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A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2021-22 at Oilseed Research Farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur entitled “Response of integrated crop management on growth, yield attributes and grain yield of field pea (Pisum sativum L.)”. Result showed that the treatment T8(INM+IWM+IPM) gave the significantly higher grain yield of field pea. The treatment T8 recorded the highest plant height (75.61cm), number of branches (5.67), dry matter production per plant (27.86 g), number of pods per plant (16.65), number of grains per pod (5.56), 100-grain weight (17.10 g), grain yield (2621.65 kg/ha), straw yield(4024.25 kg/ha) and harvest index (39.46 %) in comparison to rest of other treatments. The minimum plant height (62.40 cm), number of branches (3.90), dry matter production per plant (17.80 g), number of pods per plant (10.20), number of grains per pod (3.92), weight of 100-grain (15.09 g), grain yield (1700.72 kg/ha), straw yield 3216.26 kg/ha) and harvest index (34.60 %) was recorded with the control.

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2019-20 in sandy loam soil of C.S.A. University of Agriculture and Technology, Nawabganj, Kanpur (U.P.).The experiment consisted nine treatments combinations comprised of three sowing date/ sowing temperature viz., sowing on November 10 with temperature 220C, November 20 with temperature 170C and November 30 with temperature 160C and three variety viz, KWR-108, KPG-59 and KGD-1168. Results revealed that sowing temperature 220C which occurred on November 10 in combination with variety KGD-1168 produced significantly higher growth parameters such as plant population, plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter accumulation and crop growth rate. It is also evident from data that variety KDG-1168 sown on November 10 has been associated with highest no. of pods plant-1, no. of seeds plant-1, no. of seeds pod-1, test weight, seed yield plant-1, seed yield (q ha-1) because fulfilment of optimum thermal requirement for various plant processes. High temperature during-reproductive stage adversely affected the number of pods plant,-1 number of seed pod-1 in late sowing (November 30) which ultimately resulted in the lowest seed yield. It can be elaborated from the results that variety KGD-1168 produces higher yield and benefit in the central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthropod-borne Alphavirus is responsible for chikungunya disease. Arthralgia and arthritis are the major symptom. Some patients recover early while others for a very long time. This study provides, epidemiology and molecular characterization of three whole-genome sequences of CHIKV and assessed phylogenetic analysis, physiological properties, antigenicity, and B-cell epitope prediction by in silico. We report the clinical epidemiology of 325 suspected patients. Of these, 118 (36.30%) were confirmed CHIKV positive by either PCR or ELISA. Clinical analysis showed joint pain, joint swelling and headache were frequent and significant features. Phylogenie analysis showed the currently circulating strain is in close clustring to Africa, Uganda, and Singapore CHIKV strains. Molecular characterization by WGS was done. Thirty eight amino acid changes in the nonstructural proteins were found with respect to the S27 (ECSA) strain. Of these five located in nsP2. Similarly, 34 amino acid changes in structural proteins were observed. The major change was notice; in E3 protein hydropathicity -0.281 to -0.362, in E2 isoelectric point (pI) 8.24 to 8.37, instability index 66.08 to 71.062, aliphatic index varied from 74.69 to 68.59 and E3 75.79 to 70.05. In nsP1 protein pI varies from 6.62 to 8.04, while no other change was observed in structural and nonstructural protein. The linear B-cell epitopes, position, and number varied with the mutation. The molecular characterizations of WGS demonstrate the observation of protein, antigenicity with respect to the mutation.

Purpose of the study: This study aimed to explore the association between the role of parliament and perception of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) paradigm for curbing corruption in Peshawar. Methodology: A stratified random sampling technique was used to gather information from 320 sample respondents through an interview schedule. The gamma and chi-square test was applied to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Main Findings: Parliament’s role was termed as of paramount importance in curbing corruption. There was a significant association between the vital function of parliament in curbing corruption (P=0.000), introduce new anti-corruption laws (P=0.016), parliament assure the accountability of executives (P=0.003), parliament should work with other institution (P=0.034), Public Account Committee’s role is admirable in parliament (P=0.815), non-accountability of powerful (P=0.022), parliament should introduce a strict law (P=0.017) and perception of the NAB paradigm for reducing corruption. Applications of this study: The results of this research work can be applied to all watchdogs’ institutions for its policymaking. The originality of this study: The study is unique because the information was aggregated directly from the people in the research area.

