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1. Formulation and assessment of chickpea pulao using fenugreek seeds and Indian rennet to improve blood glycemic levels

Author: Misha Arooj, Zaheer Ahmed, Nauman Khalid, and Hafiz A. R. Suleria
Subjects: chickpea pulao, cuisine modification, hypoglycemic herbs, Pakistani cuisine, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract: Abstract Diabetes is becoming a significant health concern in Asia, where the prevalence has reached alarming levels. An important contributing factor is the consumption of high‐carbohydrate foods, including rice, bread, etc. These high‐carbohydrate foods pose a major risk to public health due to their impact on postprandial hyperglycemia. This research aimed to formulate a chickpea pulao (cooked Indian–Pakistani rice dish) and to evaluate its effects on postprandial blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic individuals. Antioxidant potential and total phenolic contents of herbs at different concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9%) were measured through DPPH and Folin Ciocalteu assays. The antidiabetic potential was tested by α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibition assays. After sensory evaluation, the best‐chosen concentration was used to formulate the chickpea pulao. The study trial was advertised under “DP trial,” and 12 participants were recruited. A single‐blind randomized cross‐over trial was conducted for 3 weeks with a one‐week wash‐over time in between. Participants' preprandial and postprandial blood glucose levels were recorded for control and intervention recipes. Results indicated that both fenugreek seeds (FS) and Indian rennet (IR) showed good antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity (p = .000) in raw and boiled extracts. For DPPH, the IC50 values of unboiled and boiled combined (FS + IR) extracts were calculated as 7.4% and 8.02%, respectively. Similarly, for α‐amylase, the IC50 values of combined IR and FS unboiled and boiled extracts were 6.58% and 6.83%, and for α‐glucosidase inhibition assay, the values were measured as 14.98% and 16.24%. The single‐blind randomized cross‐over trial showed that consuming the intervention recipe significantly reduced postprandial hyperglycemia (p = .000) in type 2 diabetic participants. The intervention recipe decreased hyperglycemia by approximately 15% daily compared to the control recipe. Incorporation of hypoglycemic herbs into dietary patterns can work as an adjunct therapy for diabetes management, especially in populations with a high prevalence of this disease.
Published: 2024
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2. Physicochemical, rheological and antioxidant profiling of yogurt prepared from non-enzymatically and enzymatically hydrolyzed potato powder under refrigeration

Author: Ishtiaq Ahmad, Zhouyi Xiong, Hanguo Xiong, Rana Muhammad Aadil, Nauman Khalid, Allah Bakash Jvaid Lakhoo, Zia-ud-din, Asad Nawaz, Noman Walayat, and Rao Sanaullah Khan
Subjects: Storage stability, Potato powder, Yogurt, Rheology, Microbiology, Antioxidant activity, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract: Evidences show that the storage period greatly affects the quality of yogurt. In this study, three types of yogurt: control yogurt (CY), non-hydrolyzed potato powder yogurt (PPY) and enzymatically hydrolyzed potato powder yogurt (EHPPY) were prepared at 42 °C for 5 h and stored for 28 days at 4 °C. The yogurts were evaluated for quality characteristics at different storage periods. Negligible differences in pH values, titratable acidities and viable counts were detected in all three types of yogurt during storage. However, compared to other yogurts, EHPPY exhibited desirable water holding capacity, throughout the storage period. Apart from this, sensory properties and antioxidant activities (2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) of EHPPY were also significantly improved during the storage period. Furthermore, the storage (Gʹ) and loss (Gʺ) modulus of PPY, EHPPY were lower than CY at 4 °C while a hysteresis loop was shown by all yogurts at the temperature range of 4–50 °C indicating higher Gʹ (elasticity) than Gʺ (viscosity). Based on our findings, EHPP could be an important functional ingredient in improving the quality and storage stability of yogurt for its production at an industrial level.
Published: 2023
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3. Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in Lahore, Pakistan

Author: Nauman Khalid, Zunaira Akbar, Nosheen Mustafa, Jamshaid Akbar, Shanawar Saeed, and Zikria Saleem
Subjects: antibiotic, resistance, antibiogram, empiric therapy, sensitivity analysis, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract: BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) has provoked a global health issue. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should be implemented to overcome this issue. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity patterns of the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) group of antibiotics that assists in the selection of appropriate empiric antibiotic therapies.MethodA descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted for 6 months, in which 422 culture sensitivity sample reports from the Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital’s laboratory were obtained through a convenience sampling technique, and the sensitivity patterns of nine offending bacteria to the WHO AWaRe group antibiotics were determined. Descriptive statistics and differences in frequency distribution among the categorical variables were obtained using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 21.ResultsAmong 422 culture sensitivity sample reports, Escherichia coli (16.1%) was the most common Gram-negative pathogen. Acinetobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas showed 100% sensitivity to polymyxin-b and colistin. Proteus showed the highest sensitivity to meropenem (90%), Staphylococcus aureus showed a 98% sensitivity to linezolid, Staphylococcus epidermidis was 100% sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid, and Streptococcus showed the highest sensitivity to penicillin (100%) and vancomycin (94.7%). Polymyxin b and colistin were found to be the most effective antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria (100%). Gram-positive bacteria were highly sensitive to linezolid (99.4%), vancomycin (98.2%), chloramphenicol (89.5%), and tigecycline (82.6%).ConclusionCulture sensitivity reports help to rationalize the empirical use of antibiotics in clinical practice in addressing the challenge of antimicrobial resistance. This study showed that polymyxin-b and colistin were the most effective antibiotics against Gram-negative isolates and that Gram-positive bacteria were highly susceptible to linezolid. Updated antibiograms should be used by clinicians to evaluate bacterial susceptibility patterns and rationalize antibiotic empiric therapy.
Published: 2023
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4. Single-leg stance on a challenging surface can enhance cortical activation in the right hemisphere – A case study

Author: Haroon Khan, Nauman Khalid Qureshi, Anis Yazidi, Håvard Engell, and Peyman Mirtaheri
Subjects: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), Single-leg stance (SLS), General linear model (GLM), Cortical activation, Alpine ski, Dual-leg stance (DLS), Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract: Maintaining body balance, whether static or dynamic, is critical in performing everyday activities and developing and optimizing basic motor skills. This study investigates how a professional alpine skier's brain activates on the contralateral side during a single-leg stance. Continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals were recorded with sixteen sources and detectors over the motor cortex to investigate brain hemodynamics. Three different tasks were performed: barefooted walk (BFW), right-leg stance (RLS), and left-leg stance (LLS). The signal processing pipeline includes channel rejection, the conversation of raw intensities into hemoglobin concentration changes using modified Beer-Lambert law, baseline zero-adjustments, z-normalization, and temporal filtration. The hemodynamic brain signal was estimated using a general linear model with a 2-gamma function. Measured activations (t-values) with p-value
Published: 2023
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5. Plant-based meat analogs: A review with reference to formulation and gastrointestinal fate

Author: Anum Ishaq, Shafeeqa Irfan, Arooba Sameen, and Nauman Khalid
Subjects: Meat analogs, Functionality, Physicochemical properties, Consumer behavior, Gastrointestinal fate, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: The discussion about the development and consumption of plant-based meat alternatives has been raised since numerous decades and has become the topic of prime concern these days. Recently, the market of plant-based meat alternatives has enormously expanded. With the aim of investigating the present scenario of research on meat analogs and defining the future research areas, reasons for shifting the trends towards consumption of meat analogs due to several health and environmental issues, potential sources and technologies needed for the development of meat analogs, physicochemical properties of meat analogs, functionality of ingredients used for manufacturing plant-based meat analogs, gastrointestinal fate of meat analogs and resulting consumer acceptability are summarized in this review. Studies have revealed that various health and environmental concerns are associated with the meat production which is the key driving force for the development of meat analogs. Recently, modern structuring techniques of plant-based meat alternatives have improved their functionality, however, a need exists to focus on improving the functionality, sensory characteristics, safety, and selection of suitable ingredients for the production of meat analogs. Additionally, the consumers’ acceptability towards meat analogs is quite unsatisfactory which needs to be improved through proper research and creating awareness. Moreover, the gastrointestinal fate of the plant-based meat analogs needs further investigation in order to have a better understanding regarding the nutrient bioavailability of these products. The present review will be helpful in highlighting the current situation regarding the fate of meat analogs and opening new horizons of research in this domain.
Published: 2022
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6. Mapping development and health effects of cooking with solid fuels in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–18: a geospatial modelling study

