the formation of the lamellated structure of suberin. GPATs with active and nonactive phosphatase domains appear to have nonredundant functions and must cooperate to achieve the efficient biosynthesis of correctly structured suberin., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.
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- 2024
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19. Deterministic storage and retrieval of telecom light from a quantum dot single-photon source interfaced with an atomic quantum memory.
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Thomas SE, Wagner L, Joos R, Sittig R, Nawrath C, Burdekin P, de Buy Wenniger IM, Rasiah MJ, Huber-Loyola T, Sagona-Stophel S, Höfling S, Jetter M, Michler P, Walmsley IA, Portalupi SL, and Ledingham PM
- Abstract
A hybrid interface of solid-state single-photon sources and atomic quantum memories is a long sought-after goal in photonic quantum technologies. Here, we demonstrate deterministic storage and retrieval of light from a semiconductor quantum dot in an atomic ensemble quantum memory at telecommunications wavelengths. We store single photons from an indium arsenide quantum dot in a high-bandwidth rubidium vapor-based quantum memory, with a total internal memory efficiency of (12.9 ± 0.4)%. The signal-to-noise ratio of the retrieved light field is 18.2 ± 0.6, limited only by detector dark counts.
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- 2024
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20. Subtle interplay between trichome development and cuticle formation in plants.
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Berhin A, Nawrath C, and Hachez C
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- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Trichomes metabolism, Arabidopsis metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Solanum lycopersicum genetics, Solanum lycopersicum metabolism
- Abstract
Trichomes and cuticles are key protective epidermal specializations. This review highlights the genetic interplay existing between trichome and cuticle formation in a variety of species. Controlling trichome development, the biosynthesis of trichome-derived specialized metabolites as well as cuticle biosynthesis and deposition can be viewed as different aspects of a common defensive strategy adopted by plants to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Existence of such interplay is based on the mining of published transcriptomic data as well as on phenotypic observations in trichome or cuticle mutants where the morphology of both structures often appear to be concomitantly altered. Given the existence of several trichome developmental pathways depending on the plant species and the types of trichomes, genetic interactions between cuticle formation and trichome development are complex to decipher and not easy to generalize. Based on our review of the literature, a schematic overview of the gene network mediating this transcriptional interplay is presented for two model plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum. In addition to fundamental new insights on the regulation of these processes, identifying key transcriptional switches controlling both processes could also facilitate more applied investigations aiming at improving much desired agronomical traits in plants., (© 2021 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2021 New Phytologist Foundation.)
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- 2022
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21. Optical charge injection and coherent control of a quantum-dot spin-qubit emitting at telecom wavelengths.
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Dusanowski Ł, Nawrath C, Portalupi SL, Jetter M, Huber T, Klembt S, Michler P, and Höfling S
- Abstract
Solid-state quantum emitters with manipulable spin-qubits are promising platforms for quantum communication applications. Although such light-matter interfaces could be realized in many systems only a few allow for light emission in the telecom bands necessary for long-distance quantum networks. Here, we propose and implement an optically active solid-state spin-qubit based on a hole confined in a single InAs/GaAs quantum dot grown on an InGaAs metamorphic buffer layer emitting photons in the C-band. We lift the hole spin-degeneracy using an external magnetic field and demonstrate hole injection, initialization, read-out and complete coherent control using picosecond optical pulses. These results showcase a solid-state spin-qubit platform compatible with preexisting optical fiber networks., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
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- 2022
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22. Trafficking Processes and Secretion Pathways Underlying the Formation of Plant Cuticles.
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Philippe G, De Bellis D, Rose JKC, and Nawrath C
- Abstract
Cuticles are specialized cell wall structures that form at the surface of terrestrial plant organs. They are largely comprised lipidic compounds and are deposited in the apoplast, external to the polysaccharide-rich primary wall, creating a barrier to diffusion of water and solutes, as well as to environmental factors. The predominant cuticle component is cutin, a polyester that is assembled as a complex matrix, within and on the surface of which aliphatic and aromatic wax molecules accumulate, further modifying its properties. To reach the point of cuticle assembly the different acyl lipid-containing components are first exported from the cell across the plasma membrane and then traffic across the polysaccharide wall. The export of cutin precursors and waxes from the cell is known to involve plasma membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters; however, other secretion mechanisms may also contribute. Indeed, extracellular vesiculo-tubular structures have recently been reported in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) to be associated with the deposition of suberin, a polyester that is structurally closely related to cutin. Intriguingly, similar membranous structures have been observed in leaves and petals of Arabidopsis, although in lower numbers, but no close association with cutin formation has been identified. The possibility of multiple export mechanisms for cuticular components acting in parallel will be discussed, together with proposals for how cuticle precursors may traverse the polysaccharide cell wall before their assimilation into the cuticle macromolecular architecture., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer JP declared a past co-authorship with the author GP to the handling editor., (Copyright © 2022 Philippe, De Bellis, Rose and Nawrath.)
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- 2022
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23. The Arabidopsis mature endosperm promotes seedling cuticle formation via release of sulfated peptides.
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De Giorgi J, Fuchs C, Iwasaki M, Kim W, Piskurewicz U, Gully K, Utz-Pugin A, Mène-Saffrané L, Waridel P, Nawrath C, Longoni FP, Fujita S, Loubéry S, and Lopez-Molina L
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- Abscisic Acid metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant genetics, Germination, Plants, Seeds metabolism, Arabidopsis metabolism, Endosperm metabolism, Peptides metabolism, Seedlings metabolism, Sulfates metabolism
- Abstract
In Arabidopsis mature seeds, the onset of the embryo-to-seedling transition is nonautonomously controlled, being blocked by endospermic abscisic acid (ABA) release under unfavorable conditions. Whether the mature endosperm governs additional nonautonomous developmental processes during this transition is unknown. Mature embryos have a more permeable cuticle than seedlings, consistent with their endospermic ABA uptake capability. Seedlings acquire their well-sealing cuticles adapted to aerial lifestyle during germination. Endosperm removal prevents seedling cuticle formation, and seed reconstitution by endosperm grafting onto embryos shows that the endosperm promotes seedling cuticle development. Grafting different endosperm and embryo mutant combinations, together with biochemical, microscopy, and mass spectrometry approaches, reveal that the release of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST)-sulfated CIF2 and PSY1 peptides from the endosperm promotes seedling cuticle development. Endosperm-deprived embryos produced nonviable seedlings bearing numerous developmental defects, not related to embryo malnutrition, all restored by exogenously provided endosperm. Hence, seedling establishment is nonautonomous, requiring the mature endosperm., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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24. Suberin plasticity to developmental and exogenous cues is regulated by a set of MYB transcription factors.