Purpose of the study: The present study highlights the administrative causing institutional intra-faith disintegration and its revival to social reintegration in district Hangu-Pakistan. Methodology: The study proceeded with a sound conceptual framework comprised of the independent variable, i.e., administrative failure to curb sectarianism, and dependent variable, i.e., "social reintegration," bypassing these through a sound statistical operationalization, i.e., chi-square and factor analysis, respectively. A sample size of 306 representing all leading categories of the study was chosen by stratified random sampling procedure to ensure the true representation of the masses living in the study area. Main Findings: The study disclosed that administrative failure had a strong and significant relationship with disintegration as causative factors and had been identified as a catalyst towards the social reintegration provided. Both literate and illiterate are taken into consideration for their involvement in the reintegration process while restructuring the administrative state of the area, as pointed out by the literate respondents. Applications of this study: The study recommended that the government should take initiatives by indulging all the stakeholders for greater social inclusion in the study arena, allowing both sects to participate in the common values under the ambit of Islam. A policy of non-interference by the state of Pakistan needs to be designed and communicated accordingly to all forces involving particular reference to the neighboring states. Novelty/Originality of this study: To the best of my knowledge, little empirical work in this area has been conducted in the Pakistani context. Thus, this study will be helpful in policy planning on both local and international levels.

This study is an attempt to evaluate the impact of the presence of women in the National Assembly of Pakistan. It analyses the effect of the inclusion of women in the legislative bodies on the policies and laws of the country. With increasing demand and participation of women in politics the question of the impact of women presence in the legislative bodies arises. This study makes an analysis of the bills introduced by women members in the National Assembly and categorizes it under different headings. The study concludes that women members were more interested in resolving issues of women and piloted women related agenda to the floor of the house but this concern does not ensures any substantive change in policy making due to the influence of other variables i.e. method of election on reserved seats for women and party affiliations etc.

This research study was carried out to identify the role of community-based organizations in irrigation channels to enhance crop yield in rural areas of district Mansehra Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Data were collected from 200 respondents selected randomly and analyzed through SPSS. Findings concluded that more than half (53%) of the sampled respondents perceived that CBOs played an important role in development of irrigation channels and in result the crop yield was increased in the study area. Regarding performance of CBOs, OFWM contributed more in the improvement of water courses. CBOs work was appreciated by the respondents as it positively affected the farming activities in the study area and made the irrigation system more convenient. The CBOs had some of the shortcoming such as absence of regular activities, meeting and rewards for members. There was personal biasness in the selection criteria of the membership. It was recommended that there should be regular organizational activities, duties and some kind of rewards for the member to keep their attention in the CBOs activities. The maintenance charges should be on the basis of financial status of the farmers. The need is to improve the remaining water courses for the boosting of agriculture in the study area.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline the “Hybrid” “International” Emergency Medicine (HIEM) programme, which is an ethical pathway for the recruitment, employment and training of Emergency Medicine doctors; with a rotation through the NHS on a two-year medical training initiative with a Tier 5 visa, “earn, learn and return” programme. The HIEM programme offers an advantage to the Tier 2 visa by combining training, education and employment resulting in new learning to help improve the health system in Nepal and provide continued cultural support, clinical and leadership development experience in the UK NHS. Finally, this programme also provides a Return on Investment to the NHS. Design/methodology/approach A shortage of doctors in the UK, combined with a need to develop Emergency Medicine doctors in Nepal, led to a UK Emergency Medicine Physician (PS) to facilitate collaboration between UK/Nepal partners. A mapping exercise of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine curriculum with the competencies for the health system and quality improvement leaders and partners with patients produced a “HIEM programme”. The HIEM programme aims to develop first-class doctors to study in Emergency Departments in the UK NHS while also building trainee capability to improve the health system in Nepal with a research thesis. Findings The HIEM programme has 12 doctors on its programme across years one and two, with the first six doctors working in the UK NHS and progressing well. There are reports of high levels of satisfaction with the trainees in their transition from Nepal to the UK and the hospital is due to save £720,000 (after costs) over two years. Each trainee will earn £79,200 over two years which is enough to pay back the £16,000 cost for the course fees. Nepal as a country will benefit from the HIEM programme as each trainee will submit a health system improvement Thesis. Research limitations/implications The HIEM programme is in its infancy as it is two years through a four-year programme. Further evaluation data are required to assess the full impact of this programme. In addition, the HIEM programme has only focussed on the development of one medical speciality which is Emergency Medicine. Further research is required to evaluate the impact of this model across other medical and surgical specialties. Practical implications The HIEM programme has exciting potential to support International Medical Graduates undertake a planned programme of development while they study in the UK with a Tier 5 visa. IMGs require continuous support while in the UK and are required to demonstrate continued learning through continuous professional development (CPD). The HIEM programme offers an opportunity for this CPD learning to be structured, meaningful and progressive to enable new learning. There is also specific support to develop academic and research skills to undertake a thesis in an area that requires health system improvement in Nepal. Originality/value This is the first time an integrated clinical, leadership, quality improvement and patient partnership model curriculum has been developed. The integrated nature of the curriculum saves precious time, money and resources. The integrated nature of this “hybrid” curriculum supports the development of an evidence-based approach to generating attitudes of collaboration, partnership and facilitation and team building in medical leadership with patient engagement. This “hybrid” model gives hope for the increased added value of the programme at a time of global austerity and challenges in healthcare.