Author: Joseph Jon Frostad, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Mathew M Baumann, Brigette F Blacker, Laurie B Marczak, Aniruddha Deshpande, Kirsten E Wiens, Kate E LeGrand, Kimberly B Johnson, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Hassan Abolhassani, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R M Abrigo, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Victor Adekanmbi, Anurag Agrawal, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Ziyad Al-Aly, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Vahid Alipour, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Saeed Amini, Fatemeh Amiri, Dickson A Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Ashish D Badiye, Atif Amin Baig, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Sanjay Basu, Neeraj Bedi, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sadia Bibi, Somayeh Bohlouli, Soufiane Boufous, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Dejana Braithwaite, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Ester Cerin, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Sarika Chaturvedi, Simiao Chen, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Saad M A Dahlawi, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K Das, Aditya Prasad Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Diego De Leo, Jan-Walter De Neve, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Sagnik Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Fariba Dorostkar, Leila Doshmangir, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Maha El Tantawi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ibtihal Fadhil, Nazir Fattahi, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Mansour Ghafourifard, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Syed Amir Gilani, Tiffany K Gill, Alessandra C Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Ayman Grada, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Davide Guido, Yuming Guo, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Reyna Alma Gutiérrez, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Randah R Hamadeh, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Soheil Hassanipour, Khezar Hayat, Behzad Heibati, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mohamed Hsairi, Guoqing Hu, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chidozie C D Iwu, Jalil Jaafari, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Tahereh Javaheri, Ravi Prakash Jha, John S Ji, Jost B Jonas, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Naser Kamyari, Tanuj Kanchan, Umesh Kapil, Neeti Kapoor, Gbenga A Kayode, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Yousef Saleh Khader, Nauman Khalid, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M Khater, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Gyu Ri Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Luke D Knibbs, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Faris Hasan Lami, Qing Lan, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Paul H Lee, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Daiane Borges Machado, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mina Maheri, Azeem Majeed, Afshin Maleki, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Natalie Maria Martinez, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Benjamin K Mayala, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Irmina Maria Michalek, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Maryam Mirzaei, Roya Mirzaei, Babak Moazen, Yousef Mohammad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Lorenzo Monasta, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Sandra B Munro, Christopher J L Murray, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Mohsen Naghavi, Sanjeev Nair, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Javad Nazari, Ionut Negoi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Ahmed Omar Bali, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Anamika Pandey, Eun-Cheol Park, Eun-Kee Park, Sangram Kishor Patel, Hai Quang Pham, Thomas Pilgrim, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Maarten J Postma, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Fakher Rahim, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sowmya J Rao, Davide Rasella, Prateek Rastogi, Goura Kishor Rath, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Reza Rawassizadeh, Andre M N Renzaho, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Morteza Rostamian, Enrico Rubagotti, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, David C Schwebel, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Saeed Shahabi, Amira A Shaheen, Izza Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Aziz Sheikh, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Ranjitha S Shetty, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, K M Shivakumar, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Ireneous N Soyiri, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Leo Stockfelt, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Amir Taherkhani, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Saif Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Santosh Varughese, Francesco S Violante, Bay Vo, Giang Thu Vu, Yasir Waheed, Yuan-Pang Wang, Catherine A Welgan, Andrea Werdecker, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Sanni Yaya, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Chuanhua Yu, Yong Yu, Sojib Bin Zaman, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Michael Brauer, Simon I Hay, and Robert C Reiner, Jr
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: More than 3 billion people do not have access to clean energy and primarily use solid fuels to cook. Use of solid fuels generates household air pollution, which was associated with more than 2 million deaths in 2019. Although local patterns in cooking vary systematically, subnational trends in use of solid fuels have yet to be comprehensively analysed. We estimated the prevalence of solid-fuel use with high spatial resolution to explore subnational inequalities, assess local progress, and assess the effects on health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) without universal access to clean fuels. Methods: We did a geospatial modelling study to map the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking at a 5 km × 5 km resolution in 98 LMICs based on 2·1 million household observations of the primary cooking fuel used from 663 population-based household surveys over the years 2000 to 2018. We use observed temporal patterns to forecast household air pollution in 2030 and to assess the probability of attaining the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target indicator for clean cooking. We aligned our estimates of household air pollution to geospatial estimates of ambient air pollution to establish the risk transition occurring in LMICs. Finally, we quantified the effect of residual primary solid-fuel use for cooking on child health by doing a counterfactual risk assessment to estimate the proportion of deaths from lower respiratory tract infections in children younger than 5 years that could be associated with household air pollution. Findings: Although primary reliance on solid-fuel use for cooking has declined globally, it remains widespread. 593 million people live in districts where the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking exceeds 95%. 66% of people in LMICs live in districts that are not on track to meet the SDG target for universal access to clean energy by 2030. Household air pollution continues to be a major contributor to particulate exposure in LMICs, and rising ambient air pollution is undermining potential gains from reductions in the prevalence of solid-fuel use for cooking in many countries. We estimated that, in 2018, 205 000 (95% uncertainty interval 147 000–257 000) children younger than 5 years died from lower respiratory tract infections that could be attributed to household air pollution. Interpretation: Efforts to accelerate the adoption of clean cooking fuels need to be substantially increased and recalibrated to account for subnational inequalities, because there are substantial opportunities to improve air quality and avert child mortality associated with household air pollution. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022
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7. A computational approach for solving time fractional differential equation via spline functions

Author: Nauman Khalid, Muhammad Abbas, Muhammad Kashif Iqbal, Jagdev Singh, and Ahmad Izani Md. Ismail
Subjects: Redefined extended cubic B-spline functions, Caputo’s time fractional derivative, Advection–diffusion equation, Stability and convergence, Finite difference formulation, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040
Abstract: A computational approach based on finite difference scheme and a redefined extended B-spline functions is presented to study the approximate solution of time fractional advection diffusion equation. The Caputo time-fractional derivative and redefined extended B-spline functions have been used for the time and spatial discretization, respectively. The numerical scheme is shown to be O(h2+Δt2-α) accurate and unconditionally stable. The proposed method is tested through some numerical experiments involving homogeneous/non-homogeneous boundary conditions which concluded that it is more accurate than existing methods. The simulation results show superior agreement with the exact solution as compared to existing methods.
Published: 2020
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8. Therapeutic benefits of music-based synchronous finger tapping in Parkinson’s disease—an fNIRS study protocol for randomized controlled trial in Dalian, China

Author: Lanlan Pu, Nauman Khalid Qureshi, Joanne Ly, Bingwei Zhang, Fengyu Cong, William C. Tang, and Zhanhua Liang
Subjects: Music therapy, Parkinson’s disease, fNIRS, Randomized controlled trials, Explicit and implicit timing, Motor-control, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Abstract Background Music therapy improves neuronal activity and connectivity of healthy persons and patients with clinical symptoms of neurological diseases like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and major depression. Despite the plethora of publications that have reported the positive effects of music interventions, little is known about how music improves neuronal activity and connectivity in afflicted patients. Methods For patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease (PD), we propose a daily 25-min music-based synchronous finger tapping (SFT) intervention for 8 weeks. Eligible participants with PD are split into two groups: an intervention group and a control arm. In addition, a third cohort of healthy controls will be recruited. Assessment of finger tapping performances, the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), an n-back test, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), as well as oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2), deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR), and total hemoglobin activation collected by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) are measured at baseline, week 4 (during), week 8 (post), and week 12 (retention) of the study. Data collected from the two PD groups are compared to baseline performances from healthy controls. Discussion This exploratory prospective trial study investigates the cortical neuronal activity and therapeutic effects associated with an auditory external cue used to induce automatic and implicit synchronous finger tapping in patients diagnosed with PD. The extent to which the intervention is effective may be dependent on the severity of the disease. The study’s findings are used to inform larger clinical studies for optimization and further exploration of the therapeutic effects of movement-based music therapy on neural activity in neurological diseases. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04212897 . Registered on December 30, 2019. The participant recruitment and study protocol have received ethical approval from the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University. The hospital Protocol Record number is PJ-KY-2019-123. The protocol was named “fNIRS Studies of Music Intervention of Parkinson’s Disease.” The current protocol is version 1.1, revised on September 1, 2020.
Published: 2020
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9. Guy’s stone Scoring in Predicting Post operative Residual Stones