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Shukla V, Han JP, Cléard F, Lefebvre-Legendre L, Gully K, Flis P, Berhin A, Andersen TG, Salt DE, Nawrath C, and Barberon M
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- Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb genetics, Transcription Factors genetics, Arabidopsis growth & development, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Lipids physiology, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb metabolism, Transcription Factors metabolism
- Abstract
Suberin is a hydrophobic biopolymer that can be deposited at the periphery of cells, forming protective barriers against biotic and abiotic stress. In roots, suberin forms lamellae at the periphery of endodermal cells where it plays crucial roles in the control of water and mineral transport. Suberin formation is highly regulated by developmental and environmental cues. However, the mechanisms controlling its spatiotemporal regulation are poorly understood. Here, we show that endodermal suberin is regulated independently by developmental and exogenous signals to fine-tune suberin deposition in roots. We found a set of four MYB transcription factors (MYB41, MYB53, MYB92, and MYB93), each of which is individually regulated by these two signals and is sufficient to promote endodermal suberin. Mutation of these four transcription factors simultaneously through genome editing leads to a dramatic reduction in suberin formation in response to both developmental and environmental signals. Most suberin mutants analyzed at physiological levels are also affected in another endodermal barrier made of lignin (Casparian strips) through a compensatory mechanism. Through the functional analysis of these four MYBs, we generated plants allowing unbiased investigation of endodermal suberin function, without accounting for confounding effects due to Casparian strip defects, and were able to unravel specific roles of suberin in nutrient homeostasis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest., (Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)
- Published
- 2021
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25. Bright Purcell Enhanced Single-Photon Source in the Telecom O-Band Based on a Quantum Dot in a Circular Bragg Grating.
- Author
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Kolatschek S, Nawrath C, Bauer S, Huang J, Fischer J, Sittig R, Jetter M, Portalupi SL, and Michler P
- Abstract
The combination of semiconductor quantum dots with photonic cavities is a promising way to realize nonclassical light sources with state-of-the-art performances regarding brightness, indistinguishability, and repetition rate. Here we demonstrate the coupling of InGaAs/GaAs QDs emitting in the telecom O-band to a circular Bragg grating cavity. We demonstrate a broadband geometric extraction efficiency enhancement by investigating two emission lines under above-band excitation, inside and detuned from the cavity mode, respectively. In the first case, a Purcell enhancement of 4 is attained. For the latter case, an end-to-end brightness of 1.4% with a brightness at the first lens of 23% is achieved. Using p-shell pumping, a combination of high count rate with pure single-photon emission (g
(2) (0) = 0.01 in saturation) is achieved. Finally, a good single-photon purity (g(2) (0) = 0.13) together with a high detector count rate of 191 kcps is demonstrated for a temperature of up to 77 K.- Published
- 2021
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26. Impaired Cuticle Functionality and Robust Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants With Altered Homogalacturonan Integrity Are Dependent on the Class III Peroxidase AtPRX71.
- Author
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Lorrai R, Francocci F, Gully K, Martens HJ, De Lorenzo G, Nawrath C, and Ferrari S
- Abstract
Pectin is a major cell wall component that plays important roles in plant development and response to environmental stresses. Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a fungal polygalacturonase (PG plants) that degrades homogalacturonan (HG), a major pectin component, as well as loss-of-function mutants for QUASIMODO2 ( QUA2 ), encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase important for HG biosynthesis, show accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced growth and almost complete resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea . Both PG and qua2 plants show increased expression of the class III peroxidase AtPRX71 that contributes to their elevated ROS levels and reduced growth. In this work, we show that leaves of PG and qua2 plants display greatly increased cuticle permeability. Both increased cuticle permeability and resistance to B. cinerea in qua2 are suppressed by loss of AtPRX71 . Increased cuticle permeability in qua2 , rather than on defects in cuticle ultrastructure or cutin composition, appears to be dependent on reduced epidermal cell adhesion, which is exacerbated by AtPRX71 , and is suppressed by the esmeralda1 mutation, which also reverts the adhesion defect and the resistant phenotype. Increased cuticle permeability, accumulation of ROS, and resistance to B. cinerea are also observed in mutants lacking a functional FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase thought to monitor pectin integrity. In contrast, mutants with defects in other structural components of primary cell wall do not have a defective cuticle and are normally susceptible to the fungus. Our results suggest that disrupted cuticle integrity, mediated by peroxidase-dependent ROS accumulation, plays a major role in the robust resistance to B. cinerea of plants with altered HG integrity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Lorrai, Francocci, Gully, Martens, De Lorenzo, Nawrath and Ferrari.)
- Published
- 2021
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27. ABCG transporters export cutin precursors for the formation of the plant cuticle.
- Author
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Elejalde-Palmett C, Martinez San Segundo I, Garroum I, Charrier L, De Bellis D, Mucciolo A, Guerault A, Liu J, Zeisler-Diehl V, Aharoni A, Schreiber L, Bakan B, Clausen MH, Geisler M, and Nawrath C
- Subjects
- Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Membrane Lipids, Plant Leaves metabolism, Nicotiana metabolism, ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G genetics, ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G metabolism, Solanum lycopersicum genetics, Solanum lycopersicum metabolism, Plant Epidermis, Plant Proteins genetics, Plant Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
The plant cuticle is deposited on the surface of primary plant organs, such as leaves, fruits, and floral organs, forming a diffusion barrier and protecting the plant against various abiotic and biotic stresses. Cutin, the structural polyester of the plant cuticle, is synthesized in the apoplast. Plasma-membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the G family have been hypothesized to export cutin precursors. Here, we characterize SlABCG42 of tomato representing an ortholog of AtABCG32 in Arabidopsis. SlABCG42 expression in Arabidopsis complements the cuticular deficiencies of the Arabidopsis pec1/abcg32 mutant. RNAi-dependent downregulation of both tomato genes encoding proteins highly homologous to AtABCG32 (SlABCG36 and SlABCG42) leads to reduced cutin deposition and formation of a thinner cuticle in tomato fruits. By using a tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) protoplast system, we show that AtABCG32 and SlABCG42 have an export activity for 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoyl-2-glycerol, a cutin precursor in vivo. Interestingly, also free ω-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid as well as hexadecanedioic acid were exported, furthering the research on the identification of cutin precursors in vivo and the respective mechanisms of their integration into the cutin polymer., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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28. GDSL-domain proteins have key roles in suberin polymerization and degradation.