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Quaid-e-Azam) was a great leader as well as a founder of Pakistan. Quaid-e-Azam does a lot of struggle for Pakistan. In 1947, the Quaid Azam instantly set the tone for the Pukhtun care of Pakistan’s new nation by removing from Former Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA). The purpose of this research is to find the relation between the father of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the former federally administered tribal area of Pakistan. There is also a need to address the problems of citizens residing in former federally administered tribal areas of Pakistan. A review study method was used in the study. Data was collected from previous researches. The results of our study demonstrate that the founder of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam does have an unparalleled love for the citizens of FATA through their deep allegiance, their ultimate contributions as well as steadfast help throughout his journey to Pakistan. It can be concluded that the fata sconcerns will only be addressed if the tribal students’ equipment of education ornamentation. Although, there is a need to pay attention to former FATA.

FORMER FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Area), is the most praiseworthy part of Pakistan, always deemed to be the rudimentary part of Pakistani province known as KPK (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). After countless efforts and protracted delay, it came into being on 31st, May 2018. However, after this historically important incident, many changes were observed in the overall economy as well as the sanctuary situation of the country. Very little research is available to highlight the positive as well as negative impacts on domestic sanctuary. Therefore, keeping in view the above-explained scenario present study is devised to highlight all these concerns as well as future perspectives to put Pakistan on the success staircase. In this study, various aspects of FORMER FATA are highlighted including the unification of cultural attributes of FORMER FATA and KPK, conversion of the Jirga method into legal management, transfiguration of educational set up from Madrassa to schools, colleges, and universities. The Domino effect of this study enlightens the unsatisfactory attitude of government authorities for bringing up the living standards of inhabitants of FORMER FATA along with dawdling development projects. Therefore, it is the utmost need of the hour for government authorities to understand the subject matter and reconsider the attributes of FORMER FATA by considering it vital part of KPK as well as of Pakistan.

The weak political organization of nearly all political parties is another contributing factor in political instability. No democratic culture prevails inside all political parties; all political parties, with the exception of very few, has been ruling by one family, and mostly are dominated by one family or person; their party of the election has been mostly blamed as selection and not an election. The scope of all parties has been limited to certain areas, religion and nationalities. .As a result of weak organizations of political parties and dominant rule of the military do not allow any government to form a government alone; all political parties rely on other political parties to form government in centre as well as province.