Author: Muhammad waqas Iqbal, Farhan Jamshed, Adeen Akram, Nauman Khalid, Muhammad Saifullah, and Muhammad akram Malik
Subjects: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, Guy’s scoring system, residual stone, Dentistry, RK1-715, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Objective: To determine the frequency of postoperative residual stone based on preprocedural Guy’s scoring system. Methodology: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from1st June 2018 to 30th November 2019 at University Medical College Faisalabad. All patients with stones in the kidney undergoing PCNL, 20 to 60 years of age of both genders were included. Patients with secondary stones due to pelviureteric junction obstruction, CRF and recurrent stones were excluded. In all patients Guy’s scoring was measured. Then all patients underwent PCNL. After 24 hours of operation, CT scan was done in each patient and residual stone (present/absent) was noted. Results: This study was comprised of 91 patients of age ranged from 20- 60 years. Fifty-three patients (58.24%) were males and 38 (41.76%) females. Seven (7.69%) were of Guy’s grade I, 48(52.75%) grade II, 21(23.08%) grade III and 15 of grade IV. Number of patients with residual stone was 09 (9.89%), 0.0% of GS 1, 12.5% of GS 2, 4.76% of GS 3 and 13.33% of GS 4 patients had residual stone. Conclusion: Pre-PCNL Guy’s scoring is easy, rapid and useful for predicting the residual stone after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Keywords: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy, Guy’s scoring system, residual stone.
Published: 2022
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10. A numerical investigation of Caputo time fractional Allen–Cahn equation using redefined cubic B-spline functions

Author: Nauman Khalid, Muhammad Abbas, Muhammad Kashif Iqbal, and Dumitru Baleanu
Subjects: Redefined cubic B-spline functions, Time fractional Allen–Cahn equation, Caputo’s time fractional derivative, Stability and convergence, Finite difference formulation, Mathematics, QA1-939
Abstract: Abstract We present a collocation approach based on redefined cubic B-spline (RCBS) functions and finite difference formulation to study the approximate solution of time fractional Allen–Cahn equation (ACE). We discretize the time fractional derivative of order α ∈ ( 0 , 1 ] $\alpha\in(0,1]$ by using finite forward difference formula and bring RCBS functions into action for spatial discretization. We find that the numerical scheme is of order O ( h 2 + Δ t 2 − α ) $O(h^{2}+\Delta t^{2-\alpha})$ and unconditionally stable. We test the computational efficiency of the proposed method through some numerical examples subject to homogeneous/nonhomogeneous boundary constraints. The simulation results show a superior agreement with the exact solution as compared to those found in the literature.
Published: 2020
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11. Giant urethral stone with diverticulum; a case report

Author: Asad Ramzan, Adeen Akram, Farhan Jamshed, and Nauman Khalid
Subjects: Medicine
Abstract: Urethral calculi are rare and represent 1-2% of all urinary stone diseases. Rarely, calculus grows to large size and are labeled as a "giant urethral calculus". A 75-year-old male came to the OPD of Madinah Teaching Hospital Faisalabad with a chief complaint of suprapubic pain, penile pain, and hard mass on the left side of the scrotum and anterior perineum. The patient had a significant history of undergoing debridement for Meleney's and Fournier's gangrene, along with suprapubic cystostomy done about 1.5 years back. Physical examination revealed a solid mass with dimensions 6x7 cm on the left side of the scrotum and anterior perineum (left periurethral area). Open surgery was performed. A huge stone, 6x6cm, was removed. Diverticulae were excised, and urethroplasty was performed. A catheter was removed on the 21st postoperative with a satisfactory urinary stream.
Published: 2021

12. Anthocyanin Delivery Systems: A Critical Review of Recent Research Findings

Author: Jameel Mohammed Al-Khayri, Waqas Asghar, Aqsa Akhtar, Haris Ayub, Iram Aslam, Nauman Khalid, Muneera Qassim Al-Mssallem, Fatima Mohammed Alessa, Hesham Sayed Ghazzawy, and Mahesh Attimarad
Subjects: anthocyanins, delivery systems, stability, encapsulation, functional foods, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract: Anthocyanins (ACNs) are polyphenolic, water-soluble pigments, and phytochemicals, which in recent years, have garnered the interest of consumers, researchers, and industries for their various potential preventative and/or therapeutic health benefits and applications in the food industry. ACN-based processed foods have emerged as functional foods with significant therapeutic potential against various health conditions. However, their wider application in food and pharmaceutical formulations is hindered by their inherent instability under different environmental conditions, such as pH, light, and temperature, rendering them non-functional due to loss of biological activity. The current review focuses on the frequently used bio-based encapsulation materials for ACN-based delivery systems and their formulation techniques. Various bio-based materials including pectin, gums, pectin, proteins, lipids, phospholipids, and their conjugates are being widely used for targeted delivery and controlled release of bioactive compounds and drugs. The incorporation of advanced technologies seems to be promising in the context of extraction, encapsulation, and storage of ACNs. However, more comprehensive studies are required for the application of encapsulated ACNs in various food products, and improvements in their stability under different processing conditions.
Published: 2022
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13. Assessment of different heavy metals in cigarette filler and ash from multiple brands retailed in Saudi Arabia

Author: Saad Dahlawi, Abdulaziz Abdulrahman Al Mulla, Saifullah, Khaled Salama, Osama Ahmed Labib, Mohammed Tawfiq Aljassim, Aqsa Akhtar, Waqas Asghar, Turki Kh. Faraj, and Nauman Khalid
Subjects: Heavy metals, Tobacco, Cigarette brands, Waterpipe smoking, Risk assessment, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract: Tobacco smoking is considered one of the major global health concerns due to its known carcinogenic effects on the human body. In this study, 36 samples of tobacco products were evaluated for the approximation of the heavy metal content, including chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) using the inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The heavy metal content was evaluated in the tobacco filler, ash, and tobacco products (with and without filters). The average concentrations in filler tobacco products were 0.66 mg/kg, 0.09 mg/kg, 2.61 mg/kg, 245.55 mg/kg, 0.38 mg/kg, 3.985 mg/kg, and 1.64 mg/kg, for Cr, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, and Zn, respectively. Ash obtained from the combustion of different tobacco products had various toxic metals in different concentrations. Furthermore, the concentration of heavy metals in tobacco products (with and without filters) was also analyzed to evaluate the effect of filters. The results of the study showed that the number of heavy metals present, and their concentrations vary in different brands of tobacco products. Moreover, the concentrations for both Pb and Cd, the potent human carcinogens, were greater than the recommended threshold set forth by WHO and FAO.
Published: 2021
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14. Therapeutic Potential of Marine Bioactive Peptides against Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Recent Evidence, Challenges, and Future Trends

Author: Jameel Mohammed Al-Khayri, Waqas Asghar, Sipper Khan, Aqsa Akhtar, Haris Ayub, Nauman Khalid, Fatima Mohammed Alessa, Muneera Qassim Al-Mssallem, Adel Abdel-Sabour Rezk, and Wael Fathi Shehata
Subjects: bioactive peptides, anti-HIV, marine organisms, antiretroviral agents, drugs, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic and potentially fatal ailment caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and remains a major health problem worldwide. In recent years, the research focus has shifted to a greater emphasis on complementing treatment regimens involving conventional antiretroviral (ARV) drug therapies with novel lead structures isolated from various marine organisms that have the potential to be utilized as therapeutics for the management of HIV-AIDS. The present review summarizes the recent developments regarding bioactive peptides sourced from various marine organisms. This includes a discussion encompassing the potential of these novel marine bioactive peptides with regard to antiretroviral activities against HIV, preparation, purification, and processing techniques, in addition to insight into the future trends with an emphasis on the potential of exploration and evaluation of novel peptides to be developed into effective antiretroviral drugs.
Published: 2022
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15. A numerical algorithm based on modified extended B-spline functions for solving time-fractional diffusion wave equation involving reaction and damping terms