- Author
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Ursache R, De Jesus Vieira Teixeira C, Dénervaud Tendon V, Gully K, De Bellis D, Schmid-Siegert E, Grube Andersen T, Shekhar V, Calderon S, Pradervand S, Nawrath C, Geldner N, and Vermeer JEM
- Subjects
- Arabidopsis enzymology, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases genetics, Datasets as Topic, Endoderm metabolism, Gene Knockout Techniques, Indoleacetic Acids metabolism, Plant Cells metabolism, Plant Roots metabolism, Polymerization, Proteolysis, Arabidopsis metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases metabolism, Lipids genetics, Protein Domains
- Abstract
Plant roots acquire nutrients and water while managing interactions with the soil microbiota. The root endodermis provides an extracellular diffusion barrier through a network of lignified cell walls called Casparian strips, supported by subsequent formation of suberin lamellae. Whereas lignification is thought to be irreversible, suberin lamellae display plasticity, which is crucial for root adaptative responses. Although suberin is a major plant polymer, fundamental aspects of its biosynthesis and turnover have remained obscure. Plants shape their root system via lateral root formation, an auxin-induced process requiring local breaking and re-sealing of endodermal lignin and suberin barriers. Here, we show that differentiated endodermal cells have a specific, auxin-mediated transcriptional response dominated by cell wall remodelling genes. We identified two sets of auxin-regulated GDSL lipases. One is required for suberin synthesis, while the other can drive suberin degradation. These enzymes have key roles in suberization, driving root suberin plasticity.
- Published
- 2021
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29. Quantum dot-based broadband optical antenna for efficient extraction of single photons in the telecom O-band.
- Author
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Yang J, Nawrath C, Keil R, Joos R, Zhang X, Höfer B, Chen Y, Zopf M, Jetter M, Luca Portalupi S, Ding F, Michler P, and Schmidt OG
- Abstract
Long-distance fiber-based quantum communication relies on efficient non-classical light sources operating at telecommunication wavelengths. Semiconductor quantum dots are promising candidates for on-demand generation of single photons and entangled photon pairs for such applications. However, their brightness is strongly limited due to total internal reflection at the semiconductor/vacuum interface. Here we overcome this limitation using a dielectric antenna structure. The non-classical light source consists of a gallium phosphide solid immersion lens in combination with a quantum dot nanomembrane emitting single photons in the telecom O-band. With this device, the photon extraction is strongly increased in a broad spectral range. A brightness of 17 % (numerical aperture of 0.6) is obtained experimentally, with a single photon purity of g
(2) (0)=0.049±0.02 at saturation power. This brings the practical implementation of quantum communication networks one step closer.- Published
- 2020
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30. Plant surface metabolites as potent antifungal agents.
- Author
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Dubey O, Dubey S, Schnee S, Glauser G, Nawrath C, Gindro K, and Farmer EE
- Subjects
- Antifungal Agents pharmacology, Disease Resistance genetics, Fatty Acid Desaturases genetics, Fatty Acid Desaturases metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Arabidopsis chemistry, Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis microbiology, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Botrytis drug effects, Glucosinolates genetics, Glucosinolates pharmacology
- Abstract
Triunsaturated fatty acids are substrates for the synthesis of the defense hormone jasmonate which plays roles in resistance to numerous fungal pathogens. However, relatively little is known about other potential roles of di-unsaturated and triunsaturated fatty acids in resistance to fungal pathogens - in particular those that can attack plants at the seedling stage. We examined the roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in Arabidopsis thaliana during attack by the necrotrophic pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. We found that PUFA-deficient Arabidopsis mutants (fad2-1, fad2-3 and fad3-2 fad7-2 fad8 [fad trip]) displayed an unexpectedly strong resistance to B. cinerea at the cotyledon stage. Preliminary analyses revealed no changes in the expression of defense genes, however cuticle permeability defects were detected in both fad2-1 and fad trip mutants. Analysis of B. cinerea development on the surface of cotyledons revealed arrested hyphal growth on fad2-3 and fad trip mutants and 28% reduction in fungal adhesion on fad2-3 cotyledons. Surface metabolite analysis from the cotyledons of PUFA mutants led to the identification of 7-methylsulfonylheptyl glucosinolate (7MSOHG), which over-accumulated on the plant surface. We linked the appearance of 7MSOHG to defects in cuticle composition and permeability of mutants and show that its appearance correlates with resistance to B. cinerea., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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31. Mutant Muddle: Some Arabidopsis eds5 Mutant Lines Have a Previously Unnoticed Second-Site Mutation in FAH1 .
- Author
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Veeragoni SR, Lange B, Serrano M, Nawrath C, Bauer S, Schäffner AR, Thordal-Christensen H, Durner J, and Gaupels F
- Subjects
- Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant physiology, Membrane Transport Proteins genetics, Mutation genetics, Mutation physiology, Salicylic Acid metabolism, Arabidopsis metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System metabolism, Membrane Transport Proteins metabolism
- Published
- 2020
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32. The Root Cap Cuticle: A Cell Wall Structure for Seedling Establishment and Lateral Root Formation.