The education system in Pakistan, unfortunately, is facing several problems due to the existence of certain flaws in education, particularly in higher education. On the other hand, a country’s progress in any sphere of life is mostly dependent on its educational structure and system because it is considered a roadmap on which the direction of national behavior is based upon. In the meantime, the government of Pakistan since the inception of the country is not properly investing in the field of education which has created numerous hurdles in the growth and development of the country. The present study aims to analyze the state of higher education by paying special attention to the flaws in higher education in Pakistan.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has emerged as a major viral threat, affecting over a million people worldwide per year. It is a vector borne disease transmitted to the human by Ades mosquitoes and primarily affect people by causing viral fever, severe joint pain and other symptoms, like rash, joint swelling, muscle pain and in rare cases can be fatal. CHIKV is a deadly virus, with its mutation rate found to be significantly higher as compared to other viruses. To date, there has been no reported FDA approved drug against this virus. Thus, keeping in mind the urgent need to scrutinize potential therapies against CHIKV, the present study identified twenty plant bioactive compounds that are available at low price and do not have associated adverse effect. For identification of active potentials molecules the pharmacoinformatics-based perspective was applied against CHIKV structural (E1) and non-structural (nsP2) proteins using molecular docking and scoring. The selected compounds were further studied for pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) associated parameters such as initial absorption, then distribution and later on metabolism excretion and toxicity (ADMET) profiles based on in silico study. The results reveal five potential lead compounds having high binding energy that can help in the development of commercial drugs with favorable ADMET characteristic. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Instructional Farm (SIF), Department of Agronomy, C S Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur in alluvial tract of gangetic plains in Central part of Uttar Pradesh. The treatments consisted three sowing methods and five weed management practices. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The results showed that plant height was increasing with increasing days after sowing in the relevant crop of wheat, respectively. The tallest plants were obtained in S3 : Cross sowing followed by S2 : Line sowing. The application of weed management practices on W4 : Two hand weeding (25 and 45 DAS) W2 : Clodinofop (60g ha-1) fb 2,4-D (500 g ha-1), significantly improved the growth and yields of Two hand weeding (25 and 45 DAS) followed by Clodinofop (60g ha-1) fb 2,4-D (500 g ha-1), amongst different cropping systems during the two years of experimentation.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of economic growth, international trade and energy consumption on the global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, in the case of top CO2 emitters, namely, USA, Japan, Canada, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UK, Australia, Italy, France and Spain using the annual data from 1971 to 2013. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, the time series, data technique is applied. Unit root test with structural break and the bounds testing approach for cointegration in the presence of structural break is tested. Finally, a vector error correction model for the Granger causality test is applied to detect the direction of causality. The authors have used the techniques that will help in examining the structural break in the time series data. Findings The results reveal that their exists a long-run relationship between CO2 emissions and its determinants in the USA, Canada, Iran, Saudi Arabia, the UK, Australia, Italy, France and Spain, energy consumption is the main determinant of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the long run and for direction of causality, the authors found bidirectional causality in the long run between energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the USA, Canada, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the UK, and Granger causality running in opposite direction in the case of Australia from CO2 emissions to energy consumption was analyzed. In terms of growth-trade-pollution nexus (USA, Canada, Iran and France) hold one-way causality running from economic growth and trade openness to CO2 emissions (IV) the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is validated only for the USA. Robust policy implications can be derived from this study. First, without harming the economy, these countries can reduce the use of energy consumption for lower pollution. Second, the amount of trade should be decreased to lower the emissions because the authors find that an increase in trade does Granger cause to CO2 emissions in the long run. Originality/value There has been no study that investigated the relationship between CO2 emissions, real income, consumption of energy and international trade in the environmental Kuznets relation for the top CO2 emitter’s countries over the period of 1971–2013. The authors did a comparative study of the empirical finding among these nations.