Author: Nauman Khalid, Muhammad Abbas, Muhammad Kashif Iqbal, and Dumitru Baleanu
Subjects: Time-fractional diffusion wave equation, Finite difference formulation, Caputo’s time-fractional derivative, Modified extended B-spline functions, Modified B-spline collocation method, Mathematics, QA1-939
Abstract: Abstract In this study, we have proposed an efficient numerical algorithm based on third degree modified extended B-spline (EBS) functions for solving time-fractional diffusion wave equation with reaction and damping terms. The Caputo time-fractional derivative has been approximated by means of usual finite difference scheme and the modified EBS functions are used for spatial discretization. The stability analysis and derivation of theoretical convergence validates the authenticity and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The numerical experiments show that the computational outcomes are in line with the theoretical expectations. Moreover, the numerical results are proved to be better than other methods on the topic.
Published: 2019
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16. Fucoxanthin-Loaded Oil-in-Water Emulsion-Based Delivery Systems: Effects of Natural Emulsifiers on the Formulation, Stability, and Bioaccessibility

Author: Zhaoxiang Ma, Nauman Khalid, Gaofeng Shu, Yiguo Zhao, Isao Kobayashi, Marcos A. Neves, Ambo Tuwo, and Mitsutoshi Nakajima
Subjects: Chemistry, QD1-999
Published: 2019
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17. Delineating Groundwater Recharge Potential through Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems

Author: Ahsen Maqsoom, Bilal Aslam, Nauman Khalid, Fahim Ullah, Hubert Anysz, Abdulrazak H. Almaliki, Abdulrhman A. Almaliki, and Enas E. Hussein
Subjects: geographical information systems, groundwater assessment, groundwater recharge, remote sensing, Islamabad, Hydraulic engineering, TC1-978, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, TD201-500
Abstract: Owing to the extensive global dependency on groundwater and associated increasing water demand, the global groundwater level is declining rapidly. In the case of Islamabad, Pakistan, the groundwater level has lowered five times over the past five years due to extensive pumping by various departments and residents to meet the local water requirements. To address this, water reservoirs and sources need to be delineated, and potential recharge zones are highlighted to assess the recharge potential. Therefore, the current study utilizes an integrated approach based on remote sensing (RS) and GIS using the influence factor (IF) technique to delineate potential groundwater recharge zones in Islamabad, Pakistan. Soil map of Pakistan, Landsat 8TM satellite data, digital elevation model (ASTER DEM), and local geological map were used in the study for the preparation of thematic maps of 15 key contributing factors considered in this study. To generate a combined groundwater recharge map, rate and weightage values were assigned to each factor representing their mutual influence and recharge capabilities. To analyze the final combined recharge map, five different assessment analogies were used in the study: poor, low, medium, high, and best. The final recharge potential map for Islamabad classifies 15% (136.8 km2) of the region as the “best” zone for extracting groundwater. Furthermore, high, medium, low, and poor ranks were assigned to 21%, 24%, 27%, and 13% of the region with respective areas of 191.52 km2, 218.88 km2, 246.24 km2, and 118.56 km2. Overall, this research outlines the best to least favorable zones in Islamabad regarding groundwater recharge potentials. This can help the authorities devise mitigation strategies and preserve the natural terrain in the regions with the best groundwater recharge potential. This is aligned with the aims of the interior ministry of Pakistan for constructing small reservoirs and ponds in the existing natural streams and installing recharging wells to maintain the groundwater level in cities. Other countries can expand upon and adapt this study to delineate local groundwater recharge potentials.
Published: 2022
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18. Efficacy of Herbal Preparation(Cystone) in Management of Urinary Stone Disease

Author: Nauman Khalid, Muhammad Sohail, M.Tahir Bashir Malik, Hanan Noor, Muhammad Saifullah, and Muhammad Akram
Subjects: Renal stone, Ureteric stone, Cystone, Dentistry, RK1-715, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of herbal medicine cystone, in reduction of renal and ureteric stone size. Methodology: This observational follow up study was conducted in Urology Department, Madinah Teaching Hospital, associated with University Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad after obtaining the ethical approval from the mentioned institute during March 2018 to December 2018. One hundred and ninety two patients coming to urology outpatient clinic, fulfilling the inclusion criteria were recruited in the study. Out of which 27(14.06%) were lost in follow up and were excluded from study. Out of remaining 165 patients, 99 were male and 66 female patients. All patients with renal stones who were freshly prescribed with oral Tablet cystone twice a day for four weeks were enrolled in the study and were followed for stone size with ultrasonography followed for the duration of four weeks Patients were followed till the primary endpoint. Results: One hundred and seven (64.84%) patients cleared the stone, 10 (6.06%) patients had their stone size reduced,17(10.3%) patients had their stone size unchanged and 31 (18.78%) patients had their stone size increased. No significant adverse effects were noted during the study that required the patients to stop the treatment. There was significant decrease in stone size from initial mean stone size1.57 ±0.08 mm to end point stone size 0.69 ±0.09 mm after treatment with cystone (p- value 0.000). Conclusion: The mean stone size was reduced after using this herbal preparation for one month.
Published: 2021
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19. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author: Aniruddha Deshpande, Molly K Miller-Petrie, Paulina A Lindstedt, Mathew M Baumann, Kimberly B Johnson, Brigette F Blacker, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mohsen Afarideh, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Mehdi Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Anwar E Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ali S Akanda, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Samiah Alam, Noore Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M Alanzi, James Albright, Ammar Albujeer, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Animut Alebel, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Muhammad Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Saeed Amini, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Benny Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Jalal Arabloo, Hany Mohamed Amin Aref, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Amit Arora, Krishna K Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Daniel Asmelash, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Shally Awasthi, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Andrew S Azman, Ebrahim Babaee, Alaa Badawi, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A Barboza, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Sanjay Basu, Vo Dinh Bay, Mohsen Bayati, Neeraj Bedi, Mahya Beheshti, Meysam Behzadifar, Masoud Behzadifar, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A. Bennett, Habib Benzian, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Robert S Bernstein, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Somayeh Bohlouli, Soufiane Boufous, Oliver J Brady, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Gabrielle B Britton, Alexandria Brown, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Franz Castro, Ester Cerin, Binaya Chalise, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Ken Lee Chin, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Natalie Maria Cormier, Vera Marisa Costa, Elizabeth A Cromwell, Abel Fekadu Fekadu Dadi, Tukur Dahiru, Saad M A Dahlawi, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Farah Daoud, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Jai K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Aditya Prasad Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Nicole Davis Weaver, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Jan-Walter De Neve, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Assefa Desalew, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preeti Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Hoa Thi Do, Christiane Dolecek, Kerrie E Doyle, Eleonora Dubljanin, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Hisham Atan Edinur, Andem Effiong, Aziz Eftekhari, Nevine El Nahas, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Ziad El-Khatib, Hajer Elkout, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Daniel Adane Endalew, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Arash Etemadi, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohammad Fareed, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Alebachew Fasil Fasil, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Valery L. Feigin, Wubalem Fekadu, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Carsten Flohr, Nataliya A. Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Richard Charles Franklin, Joseph Jon Frostad, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mohamed M Gad, Gregory M Garcia, Augustine Mwangi Gatotoh, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf, Tiffany K Gill, Paramjit Singh Gill, Themba G Ginindza, Alem Girmay, Zemichael Gizaw, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Alessandra C Goulart, Ayman Grada, Manfred S Green, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Harish Chander Gugnani, Davide Guido, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Yuming Guo, Rajeev Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Giang Hai Ha, Juanita A. Haagsma, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Dessalegn H Haile, Michael Tamene Haile, Brian J. Hall, Samer Hamidi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Hamidreza Haririan, Ninuk Hariyani, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hagos Degefa de Hidru, Thomas R Hird, Chi Linh Hoang, Gillian I Hollerich, Praveen Hoogar, Naznin Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Guoqing Hu, Ayesha Humayun, Syed Ather Hussain, Mamusha Aman A Hussen, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D. Ilic, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rebecca Q Ivers, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Tanuj Kanchan, André Karch, Surendra Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Gebrehiwot G Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Gbenga A. Kayode, Mihiretu M Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M Khater, Amir M Khater, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mohammad Khazaei, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Ali Kiadaliri, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Sezer Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Sonali Kochhar, Tufa Kolola, Hamidreza Komaki, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Nuworza Kugbey, Pushpendra Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Aparna Lal, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Hilton Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Van Charles Lansingh, Savita Lasrado, Georgy Lebedev, Paul H Lee, Kate E LeGrand, Mostafa Leili, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Aubrey J Levine, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Jaifred Christian F Lopez, Platon D Lopukhov, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, D.R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Narayan B. Mahotra, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Navid Manafi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Gabriel Martinez, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Manu Raj Mathur, Benjamin K Mayala, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Kala M Mehta, Teferi Mekonnen, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Peter T N Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Workua Mekonnen Metekiya, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Yousef Mohammad, Dara K. Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Shafiu Mohammed, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Hassen Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H Mokdad, Yoshan Moodley, Masoud Moradi, Ghobad Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Paula Moraga, Linda Morales, Abbas Mosapour, Jonathan F. Mosser, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Miliva Mozaffor, Sandra B Munro, Moses K. Muriithi, Christopher J L Murray, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Mohsen Naghavi, Gurudatta Naik, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Javad Nazari, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Ionut Negoi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Marzieh Nojomi, Ole F Norheim, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Frank B Osei, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Jagadish Rao. Padubidri, Smita Pakhale, Adrian Pana, Eun-Kee Park, Sangram Kishor Patel, Ashish Pathak, Ajay Patle, Kebreab Paulos, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Norberto Perico, Aslam Pervaiz, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Konrad Pesudovs, Hai Quang Pham, David M Pigott, Thomas Pilgrim, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Mario Poljak, Ian Pollock, Maarten J Postma, Farshad Pourmalek, Akram Pourshams, Sergio I Prada, Liliana Preotescu, Hedley Quintana, Navid Rabiee, Mohammad Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Siavash Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Fatemeh Rajati, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Puja C Rao, Davide Rasella, Goura Kishor Rath, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Vishnu Renjith, Andre M.N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Enrico Rubagotti, Salvatore Rubino, Anas M Saad, Siamak Sabour, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Yahya Safari, Rajesh Sagar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Nasir Salam, Ahsan Saleem, Hosni Salem, Marwa Rashad Salem, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Itamar S Santos, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Mehdi Sayyah, Alyssa N Sbarra, Lauren E Schaeffer, David C Schwebel, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Amira A Shaheen, Izza Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Rajesh Sharma, Aziz Sheikh, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, K M Shivakumar, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Virendra Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Balbir Bagicha Singh Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Ambrish Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Eirini Skiadaresi, David L Smith, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Anton Sokhan, Joan B Soriano, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Ireneous N Soyiri, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Bryan L. Sykes, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Bineyam Taye, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Akhil Soman ThekkePurakkal, Nihal Thomas, Robert L Thompson, Alan J Thomson, Roman Topor-Madry, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Irfan Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Olalekan A Uthman, Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu, Pascual R Valdez, Santosh Varughese, Yousef Veisani, Francesco S Violante, Sebastian Vollmer, Feleke Gebremeskel W/hawariat, Yasir Waheed, Mitchell Taylor Wallin, Yuan-Pang Wang, Yafeng Wang, Kinley Wangdi, Daniel J Weiss, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh, Ronny Westerman, Taweewat Wiangkham, Kirsten E Wiens, Tissa Wijeratne, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Mehdi Yaseri, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Alex Yeshaneh, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Paul Yip, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Hebat-Allah Salah A Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Siddhesh Zadey, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Hamed Zandian, Heather J Zar, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Yunquan Zhang, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Simon I Hay, and Robert C Reiner, Jr
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2020
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20. The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000–18: a geospatial analysis