- Author
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Berhin A, de Bellis D, Franke RB, Buono RA, Nowack MK, and Nawrath C
- Subjects
- Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Cell Wall metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant genetics, Membrane Lipids biosynthesis, Membrane Lipids metabolism, Meristem metabolism, Mutation, Plant Roots cytology, Seedlings genetics, Seedlings growth & development, Arabidopsis growth & development, Plant Root Cap metabolism, Plant Root Cap physiology
- Abstract
The root cap surrounding the tip of plant roots is thought to protect the delicate stem cells in the root meristem. We discovered that the first layer of root cap cells is covered by an electron-opaque cell wall modification resembling a plant cuticle. Cuticles are polyester-based protective structures considered exclusive to aerial plant organs. Mutations in cutin biosynthesis genes affect the composition and ultrastructure of this cuticular structure, confirming its cutin-like characteristics. Strikingly, targeted degradation of the root cap cuticle causes a hypersensitivity to abiotic stresses during seedling establishment. Furthermore, lateral root primordia also display a cuticle that, when defective, causes delayed outgrowth and organ deformations, suggesting that it facilitates lateral root emergence. Our results show that the previously unrecognized root cap cuticle protects the root meristem during the critical phase of seedling establishment and promotes the efficient formation of lateral roots., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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33. The β-Ketoacyl-CoA Synthase HvKCS1, Encoded by Cer-zh, Plays a Key Role in Synthesis of Barley Leaf Wax and Germination of Barley Powdery Mildew.
- Author
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Li C, Haslam TM, Krüger A, Schneider LM, Mishina K, Samuels L, Yang H, Kunst L, Schaffrath U, Nawrath C, Chen G, Komatsuda T, and von Wettstein-Knowles P
- Subjects
- Chromosome Mapping, Conserved Sequence, Crystallography, X-Ray, Dehydration, Droughts, Fatty Acids metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Genes, Plant, Genetic Association Studies, Hordeum genetics, Membrane Lipids metabolism, Mutation genetics, Phenotype, Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism, Stress, Physiological genetics, Transcription, Genetic, 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Synthase metabolism, Ascomycota growth & development, Hordeum enzymology, Plant Diseases microbiology, Plant Leaves metabolism, Plant Proteins metabolism, Waxes metabolism
- Abstract
The cuticle coats the primary aerial surfaces of land plants. It consists of cutin and waxes, which provide protection against desiccation, pathogens and herbivores. Acyl cuticular waxes are synthesized via elongase complexes that extend fatty acyl precursors up to 38 carbons for downstream modification pathways. The leaves of 21 barley eceriferum (cer) mutants appear to have less or no epicuticular wax crystals, making these mutants excellent tools for identifying elongase and modification pathway biosynthetic genes. Positional cloning of the gene mutated in cer-zh identified an elongase component, β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (CER-ZH/HvKCS1) that is one of 34 homologous KCSs encoded by the barley genome. The biochemical function of CER-ZH was deduced from wax and cutin analyses and by heterologous expression in yeast. Combined, these experiments revealed that CER-ZH/HvKCS1 has a substrate specificity for C16-C20, especially unsaturated, acyl chains, thus playing a major role in total acyl chain elongation for wax biosynthesis. The contribution of CER-ZH to water barrier properties of the cuticle and its influence on the germination of barley powdery mildew fungus were also assessed.
- Published
- 2018
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34. The Cuticle Mutant eca2 Modifies Plant Defense Responses to Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens and Herbivory Insects.
- Author
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Blanc C, Coluccia F, L'Haridon F, Torres M, Ortiz-Berrocal M, Stahl E, Reymond P, Schreiber L, Nawrath C, Métraux JP, and Serrano M
- Subjects
- Animals, Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis parasitology, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Botrytis physiology, Cyclopentanes, DNA, Plant metabolism, DNA-Binding Proteins metabolism, Disease Resistance, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Genome, Plant, Membrane Lipids, Models, Biological, Oxylipins, Plant Diseases genetics, Plant Diseases immunology, Plant Diseases microbiology, Plant Diseases parasitology, Pseudomonas syringae physiology, Waxes, Arabidopsis immunology, Arabidopsis microbiology, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, DNA-Binding Proteins genetics, Herbivory, Insecta physiology, Mutation genetics, Plant Epidermis metabolism
- Abstract
We isolated previously several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with constitutive expression of the early microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced gene ATL2, named eca (expresión constitutiva de ATL2). Here, we further explored the interaction of eca mutants with pest and pathogens. Of all eca mutants, eca2 was more resistant to a fungal pathogen (Botrytis cinerea) and a bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae) as well as to a generalist herbivorous insect (Spodoptera littoralis). Permeability of the cuticle is increased in eca2; chemical characterization shows that eca2 has a significant reduction of both cuticular wax and cutin. Additionally, we determined that eca2 did not display a similar compensatory transcriptional response, compared with a previously characterized cuticular mutant, and that resistance to B. cinerea is mediated by the priming of the early and late induced defense responses, including salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-induced genes. These results suggest that ECA2-dependent responses are involved in the nonhost defense mechanism against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens and against a generalist insect by modulation and priming of innate immunity and late defense responses. Making eca2 an interesting model to characterize the molecular basis for plant defenses against different biotic interactions and to study the initial events that take place in the cuticle surface of the aerial organs.
- Published
- 2018
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35. The roles of the cuticle in plant development: organ adhesions and beyond.
- Author
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Ingram G and Nawrath C
- Subjects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Phenotype, Organogenesis, Plant genetics, Plant Development genetics, Plant Epidermis physiology
- Abstract
Cuticles, which are composed of a variety of aliphatic molecules, impregnate epidermal cell walls forming diffusion barriers that cover almost all the aerial surfaces in higher plants. In addition to revealing important roles for cuticles in protecting plants against water loss and other environmental stresses and aggressions, mutants with permeable cuticles show major defects in plant development, such as abnormal organ formation as well as altered seed germination and viability. However, understanding the mechanistic basis for these developmental defects represents a significant challenge due to the pleiotropic nature of phenotypes and the altered physiological status/viability of some mutant backgrounds. Here we discuss both the basis of developmental phenotypes associated with defects in cuticle function and mechanisms underlying developmental processes that implicate cuticle modification. Developmental abnormalities in cuticle mutants originate at early developmental time points, when cuticle composition and properties are very difficult to measure. Nonetheless, we aim to extract principles from existing data in order to pinpoint the key cuticle components and properties required for normal plant development. Based on our analysis, we will highlight several major questions that need to be addressed and technical hurdles that need to be overcome in order to advance our current understanding of the developmental importance of plant cuticles., (© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2017
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36. Connecting the Molecular Structure of Cutin to Ultrastructure and Physical Properties of the Cuticle in Petals of Arabidopsis.