The development of international relations together with forces like globalization and technology has brought the world closer to each other. Friendly ties and relations with states create massive challenges during times of conflict. The focus of the paper is on the crisis evolving in the Middle East region and the role of Pakistan in solving those crisis considering relations with its closest allies, political and financial circumstances, and its foreign policy principles. A qualitative research approach with desk analysis technique has been applied to analyse the role of Pakistan as a mediator for the conflict resolution among Middle Eastern countries. The research highlights how the disputes created great problems for Pakistan, but it is still striving to resolve conflicts among Middle Eastern countries because maintaining peace and prosperity in the Muslim world has always been a top priority of Pakistan’s foreign policy.

This study was focused to identify the effects of rural-urban migration on the socio-economic conditions of migrant households in District Peshawar, Pakistan.Total150 respondents sampled through proportionate sampling technique from four different locations of Peshawar city participated in the study. Data were collected from the sampled respondents on a structured questionnaire through face-to-face interview technique. Results show that the majority of the respondents migrated during 2001 and 2010. Along with the poverty and social amenities, other major reasons behind the migration in the study area were access to quality education, the war against terrorism, employment opportunities, and health issues. Majority of the joint families converted to the nuclear family system after the migration. Their economic conditions were enhanced. As far as pre and post-migration facilities were concerned, positive changes were observed in the research area. It is recommended that the government and concerned authorities should ensure the provision of basic socio-economic facilities and off-farm employment opportunities to the rural people so that the ratio of urban migration could possibly be minimized.

This study empirically examines the impact of trade openness on ecological footprint (F) employing panel data time series covering the period 1991–2016 for the sample of thirty five Asian countries. To analyze the consequence of trade at three distinct transition points, we decompose the trade effect into scale, composition, and technique effects. Using second generation econometric approaches that considers the issue of cross sectional dependence, the result show positive (negative) effect of scale (technique) on ecological footprint which validates the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for high income, upper middle and lower middle income countries. Further, energy consumption contribute to ecological footprint whereas, composition effect and trade openness mitigates environmental degradation. However, the results vary across different sub-panels. The findings impart innovative approach to detect the influence of trade openness in three sub dimensions of trade liberalization. Hence, for trade policy makers and economists, this article assigns more comprehensive policy implications and suggest sustainable trade agreements among the region.

The study was carried out since June, 2021. The major objective was to analyze problems facing to transgender in the world. Secondary data and primary data were used. Total 19 articles were downloaded from the net and also different program of the transgender were participated for finding the problems facing to transgender in the world. The review indicates that transgender are facing multiple problems in society. In majority countries they have not issues the National identity card because of this they do not apply for job and have no right for casting the vote in national election and their power is less than the other gender. The parents mostly kick out from the home due to shame in different area of the world. Mostly they live in hotel or in group where other transgender are also present which have also kicked out form their homes. They have no source of income to purchase food for survival of life. So they learn the dance and participated in marriage ceremony and earn the money where sexual harassment problems face to them and sometime the people raped them and kill them. They have no right in the land of parent to lack of national identity card. No medical treatment facilities are available to them. They never avail the facilities of the schooling. Majority transgender face the problem of the AIDs due to sexual harassment in the world. Now a day in some countries of the world rights have been approved by the national assembly. In recent days 15 driving licensees and national identity cards were issued to transgender in Pakistan but still the work is delay for actual operation. Similarly in US 63% population give votes for transgender rights while in all the world transgender are in the problem. In the world majority transgender are poor and below the poverty line. They are teases everywhere in the world but they protest while governments mostly do not give the due rights to them. The parents feel shame when they live there. Anywhere they live in the world people beating and kill them. So, still no country of the world gives due right to them. The number in the world is less and they have no member in the national and provincial assembly, which raise hand for them. So the discussions explain that transgender face the great problem in the world and need the help. They are the creature of God and they have equal right in the world society. Many conferences in the world were arranged for transgender problems solution while still their problems were not solved. On the basis of problems the study recommend that to help at world level of the transgender community and consider them as human being while do not classify them and treated as other human being of the world; Provide special quota to transgender in jobs in the world; Different programs should be launched for their economy uplifting; Give special security to them in the world; Give sustenance, self esteem and freedom servitude to them; Never rape and harass to them; UNO should arranged conferences for their problem solution in the world.