Author: Aniruddha Deshpande, Molly K Miller-Petrie, Paulina A Lindstedt, Mathew M Baumann, Kimberly B Johnson, Brigette F Blacker, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mohsen Afarideh, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Mehdi Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Anwar E Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ali S Akanda, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Samiah Alam, Noore Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M Alanzi, James Albright, Ammar Albujeer, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Animut Alebel, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Muhammad Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Saeed Amini, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Benny Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Jalal Arabloo, Hany Mohamed Amin Aref, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Amit Arora, Krishna K Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Daniel Asmelash, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Shally Awasthi, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Andrew S Azman, Ebrahim Babaee, Alaa Badawi, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A Barboza, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Sanjay Basu, Vo Dinh Bay, Mohsen Bayati, Neeraj Bedi, Mahya Beheshti, Meysam Behzadifar, Masoud Behzadifar, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A. 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Mehedi Hasan, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hagos Degefa de Hidru, Thomas R Hird, Chi Linh Hoang, Gillian I Hollerich, Praveen Hoogar, Naznin Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Guoqing Hu, Ayesha Humayun, Syed Ather Hussain, Mamusha Aman A Hussen, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D. Ilic, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rebecca Q Ivers, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Tanuj Kanchan, André Karch, Surendra Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Gebrehiwot G Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Gbenga A. 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Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection. Methods: A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000–18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000–18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected. Findings: We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174–234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3·1 million (1·6–5·7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91–134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43–63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination. Interpretation: Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the probability of meeting infection thresholds is low, and when coupled with large uncertainty in the predictions, indicate additional data collection or intervention might be warranted before MDA programmes cease. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2020
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21. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

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Hamidi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Hamidreza Haririan, Sr, Ninuk Hariyani, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Md Mehedi Hasan, Edris Hasanpoor, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Sr, Nathaniel J Henry, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hagos Degefa de Hidru I, Thomas R Hird, Chi Linh Hoang, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, Mohammad Hoseini, Naznin Hossain, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Mohamed Hsairi, Sr, Guoqing Hu, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Ehimario U Igumbor, Sr, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D Ilic, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Neda Izadi, Sr, Anelisa Jaca, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Sr, Jost B Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Sr, Amaha Kahsay, Hamed Kalani, Tanuj Kanchan, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Mohd Anisul Karim, Hamidreza Karimi-Sari, Surendra Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Yawukal chane Kasahun, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Gebrehiwot G Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Gbenga A Kayode, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Mihiretu M Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Sr, Andre Pascal Kengne, Sr, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Sr, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan I, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Khaled Khatab, Sr, Amir M Khater, Mona M Khater, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mohammad Khazaei, Salman Khazaei, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Ali Kiadaliri, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Niranjan Kissoon, Sr, Shivakumar KM Marulasiddaiah M KMShivakumar, Sr, Sonali Kochhar, Tufa Kolola, Sr, Hamidreza Komaki, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Moritz U G Kraemer, Kewal Krishan, Nuworza Kugbey, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Sr, Pushpendra Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Sheetal D Lad, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Felix Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Sr, Prabhat Lamichhane, Van Charles Lansingh, Savita Lasrado, Avula Laxmaiah, Paul H Lee, Sr, Kate E LeGrand, Mostafa Leili, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Sr, Aubrey J Levine, Shanshan Li, Sr, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Simin Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Joshua Longbottom, Jaifred Christian F Lopez, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, D R Mahadeshwara Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Sr, Narayan B Mahotra, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Sr, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Sr, Navid Manafi, Sr, Ana Laura Manda, Narendar Dawani Dawanu Manohar, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Joemer C Maravilla, Gabriel Martinez, Sr, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Anthony Masaka, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Benjamin K Mayala, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sr, Kala M Mehta, Tefera C Chane Mekonnen, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Peter T N Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Sr, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tuomo J Meretoja, Sr, Tomislav Mestrovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Sr, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Dara K Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Yousef Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Noushin Mohammadifard, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Sr, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Yoshan Moodley, Sr, Catrin E Moore, Sr, Ghobad Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Linda Morales, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Miliva Mozaffor I, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Sr, Getahun Fentaw Mulaw, Sr, Sandra B Munro, Moses K Muriithi, Christopher J L Murray, GVS Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Sr, Saravanan Muthupandian, Sr, Ashraf F Nabhan, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Kovin S Naidoo, Gurudatta Naik, Farid Najafi, Vinay Nangia, Sr, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Sr, Javad Nazari, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Sr, Ionut Negoi, Sr, Henok Biresaw Netsere Netsere, Sr, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Sr, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Dabere Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Marzieh Nojomi, Vuong Minh Nong, Ole F Norheim, Sr, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Soraya Nouraei Motlagh, Bogdan Oancea, Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Sr, Eyal Oren, Doris V V Ortega-Altamirano, Sr, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Frank B Osei, Sr, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Sr, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Smita Pakhale, Sangram Kishor Patel, Angel J Paternina-Caicedo, Sr, Ashish Pathak, Sr, George C Patton, Deepak Paudel, Sr, Kebreab Paulos, Sr, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Alexandre Pereira, Norberto Perico, Aslam Pervaiz, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Maarten J Postma, Hadi Pourjafar, Farshad Pourmalek, Sr, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Sergio I Prada, Sr, Narayan Prasad, Liliana Preotescu, Hedley Quintana, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, SHAFIUR Rahman, Fatemeh Rajati, Sr, Saleem Muhammad Rana, Sr, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Davide Rasella, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Sr, Lal Rawal, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Vishnu Renjith, Andre M N Renzaho, Sr, Serge Resnikoff, Sr, Melese Abate Reta, Negar Rezaei, Mohammad sadegh Rezai, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Sr, Maria Rios-Blancas, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Elias Merdassa Roro, Sr, Jennifer M Ross, Enrico Rubagotti, Salvatore Rubino, Anas M Saad, Yogesh Damodar Sabde, Siamak Sabour, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sr, Yahya Safari, Roya Safari-Faramani, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, S Mohammad Sajadi, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Nasir Salam, Sr, Payman Salamati, Hosni Salem, Marwa R Rashad Salem I, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Sr, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Kaushik Sarkar, Sr, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Nizal Sarrafzadegan I, Benn Sartorius, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Sr, David C Schwebel, Sr, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta IV, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Sr, Hosein Shabaninejad, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Sr, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Sr, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Hamid Sharifi, Hatem Samir Shehata, Sr, Aziz Sheikh, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Sr, Kenji Shibuya, Sr, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Sr, Desalegn Markos Shifti, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Sr, Reza Shirkoohi, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Ambrish Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Virendra Singh, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Eirini Skiadaresi, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Sr, Anton Sokhan, Shahin Soltani, Ranjani Somayaji, Moslem Soofi, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Sr, Ireneous N Soyiri, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Sr, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Marufa Sultana, Bruno Fokas Sunguya, Bryan L Sykes, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Jr, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Aberash Abay Tasew, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Sr, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Berhe Etsay Tesfay I, Fisaha Haile Haile Tesfay, Belay Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Nihal Thomas, Alemayehu Toma Toma, Sr, Roman Topor-Madry, Marcos Roberto Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Irfan Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Sr, Benjamin S Chudi Uzochukwu, Sr, Pascual R Valdez, Santosh Varughese, Sr, Francesco S Violante, Sr, Sebastian Vollmer, Sr, Feleke Gebremeskel W/hawariat, Sr, Yasir Waheed, Mitchell Taylor Wallin, Yafeng Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Marcia Weaver, Bedilu Girma Weji, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Catherine A Welgan, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Sr, Taweewat Wiangkham, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Sr, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Sr, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Sr, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Sr, Ai-Min Wu, Gelin Xu, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Sr, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Alex Yeshaneh, Christopher Sabo Yilgwan, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Paul Yip, Sr, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Sr, Seok-Jun Yoon, Mustafa Z Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Hebat-Allah Salah A Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Siddhesh Zadey, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Hamed Zandian, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Yunquan Zhang, Xiu-Ju George Zhao, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Sr, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Simon I Hay, and Robert C Reiner, Jr
Subjects: Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Summary: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2020
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22. fNIRS-based Neurorobotic Interface for gait rehabilitation