- Author
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Mazurek S, Garroum I, Daraspe J, De Bellis D, Olsson V, Mucciolo A, Butenko MA, Humbel BM, and Nawrath C
- Subjects
- Adhesiveness, Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Cell Shape, Cell Wall metabolism, Cell Wall ultrastructure, Flowers cytology, Genotype, Models, Biological, Mutation genetics, Palmitic Acids metabolism, Pectins metabolism, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Arabidopsis physiology, Arabidopsis ultrastructure, Flowers physiology, Flowers ultrastructure, Membrane Lipids chemistry, Plant Epidermis ultrastructure
- Abstract
The plant cuticle is laid down at the cell wall surface of epidermal cells in a wide variety of structures, but the functional significance of this architectural diversity is not yet understood. Here, the structure-function relationship of the petal cuticle of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was investigated. Applying Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, the cutin mutants long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase2 (lacs2), permeable cuticle1 (pec1), cyp77a6, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase6 (gpat6), and defective in cuticular ridges (dcr) were grouped in three separate classes based on quantitative differences in the ν(C=O) and ν(C-H) band vibrations. These were associated mainly with the quantity of 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoic acid, a monomer of the cuticle polyester, cutin. These spectral features were linked to three different types of cuticle organization: a normal cuticle with nanoridges (lacs2 and pec1 mutants); a broad translucent cuticle (cyp77a6 and dcr mutants); and an electron-opaque multilayered cuticle (gpat6 mutant). The latter two types did not have typical nanoridges. Transmission electron microscopy revealed considerable variations in cuticle thickness in the dcr mutant. Different double mutant combinations showed that a low amount of C16 monomers in cutin leads to the appearance of an electron-translucent layer adjacent to the cuticle proper, which is independent of DCR action. We concluded that DCR is not only essential for incorporating 10,16-dihydroxy C16:0 into cutin but also plays a crucial role in the organization of the cuticle, independent of cutin composition. Further characterization of the mutant petals suggested that nanoridge formation and conical cell shape may contribute to the reduction of physical adhesion forces between petals and other floral organs during floral development., (© 2017 American Society of Plant Biologists. All Rights Reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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37. Simultaneous Faraday filtering of the Mollow triplet sidebands with the Cs-D 1 clock transition.
- Author
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Portalupi SL, Widmann M, Nawrath C, Jetter M, Michler P, Wrachtrup J, and Gerhardt I
- Abstract
Hybrid quantum systems integrating semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and atomic vapours become important building blocks for scalable quantum networks due to the complementary strengths of individual parts. QDs provide on-demand single-photon emission with near-unity indistinguishability comprising unprecedented brightness-while atomic vapour systems provide ultra-precise frequency standards and promise long coherence times for the storage of qubits. Spectral filtering is one of the key components for the successful link between QD photons and atoms. Here we present a tailored Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter based on the caesium-D
1 transition for interfacing it with a resonantly pumped QD. The presented Faraday filter enables a narrow-bandwidth (Δω=2π × 1 GHz) simultaneous filtering of both Mollow triplet sidebands. This result opens the way to use QDs as sources of single as well as cascaded photons in photonic quantum networks aligned to the primary frequency standard of the caesium clock transition.- Published
- 2016
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38. Cuticular Defects in Oryza sativa ATP-binding Cassette Transporter G31 Mutant Plants Cause Dwarfism, Elevated Defense Responses and Pathogen Resistance.
- Author
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Garroum I, Bidzinski P, Daraspe J, Mucciolo A, Humbel BM, Morel JB, and Nawrath C
- Subjects
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters metabolism, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Membrane Lipids metabolism, Oryza genetics, Oryza growth & development, Phenotype, Plant Diseases microbiology, Plant Epidermis ultrastructure, Plant Proteins metabolism, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters genetics, Disease Resistance genetics, Magnaporthe physiology, Mutation genetics, Oryza anatomy & histology, Oryza immunology, Plant Epidermis genetics, Plant Proteins genetics
- Abstract
The cuticle covers the surface of the polysaccharide cell wall of leaf epidermal cells and forms an essential diffusion barrier between plant and environment. Homologs of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter AtABCG32/HvABCG31 clade are necessary for the formation of a functional cuticle in both monocots and dicots. Here we characterize the osabcg31 knockout mutant and hairpin RNA interference (RNAi)-down-regulated OsABCG31 plant lines having reduced plant growth and a permeable cuticle. The reduced content of cutin in leaves and structural alterations in the cuticle and at the cuticle-cell wall interface in plants compromised in OsABCG31 expression explain the cuticle permeability. Effects of modifications of the cuticle on plant-microbe interactions were evaluated. The cuticular alterations in OsABCG31-compromised plants did not cause deficiencies in germination of the spores or the formation of appressoria of Magnaporthe oryzae on the leaf surface, but a strong reduction of infection structures inside the plant. Genes involved in pathogen resistance were constitutively up-regulated in OsABCG31-compromised plants, thus being a possible cause of the resistance to M. oryzae and the dwarf growth phenotype. The findings show that in rice an abnormal cuticle formation may affect the signaling of plant growth and defense., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2016
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39. Adaptation of Root Function by Nutrient-Induced Plasticity of Endodermal Differentiation.
- Author
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Barberon M, Vermeer JE, De Bellis D, Wang P, Naseer S, Andersen TG, Humbel BM, Nawrath C, Takano J, Salt DE, and Geldner N
- Subjects
- Abscisic Acid metabolism, Arabidopsis cytology, Cell Differentiation, Ethylenes metabolism, Fluoresceins analysis, Lipids chemistry, Plant Roots cytology, Signal Transduction, Arabidopsis physiology, Plant Roots physiology
- Abstract
Plant roots forage the soil for minerals whose concentrations can be orders of magnitude away from those required for plant cell function. Selective uptake in multicellular organisms critically requires epithelia with extracellular diffusion barriers. In plants, such a barrier is provided by the endodermis and its Casparian strips--cell wall impregnations analogous to animal tight and adherens junctions. Interestingly, the endodermis undergoes secondary differentiation, becoming coated with hydrophobic suberin, presumably switching from an actively absorbing to a protective epithelium. Here, we show that suberization responds to a wide range of nutrient stresses, mediated by the stress hormones abscisic acid and ethylene. We reveal a striking ability of the root to not only regulate synthesis of suberin, but also selectively degrade it in response to ethylene. Finally, we demonstrate that changes in suberization constitute physiologically relevant, adaptive responses, pointing to a pivotal role of the endodermal membrane in nutrient homeostasis., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
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40. The ABCG transporter PEC1/ABCG32 is required for the formation of the developing leaf cuticle in Arabidopsis.
