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Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) omicron variant has spread through the world and has caused a global pandemic. In order to make an accurate diagnosis of the disease’s severity, several immunological and biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), D-dimer, serum ferritin, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) are evaluated immediately. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the concentration of TNF-α level in the omicron coronavirus patients, and to determine the correlation of TNF-α with some biomarkers [TNF-α, D-dimer, serum ferritin, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), GPT, and LDH]. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients (40 males and 20 females), with the age ranging from 23 to 71 years from the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Babylon Iraq, were included in the current investigation. The period of study was between October and December 2021. Included criteria omicron coronaviruses patients with positive “Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)” results while the excluded criteria omicron coronaviruses patients with positive “RT-PCR” results were reviewed. Then the positive patient divided by using saturation oxygen (SPO2) into three groups (mild, moderate, and severe groups). Sex, age, and SPO2 were recorded, and biomarkers (GOT, GPT, and LDH) were measured in all patients using a bio-based device (ACCENT-200 ALAT KIT). The D-dimer and serum ferritin for all patients were done by VIDS instrument. Results: In this sample, the ages ranged from 23 to 71, with a mean of 60.32 ± 13.39. TNF-α concentrations were found to be significantly greater in the severe patient group compared to the mild patient group and the moderate patient group (P = 0.06). Severe patients had greater GPT and GOT concentrations than mild and moderate patients. There was a positive and statistically significant association between TNF-α and D-dimer in the mild group (r = 0.734FNx08, P = 0.000). Neither TNF-α nor serum ferritin levels were correlated with liver function tests. Conclusion: Among omicron coronavirus patients, GOPT, GPT, and LDH were all elevated in the severe group, whereas there was no statistically significant difference between the mild and moderate groups (mild, moderate, and severe group). TNF-α levels were not associated with liver function tests in this research.

We investigated cross-language influences from the first (L1) and second (L2) languages in third (L3) language processing, to examine how order of acquisition and proficiency modulate the degree of cross-language influences, and whether these cross-language influences manifest differently in online and offline measures of L3 processing. The study focused on morpho-syntactic processing of English as an L3 among Arabic-Hebrew-English university student trilinguals (n = 44). Importantly, both L1 (Arabic) and L2 (Hebrew) of participants are typologically distant from L3 (English), which allows overcoming confounds of previous research. Performance of trilinguals was compared to that of native English monolingual controls (n = 37). To investigate the source of cross-language influences, critical stimuli were ungrammatical sentences in English, which when translated could be grammatical in L1, in L2 or in both. Thus, the L3 morpho-syntactic structures included in the study were a mismatch with L1, a mismatch with L2, a Double mismatch, with both L1 and L2, or a no mismatch condition. Participants read the English sentences while their eye-movements were recorded (online measure), and they also performed grammaticality judgments following each sentence (offline measure). Across both measures, cross-language influences were assessed by comparing the performance of the trilinguals in each of the critical interference conditions to the no-interference condition, and by comparing their performance to that of the monolingual controls. L1 interference was evident in first pass sentence reading, and marginally in offline grammaticality judgment, and L2 interference was robust across second pass reading and grammaticality judgments. These results suggest that either L1 or the L2 can be the source of cross-language influences in L3 processing, but with different time-courses. The findings highlight the difference between online and offline measures of performance: processing language in real-time reflects mainly automatic activation of morpho-syntactic structures, whereas offline judgments might also involve strategic and meta-linguistic decision making. Together, the findings show that during L3 processing, trilinguals have access to all previously acquired linguistic knowledge, and that the multilingual language system is fully interactive.