Author: Rayyan Azam Khan, Noman Naseer, Nauman Khalid Qureshi, Farzan Majeed Noori, Hammad Nazeer, and Muhammad Umer Khan
Subjects: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy, Brain-computer interface, Primary motor cortex, Hemodynamic response filter, Linear discriminant analysis, Support vector machine, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: Abstract Background In this paper, a novel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) framework for control of prosthetic legs and rehabilitation of patients suffering from locomotive disorders is presented. Methods fNIRS signals are used to initiate and stop the gait cycle, while a nonlinear proportional derivative computed torque controller (PD-CTC) with gravity compensation is used to control the torques of hip and knee joints for minimization of position error. In the present study, the brain signals of walking intention and rest tasks were acquired from the left hemisphere’s primary motor cortex for nine subjects. Thereafter, for removal of motion artifacts and physiological noises, the performances of six different filters (i.e. Kalman, Wiener, Gaussian, hemodynamic response filter (hrf), Band-pass, finite impulse response) were evaluated. Then, six different features were extracted from oxygenated hemoglobin signals, and their different combinations were used for classification. Also, the classification performances of five different classifiers (i.e. k-Nearest Neighbour, quadratic discriminant analysis, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Naïve Bayes, support vector machine (SVM)) were tested. Results The classification accuracies obtained from SVM using the hrf were significantly higher (p
Published: 2018
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23. Emulsion stability of clove oil in chitosan and sodium alginate matrix

Author: Nanik Purwanti, Azmi Syahrian Zehn, Eka Dian Pusfitasari, Nauman Khalid, Erfin Yundra Febrianto, Sutrisno Suro Mardjan, Andreas, and Isao Kobayashi
Subjects: Clove oil, emulsions, chitosan, sodium alginate, emulsion stability, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456
Abstract: Clove oil was emulsified in 1% w/w chitosan (CC emulsions) and 2.5% w/w sodium alginate matrix (CA emulsions) containing Tween 80 as the surfactant. Different homogenization speeds (5,000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 rpm) were used to produce the emulsions, and the stability of the emulsions during storage (29 days) was determined. The stability of the emulsions containing clove oil prior to the solidification process was assessed when chitosan and sodium alginate were used as encapsulating materials. Different homogenization speeds resulted in polydisperse emulsions with a size of 2–3 μm and 90% of stability after 29 days of storage. Different homogenization speeds did not significantly affect the concentrations of the active compounds contained in the emulsions. However, these concentrations changed significantly after 29 days of storage when sodium alginate was used to make the emulsions and the homogenization speeds were ≥ 10,000 rpm. High temperature caused by the high viscosity of the solution and high energy dissipation during homogenization suggested that the emulsions composed of sodium alginate were unstable. Chitosan enabled a longer processing time during the clove oil encapsulation process compared to sodium alginate, when emulsification by homogenization was used. The stability of the emulsion of the clove oil-in-chitosan matrix prior to the solidification step was superior.
Published: 2018
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24. Comparison of ergocalciferol nanodispersions prepared using modified lecithin and sodium caseinate: Insights of formulation, stability and bioaccessibility

Author: Gaofeng Shu, Nauman Khalid, Tai Boon Tan, Yiguo Zhao, Marcos A. Neves, Isao Kobayashi, and Mitsutoshi Nakajima
Subjects: Ergocalciferol nanodispersions, Environmental stresses, Storage stability, Bioaccessibility, Milk, Lemon juice, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract: In this work, we compared the formulation, stability and bioaccessibility of ergocalciferol nanodispersions using modified lecithin (ML) and sodium caseinate (SC) as natural emulsifiers. The mean particle size of nanodispersions stabilized by ML (56 nm) was much smaller than those stabilized by SC (112 nm). The ML-stabilized nanodispersions were stable over a wide range of pH, NaCl concentrations and heating, but became unstable with slight increase in particle size when exposed to CaCl2 solution. In comparison, SC-stabilized nanodispersions were relatively unstable to particles aggregation at pH 4 and 5, CaCl2 addition and heating. Long-term stability for ergocalciferol were observed in both ML- and SC-stabilized nanodispersions. In the absence of milk, the ergocalciferol bioaccessibility was strongly dependent on the emulsifier type, with ML providing much higher bioaccessibility than SC. During in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, the incorporation of milk into nanodispersions could increase the bioaccessibility and stability for ergocalciferol.
Published: 2017
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25. Urban Overheating Assessment through Prediction of Surface Temperatures: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan

Author: Bilal Aslam, Ahsen Maqsoom, Nauman Khalid, Fahim Ullah, and Samad Sepasgozar
Subjects: urban overheating, land surface temperature, China Pakistan Economic Corridor, Karachi city, long short-term memory, artificial neural network, Geography (General), G1-922
Abstract: Global climate has been radically affected by the urbanization process in recent years. Karachi, Pakistan’s economic hub, is also showing signs of swift urbanization. Owing to the construction of infrastructure projects under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and associated urbanization, Karachi’s climate has been significantly affected. The associated replacement of natural surfaces by anthropogenic materials results in urban overheating and increased local temperatures leading to serious health issues and higher air pollution. Thus, these temperature changes and urban overheating effects must be addressed to minimize their impact on the city’s population. For analyzing the urban overheating of Karachi city, LST (land surface temperature) is assessed in the current study, where data of the past 20 years (2000–2020) is used. For this purpose, remote sensing data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) and Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors were utilized. The long short-term memory (LSTM) model was utilized where the road density (RD), elevation, and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) are used as input parameters. Upon comparing estimated and measured LST, the values of mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) are 0.27 K, 0.237, and 0.15% for January, and 0.29 K, 0.261, and 0.13% for May, respectively. The low MAE, MSE, and MAPE values show a higher correlation between the predicted and observed LST values. Moreover, results show that more than 90% of the pixel data falls in the least possible error range of −1 K to +1 K. The MAE, MSE and MAPE values for Support Vector Regression (SVR) are 0.52 K, 0.453 and 0.18% and 0.76 K, 0.873, and 0.26%. The current model outperforms previous studies, shows a higher accuracy, and depicts greater reliability to predict the actual scenario. In the future, based on the accurate LST results from this model, city planners can propose mitigation strategies to reduce the harmful effects of urban overheating and associated Urban Heat Island effects (UHI).
Published: 2021
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26. Symptomatic high-risk congenital coronary anomaly