- Author
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Fabre G, Garroum I, Mazurek S, Daraspe J, Mucciolo A, Sankar M, Humbel BM, and Nawrath C
- Subjects
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters genetics, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters metabolism, Arabidopsis growth & development, Arabidopsis ultrastructure, Arabidopsis Proteins, Flowers genetics, Flowers growth & development, Flowers ultrastructure, Gene Knockout Techniques, Mutation, Permeability, Plant Epidermis genetics, Plant Epidermis growth & development, Plant Epidermis ultrastructure, Plant Leaves genetics, Plant Leaves growth & development, Plant Leaves ultrastructure, Plants, Genetically Modified, Arabidopsis genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Membrane Lipids metabolism
- Abstract
The cuticle is an essential diffusion barrier on aerial surfaces of land plants whose structural component is the polyester cutin. The PERMEABLE CUTICLE1/ABCG32 (PEC1) transporter is involved in plant cuticle formation in Arabidopsis. The gpat6 pec1 and gpat4 gapt8 pec1 double and triple mutants are characterized. Their PEC1-specific contributions to aliphatic cutin composition and cuticle formation during plant development are revealed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The composition of cutin changes during rosette leaf expansion in Arabidopsis. C16:0 monomers are in higher abundance in expanding than in fully expanded leaves. The atypical cutin monomer C18:2 dicarboxylic acid is more prominent in fully expanded leaves. Findings point to differences in the regulation of several pathways of cutin precursor synthesis. PEC1 plays an essential role during expansion of the rosette leaf cuticle. The reduction of C16 monomers in the pec1 mutant during leaf expansion is unlikely to cause permeability of the leaf cuticle because the gpat6 mutant with even fewer C16:0 monomers forms a functional rosette leaf cuticle at all stages of development. PEC1/ABCG32 transport activity affects cutin composition and cuticle structure in a specific and non-redundant fashion., (© 2015 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2015 New Phytologist Trust.)
- Published
- 2016
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41. Characterization and genetic mapping of eceriferum-ym (cer-ym), a cutin deficient barley mutant with impaired leaf water retention capacity.
- Author
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Li C, Liu C, Ma X, Wang A, Duan R, Nawrath C, Komatsuda T, and Chen G
- Abstract
The cuticle covers the aerial parts of land plants, where it serves many important functions, including water retention. Here, a recessive cuticle mutant, eceriferum-ym (cer-ym), of Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) showed abnormally glossy spikes, sheaths, and leaves. The cer-ym mutant plant detached from its root system was hypersensitive to desiccation treatment compared with wild type plants, and detached leaves of mutant lost 41.8% of their initial weight after 1 h of dehydration under laboratory conditions, while that of the wild type plants lost only 7.1%. Stomata function was not affected by the mutation, but the mutant leaves showed increased cuticular permeability to water, suggesting a defective leaf cuticle, which was confirmed by toluidine blue staining. The mutant leaves showed a substantial reduction in the amounts of the major cutin monomers and a slight increase in the main wax component, suggesting that the enhanced cuticle permeability was a consequence of cutin deficiency. cer-ym was mapped within a 0.8 cM interval between EST marker AK370363 and AK251484, a pericentromeric region on chromosome 4H. The results indicate that the desiccation sensitivity of cer-ym is caused by a defect in leaf cutin, and that cer-ym is located in a chromosome 4H pericentromeric region.
- Published
- 2015
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42. Acetylation of cell wall is required for structural integrity of the leaf surface and exerts a global impact on plant stress responses.
- Author
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Nafisi M, Stranne M, Fimognari L, Atwell S, Martens HJ, Pedas PR, Hansen SF, Nawrath C, Scheller HV, Kliebenstein DJ, and Sakuragi Y
- Abstract
The epidermis on leaves protects plants from pathogen invasion and provides a waterproof barrier. It consists of a layer of cells that is surrounded by thick cell walls, which are partially impregnated by highly hydrophobic cuticular components. We show that the Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants of REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION 2 (rwa2), previously identified as having reduced O-acetylation of both pectins and hemicelluloses, exhibit pleiotrophic phenotype on the leaf surface. The cuticle layer appeared diffused and was significantly thicker and underneath cell wall layer was interspersed with electron-dense deposits. A large number of trichomes were collapsed and surface permeability of the leaves was enhanced in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. A massive reprogramming of the transcriptome was observed in rwa2 as compared to the wild type, including a coordinated up-regulation of genes involved in responses to abiotic stress, particularly detoxification of reactive oxygen species and defense against microbial pathogens (e.g., lipid transfer proteins, peroxidases). In accordance, peroxidase activities were found to be elevated in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. These results indicate that cell wall acetylation is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of leaf epidermis, and that reduction of cell wall acetylation leads to global stress responses in Arabidopsis.
- Published
- 2015
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43. Localization and expression of EDS5H a homologue of the SA transporter EDS5.
- Author
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Parinthawong N, Cottier S, Buchala A, Nawrath C, and Métraux JP
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis Proteins chemistry, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Biological Transport, Down-Regulation genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Glucuronidase metabolism, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation genetics, Phylogeny, Plants, Genetically Modified, RNA Interference, Recombinant Fusion Proteins metabolism, Sequence Alignment, Subcellular Fractions metabolism, Arabidopsis metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Membrane Transport Proteins chemistry, Salicylic Acid metabolism, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Abstract
Background: An important signal transduction pathway in plant defence depends on the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA). SA is produced in chloroplasts and the multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY5 (EDS5; At4g39030) is necessary for the accumulation of SA after pathogen and abiotic stress. EDS5 is localized at the chloroplast and functions in transporting SA from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm. EDS5 has a homologue called EDS5H (EDS5 HOMOLOGUE; At2g21340) but its relationship to EDS5 has not been described and its function is not known., Results: EDS5H exhibits about 72% similarity and 59% identity to EDS5. In contrast to EDS5 that is induced after pathogen inoculation, EDS5H was constitutively expressed in all green tissues, independently of pathogen infection. Both transporters are located at the envelope of the chloroplast, the compartment of SA biosynthesis. EDS5H is not involved with the accumulation of SA after inoculation with a pathogen or exposure to UV stress. A phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that EDS5H may be an H(+)/organic acid antiporter like EDS5., Conclusions: The data based on genetic and molecular studies indicate that EDS5H despite its homology to EDS5 does not contribute to pathogen-induced SA accumulation like EDS5. EDS5H most likely transports related substances such as for example phenolic acids, but unlikely SA.
- Published
- 2015
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44. ATP citrate lyase activity is post-translationally regulated by sink strength and impacts the wax, cutin and rubber biosynthetic pathways.
- Author
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Xing S, van Deenen N, Magliano P, Frahm L, Forestier E, Nawrath C, Schaller H, Gronover CS, Prüfer D, and Poirier Y
- Subjects
- Taraxacum metabolism, ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase metabolism, Membrane Lipids metabolism, Rubber metabolism, Waxes metabolism
- Abstract
Cytosolic acetyl-CoA is involved in the synthesis of a variety of compounds, including waxes, sterols and rubber, and is generated by the ATP citrate lyase (ACL). Plants over-expressing ACL were generated in an effort to understand the contribution of ACL activity to the carbon flux of acetyl-CoA to metabolic pathways occurring in the cytosol. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants synthesizing the polyester polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from cytosolic acetyl-CoA have reduced growth and wax content, consistent with a reduction in the availability of cytosolic acetyl-CoA to endogenous pathways. Increasing the ACL activity via the over-expression of the ACLA and ACLB subunits reversed the phenotypes associated with PHB synthesis while maintaining polymer synthesis. PHB production by itself was associated with an increase in ACL activity that occurred in the absence of changes in steady-state mRNA or protein level, indicating a post-translational regulation of ACL activity in response to sink strength. Over-expression of ACL in Arabidopsis was associated with a 30% increase in wax on stems, while over-expression of a chimeric homomeric ACL in the laticifer of roots of dandelion led to a four- and two-fold increase in rubber and triterpene content, respectively. Synthesis of PHB and over-expression of ACL also changed the amount of the cutin monomer octadecadien-1,18-dioic acid, revealing an unsuspected link between cytosolic acetyl-CoA and cutin biosynthesis. Together, these results reveal the complexity of ACL regulation and its central role in influencing the carbon flux to metabolic pathways using cytosolic acetyl-CoA, including wax and polyisoprenoids., (© 2014 The Authors The Plant Journal © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2014
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45. Apoplastic diffusion barriers in Arabidopsis.
- Author
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Nawrath C, Schreiber L, Franke RB, Geldner N, Reina-Pinto JJ, and Kunst L
- Abstract
During the development of Arabidopsis and other land plants, diffusion barriers are formed in the apoplast of specialized tissues within a variety of plant organs. While the cuticle of the epidermis is the primary diffusion barrier in the shoot, the Casparian strips and suberin lamellae of the endodermis and the periderm represent the diffusion barriers in the root. Different classes of molecules contribute to the formation of extracellular diffusion barriers in an organ- and tissue-specific manner. Cutin and wax are the major components of the cuticle, lignin forms the early Casparian strip, and suberin is deposited in the stage II endodermis and the periderm. The current status of our understanding of the relationships between the chemical structure, ultrastructure and physiological functions of plant diffusion barriers is discussed. Specific aspects of the synthesis of diffusion barrier components and protocols that can be used for the assessment of barrier function and important barrier properties are also presented.
- Published
- 2013
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46. Transmission Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy allows simultaneous assessment of cutin and cell-wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis petals.
- Author
-
Mazurek S, Mucciolo A, Humbel BM, and Nawrath C
- Subjects
- Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Coenzyme A Ligases genetics, Coenzyme A Ligases metabolism, Flowers genetics, Flowers ultrastructure, Methyltransferases genetics, Methyltransferases metabolism, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Mutation, Pectins analysis, Polyesters analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Arabidopsis chemistry, Cell Wall chemistry, Flowers chemistry, Membrane Lipids analysis, Polysaccharides analysis, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared methods
- Abstract
A procedure for the simultaneous analysis of cell-wall polysaccharides, amides and aliphatic polyesters by transmission Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR) has been established for Arabidopsis petals. The combination of FTIR imaging with spectra derivatization revealed that petals, in contrast to other organs, have a characteristic chemical zoning with high amount of aliphatic compounds and esters in the lamina and of polysaccharides in the stalk of the petal. The hinge region of petals was particular rich in amides as well as in vibrations potentially associated with hemicellulose. In addition, a number of other distribution patterns have been identified. Analyses of mutants in cutin deposition confirmed that vibrations of aliphatic compounds and esters present in the lamina were largely associated with the cuticular polyester. Calculation of spectrotypes, including the standard deviation of intensities, allowed detailed comparison of the spectral features of various mutants. The spectrotypes not only revealed differences in the amount of polyesters in cutin mutants, but also changes in other compound classes. For example, in addition to the expected strong deficiencies in polyester content, the long-chain acyl CoA synthase 2 mutant showed increased intensities of vibrations in a wavelength range that is typical for polysaccharides. Identical spectral features were observed in quasimodo2, a cell-wall mutant of Arabidopsis with a defect in pectin formation that exhibits increased cellulose synthase activity. FTIR thus proved to be a convenient method for the identification and characterization of mutants affected in the deposition of cutin in petals., (© 2013 The Authors The Plant Journal © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2013
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- View/download PDF
47. An eceriferum locus, cer-zv, is associated with a defect in cutin responsible for water retention in barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves.