Author: Zachary Oman, James Ampadu, Nauman Khalid, Leni Abraham, Tarek Helmy, and Ammar Nasir
Subjects: anomalous, coronary artery, sinus of valsalva, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Anomalous coronary arteries are rare entities with certain categories being potentially malignant with the risk of sudden cardiac death. We present two cases of the highest risk variant consisting of an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the right sinus of Valsalva traversing between the aorta and pulmonary artery leading to recurrent syncope and chest pain in middle-aged patients.
Published: 2017
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27. Refractory Angina Secondary to Large Unligated Side Branch of Internal Mammary Artery

Author: Zachary Oman, Lucas Gu, Nauman Khalid, Rahil Rafeedheen, Hassan Alkhawam, and Ammar Nasir
Subjects: coronary artery disease, coronary steal phenomenon, refractory angina, Medicine, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Highlights Coronary artery disease (CAD) has become a common diagnosis. Managing the symptoms of CAD continues to be an ongoing dilemma requiring optimal medication management or potential revascularization with either percutaneous coronary interventions or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We present a case of debilitating refractory angina in a patient with severe CAD after optimal medical therapy and CABG secondary to coronary steal phenomenon via the left internal mammary artery conduit supplying a large unligated side branch to the internal chest wall. While current data are inconclusive on this phenomenon, our patient had complete resolution of angina following coil embolization of unligated side branch of the internal mammary artery.
Published: 2018
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28. Naegleria fowleri: Swimming with Death as the Major Outbreak in Pakistan

Author: Muhammad NAVEED, Zeshan ALI, Masooma KHWAR, Wahab NAZIR, and Nauman KHALID
Subjects: No keywords###, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Naegleria fowleri: Swimming with Death as the Major Outbreak in Pakistan
Published: 2019
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29. TREATMENT OF LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS CAUSED BY DOUBLE J STENT WITH SOLIFENACIN AND COMBINATION OF TAMSULOSIN PLUS SOLIFENACIN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Author: Hanan Noor, Nauman Khalid, and Muhammad Sohail et al.
Subjects: LUTS, Double J stent, IPSS, Medicine
Abstract: ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: To compare the mean change in international prostate symptom score (IPSS) by combination therapy of Tamsulosin and Solifenacin with Solifenacin alone in treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by double J (DJ) stents. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized control trial PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Urology Department, Madinah Teaching Hospital Faisalabad, from December 2015 to June 2016. METHODOLOGY: Total 170 patients having LUTS after DJ stent insertion were selected for the study. DJ stenting was done in these patients before extra-corporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), following ureterorenoscopy (URS) and intracorporeal lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), ureterolithotomy, pyelolithotomy, pyeloplasty and in patients with obstructive uropathy. All the patients were allocated two diﬀerent groups. Group A received Tamsulosin 0.4 mg and Solifenacin 5 mg daily & Group B received Solifenacin 5 mg once a day every stda y. The IPSS questionnaire was ﬁlled on 1 post-operative day and on 6th post-operative week. Final results were made on 6th post-operative week by comparing the mean change in IPSS in both groups. Independent sample t-test and paired t-test were applied. P-value < 0.05 was taken as signiﬁcant. RESULT: Mean age was 42.92+7.04 years in Group-A and 43.38+6.67 years in Group-B. Total number of male patients was 58 (68.24%) in Group-A and 52 (61.18%) in Group-B. Female patients in Group-A were 27 (31.76%) and 33 (38.82%) in Group-B. Mean IPSS was 9.01+1.29 in Group-A and 9.10+1.23 in Group-B at baseline (p=0.62). After 6 weeks IPSS was 4.69+0.89 in Group-A and 6.87+1.25 in Group-B (p=0.0001). The mean diﬀerence in IPSS after 6 weeks was 4.30+1.49 in Group-A and 2.23+1.13 in Group-B with p value 0.0001 reﬂecting a signiﬁcant diﬀerence between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The mean change in IPSS by combined treatment of Tamsulosin and Solifenacin was signiﬁcant when compared to Solifenacin alone in treatment of DJ stents related LUTS.
Published: 2018

30. Mechanisms of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy; Role of Microcirculatory Dysfunction

Author: Nauman Khalid, Sarah Aftab Ahmad, and Affan Umer
Subjects: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, Microvascular dysfunction, TIMI frame count, Coronary flow reserve, Microcirculatory disorder, Medicine, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is characterized by reversible left ventricular dysfunction, typically preceded by an emotional or a physical stressor. The underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms include multivessel coronary vascular spasm, microvascular dysfunction, neurogenic stunning of the myocardium and catecholamine surge. Microcirculatory dysfunction may play a key role in the evolution of this syndrome especially in the acute phases of the illness. Severe invasive and noninvasive modalities are utilized to ascertain any compromise in coronary perfusion in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, including Doppler guidewire technique, Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count (TFC), TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) and nuclear imaging techniques. TIMI frame count can be utilized as a diagnostic marker and clinical indicator in assessment of microvascular function or coronary flow in patients with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
Published: 2016
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31. Enhancing Classification Performance of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy- Brain–Computer Interface Using Adaptive Estimation of General Linear Model Coefficients

Author: Nauman Khalid Qureshi, Noman Naseer, Farzan Majeed Noori, Hammad Nazeer, Rayyan Azam Khan, and Sajid Saleem
Subjects: functional near-infrared spectroscopy, brain–computer interface, general linear model, least squares estimation, adaptive estimation, support vector machine, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: In this paper, a novel methodology for enhanced classification of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals utilizable in a two-class [motor imagery (MI) and rest; mental rotation (MR) and rest] brain–computer interface (BCI) is presented. First, fNIRS signals corresponding to MI and MR are acquired from the motor and prefrontal cortex, respectively, afterward, filtered to remove physiological noises. Then, the signals are modeled using the general linear model, the coefficients of which are adaptively estimated using the least squares technique. Subsequently, multiple feature combinations of estimated coefficients were used for classification. The best classification accuracies achieved for five subjects, for MI versus rest are 79.5, 83.7, 82.6, 81.4, and 84.1% whereas those for MR versus rest are 85.5, 85.2, 87.8, 83.7, and 84.8%, respectively, using support vector machine. These results are compared with the best classification accuracies obtained using the conventional hemodynamic response. By means of the proposed methodology, the average classification accuracy obtained was significantly higher (p
Published: 2017
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32. Determining optimal feature-combination for LDA classification of functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals in brain-computer interface application

Author: Noman eNaseer, Farzan Majeed Noori, Nauman Khalid Qureshi, and Keum-Shik eHong
Subjects: Mental arithmetic, brain-computer interface (BCI), Linear Discriminant Analysis, Functional near-infrared spectroscopy, Optimal feature selection, Binary classification, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: In this study, we determine the optimal feature-combination for classification of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals with the best accuracies for development of a two-class brain-computer interface (BCI). Using a multi-channel continuous-wave imaging system, mental arithmetic signals are acquired from the prefrontal cortex of seven healthy subjects. After removing physiological noises, six oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbO and HbR) features — mean, slope, variance, peak, skewness and kurtosis — are calculated. All possible 2- and 3-feature combinations of the calculated features are then used to classify mental arithmetic versus rest using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). It is found that the combinations containing mean and peak values yielded significantly higher (p < 0.05) classification accuracies for both HbO and HbR than did all of the other combinations, across all of the subjects. These results demonstrate the feasibility of achieving high classification accuracies using mean and peak values of HbO and HbR as features for classification of mental arithmetic versus rest for a two-class BCI.
Published: 2016
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33. Pericardial manifestations in autoimmune encounters: Some worthy facts for consideration!