- Author
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Li C, Wang A, Ma X, Pourkheirandish M, Sakuma S, Wang N, Ning S, Nevo E, Nawrath C, Komatsuda T, and Chen G
- Subjects
- Chlorophyll metabolism, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes, Plant, DNA, Plant genetics, Expressed Sequence Tags, Genetic Linkage, Genetic Markers, Genotype, Hordeum growth & development, Mutation, Plant Leaves growth & development, Water metabolism, Waxes metabolism, Genes, Plant, Genetic Loci, Hordeum genetics, Membrane Lipids metabolism, Plant Leaves genetics
- Abstract
Drought limits plant growth and threatens crop productivity. A barley (Hordeum vulgare) ethylene imine-induced monogenic recessive mutant cer-zv, which is sensitive to drought, was characterized and genetically mapped in the present study. Detached leaves of cer-zv lost 34.2 % of their initial weight after 1 h of dehydration. The transpiration was much higher in cer-zv leaves than in wild-type leaves under both light and dark conditions. The stomata of cer-zv leaves functioned normally, but the cuticle of cer-zv leaves showed increased permeability to ethanol and toluidine blue dye. There was a 50-90 % reduction in four major cutin monomers, but no reduction in wax loads was found in the cer-zv mutant as compared with the wild type. Two F(2) mapping populations were established by the crosses of 23-19 × cer-zv and cer-zv × OUH602. More polymorphisms were found in EST sequences between cer-zv and OUH602 than between cer-zv and 23-19. cer-zv was located in a pericentromeric region on chromosome 4H in a 10.8 cM interval in the 23-19 × cer-zv map based on 186 gametes tested and a 1.7 cM interval in the cer-zv × OUH602 map based on 176 gametes tested. It co-segregated with EST marker AK251484 in both maps. The results indicated that the cer-zv mutant is defective in cutin, which might be responsible for the increased transpiration rate and drought sensitivity, and that the F(2) of cer-zv × OUH602 might better facilitate high resolution mapping of cer-zv.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Casparian strip diffusion barrier in Arabidopsis is made of a lignin polymer without suberin.
- Author
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Naseer S, Lee Y, Lapierre C, Franke R, Nawrath C, and Geldner N
- Subjects
- Arabidopsis physiology, Biopolymers physiology, Lignin physiology, Lipids physiology
- Abstract
Casparian strips are ring-like cell-wall modifications in the root endodermis of vascular plants. Their presence generates a paracellular barrier, analogous to animal tight junctions, that is thought to be crucial for selective nutrient uptake, exclusion of pathogens, and many other processes. Despite their importance, the chemical nature of Casparian strips has remained a matter of debate, confounding further molecular analysis. Suberin, lignin, lignin-like polymers, or both, have been claimed to make up Casparian strips. Here we show that, in Arabidopsis, suberin is produced much too late to take part in Casparian strip formation. In addition, we have generated plants devoid of any detectable suberin, which still establish functional Casparian strips. In contrast, manipulating lignin biosynthesis abrogates Casparian strip formation. Finally, monolignol feeding and lignin-specific chemical analysis indicates the presence of archetypal lignin in Casparian strips. Our findings establish the chemical nature of the primary root-diffusion barrier in Arabidopsis and enable a mechanistic dissection of the formation of Casparian strips, which are an independent way of generating tight junctions in eukaryotes.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. An ATP-binding cassette subfamily G full transporter is essential for the retention of leaf water in both wild barley and rice.
- Author
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Chen G, Komatsuda T, Ma JF, Nawrath C, Pourkheirandish M, Tagiri A, Hu YG, Sameri M, Li X, Zhao X, Liu Y, Li C, Ma X, Wang A, Nair S, Wang N, Miyao A, Sakuma S, Yamaji N, Zheng X, and Nevo E
- Subjects
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters classification, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters genetics, Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, Droughts, Evolution, Molecular, Genes, Plant, Hordeum genetics, Membrane Lipids genetics, Membrane Lipids metabolism, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Oryza genetics, Phylogeny, Plant Leaves metabolism, Plant Proteins classification, Plant Proteins genetics, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Messenger metabolism, RNA, Plant genetics, RNA, Plant metabolism, Water metabolism, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters metabolism, Hordeum metabolism, Oryza metabolism, Plant Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
Land plants have developed a cuticle preventing uncontrolled water loss. Here we report that an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily G (ABCG) full transporter is required for leaf water conservation in both wild barley and rice. A spontaneous mutation, eibi1.b, in wild barley has a low capacity to retain leaf water, a phenotype associated with reduced cutin deposition and a thin cuticle. Map-based cloning revealed that Eibi1 encodes an HvABCG31 full transporter. The gene was highly expressed in the elongation zone of a growing leaf (the site of cutin synthesis), and its gene product also was localized in developing, but not in mature tissue. A de novo wild barley mutant named "eibi1.c," along with two transposon insertion lines of rice mutated in the ortholog of HvABCG31 also were unable to restrict water loss from detached leaves. HvABCG31 is hypothesized to function as a transporter involved in cutin formation. Homologs of HvABCG31 were found in green algae, moss, and lycopods, indicating that this full transporter is highly conserved in the evolution of land plants.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. A member of the PLEIOTROPIC DRUG RESISTANCE family of ATP binding cassette transporters is required for the formation of a functional cuticle in Arabidopsis.
- Author
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Bessire M, Borel S, Fabre G, Carraça L, Efremova N, Yephremov A, Cao Y, Jetter R, Jacquat AC, Métraux JP, and Nawrath C
- Subjects
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1, ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters genetics, Arabidopsis genetics, Arabidopsis ultrastructure, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall metabolism, Flowers genetics, Flowers metabolism, Flowers ultrastructure, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Genotype, Permeability, Phenotype, Plant Leaves genetics, Plant Leaves metabolism, Plant Leaves ultrastructure, Plants, Genetically Modified genetics, Plants, Genetically Modified metabolism, Sequence Deletion, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters metabolism, Arabidopsis metabolism, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Membrane Lipids metabolism, Plant Epidermis metabolism
- Abstract
Although the multilayered structure of the plant cuticle was discovered many years ago, the molecular basis of its formation and the functional relevance of the layers are not understood. Here, we present the permeable cuticle1 (pec1) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, which displays features associated with a highly permeable cuticle in several organs. In pec1 flowers, typical cutin monomers, such as ω-hydroxylated fatty acids and 10,16-dihydroxypalmitate, are reduced to 40% of wild-type levels and are accompanied by the appearance of lipidic inclusions within the epidermal cell. The cuticular layer of the cell wall, rather than the cuticle proper, is structurally altered in pec1 petals. Therefore, a significant role for the formation of the diffusion barrier in petals can be attributed to this layer. Thus, pec1 defines a new class of mutants. The phenotypes of the pec1 mutant are caused by the knockout of ATP BINDING CASSETTEG32 (ABCG32), an ABC transporter from the PLEIOTROPIC DRUG RESISTANCE family that is localized at the plasma membrane of epidermal cells in a polar manner toward the surface of the organs. Our results suggest that ABCG32 is involved in the formation of the cuticular layer of the cell wall, most likely by exporting particular cutin precursors from the epidermal cell.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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