Author: Lovely Chhabra, Nauman Khalid, and David H Spodick
Subjects: Medicine
Published: 2014

34. Letter to the Editor

Author: Nauman Khalid, Lovely Chhabra, and David H Spodick
Subjects: persistent j-st elevation, spodick sign, persistent perimyocardial irritation, Medicine, Internal medicine, RC31-1245, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Published: 2015
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35. Optimal Number of Clusters by Measuring Similarity among Topographies for Spatio-temporal ERP Analysis

Author: Mahini, Reza, Xu, Peng, Chen, Guoliang, Li, Yansong, Ding, Weiyan, Zhang, Lei, Qureshi, Nauman Khalid, Nandi, Asoke K., and Cong, Fengyu
Subjects: Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract: Averaging amplitudes over consecutive time samples within a time-window is widely used to calculate the amplitude of an event-related potential (ERP) for cognitive neuroscience. Objective determination of the time-window is critical for determining the ERP component. Clustering on the spatio-temporal ERP data can obtain the time-window in which the consecutive time samples topographies are expected to be highly similar in practice. However, there exists a challenging problem of determining an optimal number of clusters. Here, we develop a novel methodology to obtain the optimal number of clusters using consensus clustering on the spatio-temporal ERP data. Various clustering methods, namely, K-means, hierarchical clustering, fuzzy C-means, self-organizing map, and diffusion maps spectral clustering are combined in an ensemble clustering manner to find the most reliable clusters. When a range of numbers of clusters is applied on the spatio-temporal ERP dataset, the optimal number of clusters should correspond to the cluster of interest within which the average of correlation coefficients between topographies of every two-time sample in the time-window is the maximum for an ERP of interest. In our method, we consider fewer cluster maps for analyzing an optimal number of clusters for isolating the components of interest in the spatio-temporal ERP. The statistical comparison demonstrates that the present method outperforms other conventional approaches. This finding would be practically useful for discovering the optimal clustering in spatio-temporal ERP, especially when the cognitive knowledge about time-window is not clearly defined., Comment: 34 Pages, 15 figures, 9 tables, under review in Brain Topography
Published: 2019

36. Therapeutic benefits of music-based synchronous finger tapping in Parkinson’s disease—an fNIRS study protocol for randomized controlled trial in Dalian, China

Author: Pu, Lanlan, Qureshi, Nauman Khalid, Ly, Joanne, Zhang, Bingwei, Cong, Fengyu, Tang, William C, and Liang, Zhanhua
Subjects: Allied Health and Rehabilitation Science, Health Sciences, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Aging, Brain Disorders, Neurosciences, Mental Health, Parkinson's Disease, Neurodegenerative, Clinical Research, Neurological, China, Humans, Music, Parkinson Disease, Prospective Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared, Music therapy, Parkinson's disease, fNIRS, Randomized controlled trials, Explicit and implicit timing, Motor-control, Synchronous finger tapping, Parkinson’s disease, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, General & Internal Medicine, Clinical sciences, Epidemiology, Health services and systems
Abstract: BackgroundMusic therapy improves neuronal activity and connectivity of healthy persons and patients with clinical symptoms of neurological diseases like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and major depression. Despite the plethora of publications that have reported the positive effects of music interventions, little is known about how music improves neuronal activity and connectivity in afflicted patients.MethodsFor patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD), we propose a daily 25-min music-based synchronous finger tapping (SFT) intervention for 8 weeks. Eligible participants with PD are split into two groups: an intervention group and a control arm. In addition, a third cohort of healthy controls will be recruited. Assessment of finger tapping performances, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), an n-back test, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), as well as oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2), deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR), and total hemoglobin activation collected by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) are measured at baseline, week 4 (during), week 8 (post), and week 12 (retention) of the study. Data collected from the two PD groups are compared to baseline performances from healthy controls.DiscussionThis exploratory prospective trial study investigates the cortical neuronal activity and therapeutic effects associated with an auditory external cue used to induce automatic and implicit synchronous finger tapping in patients diagnosed with PD. The extent to which the intervention is effective may be dependent on the severity of the disease. The study's findings are used to inform larger clinical studies for optimization and further exploration of the therapeutic effects of movement-based music therapy on neural activity in neurological diseases.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04212897 . Registered on December 30, 2019. The participant recruitment and study protocol have received ethical approval from the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University. The hospital Protocol Record number is PJ-KY-2019-123. The protocol was named "fNIRS Studies of Music Intervention of Parkinson's Disease." The current protocol is version 1.1, revised on September 1, 2020.
Published: 2020

37. Optimal Number of Clusters by Measuring Similarity Among Topographies for Spatio-Temporal ERP Analysis

Author: Mahini, Reza, Xu, Peng, Chen, Guoliang, Li, Yansong, Ding, Weiyan, Zhang, Lei, Qureshi, Nauman Khalid, Hämäläinen, Timo, Nandi, Asoke K., and Cong, Fengyu
Published: 2022
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38. Single-leg stance on a challenging surface can enhance cortical activation in the right hemisphere – A case study

Author: Khan, Haroon, Qureshi, Nauman Khalid, Yazidi, Anis, Engell, Håvard, and Mirtaheri, Peyman
Published: 2023
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39. Correction: Optimal Number of Clusters by Measuring Similarity Among Topographies for Spatio-Temporal ERP Analysis

Author: Mahini, Reza, Xu, Peng, Chen, Guoliang, Li, Yansong, Ding, Weiyan, Zhang, Lei, Qureshi, Nauman Khalid, Hämäläinen, Timo, Nandi, Asoke K., and Cong, Fengyu
Published: 2022
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40. Combination of enzymatically hydrolyzed potato powder with skimmed milk powder on the quality improvements of yogurt during refrigeration storage

Author: Ishtiaq Ahmad, Zhouyi Xiong, Xiong Hanguo, Fei Lyu, Nauman Khalid, Rana Muhammad Aadil, Asif Ahmad, Noman Walayat, Ahmad Mujtaba, Aamir Iqbal, Manyi Hao, and Yan Li
Subjects: Food Science
Published: 2023

41. Non-polynomial quintic spline for solving fourth-order fractional boundary value problems involving product terms.

Author: Nauman Khalid, Muhammad Abbas, and Muhammad Kashif Iqbal
Published: 2019
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42. The state of health in Pakistan and its provinces and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Assad Hafeez, William James Dangel, Samuel M Ostroff, Ayyaz Gul Kiani, Scott D Glenn, Jaffar Abbas, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Liaqat Ali, Muhammad Ali, Zahid Ali, Muhammad Arshad, Tahira Ashraf, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Sadia Bibi, Zahid A Butt, Jai K Das, Zehra Fadoo, Asif Hanif, Khezar Hayat, Ayesha Humayun, Khalid Iqbal, Usman Iqbal, Nauman Khalid, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Ahmad Azam Malik, Muhammad Naveed, Shumaila Naz, Robina Khan Niazi, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Umar Saeed, Muhammad Salman, Zainab Samad, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Syed Mahboob Shah, Izza Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Hina Shamshad, Kanwar Hamza Shuja, Muhammad Suleman, Anayat Ullah, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Sana Ullah, Yasir Waheed, Abdul Waris, Simon I Hay, Christopher J L Murray, and Ali H Mokdad
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 2023

43. Optimization and cholesterol-lowering activity of exopolysaccharide from Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum NCCP 962

Author: Asma Afreen, Zaheer Ahmed, Nauman Khalid, Ifra Ferheen, and Iftikhar Ahmed
Subjects: General Medicine, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Biotechnology
Published: 2023

44. Persistent And Scalable JADE: A Cloud based InMemory Multi-agent Framework.

Author: Nauman Khalid, Ghalib Ahmed Tahir, and Peter Bloodsworth
Published: 2020

45. Assessing the Effectiveness of Saponins from Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to Mitigate Cypermethrin Residues in Apples

Author: Soban Manzoor, Soban Manzoor, primary, Waqas Asghar, Waqas Asghar, additional, Rao Sanaullah Khan, Rao Sanaullah Khan, additional, and Nauman Khalid, Nauman Khalid, additional
Published: 2023
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46. Global perspective on food fraud with special emphasis on the prevalence of food fraud practices and policies in Pakistan

Author: Waqas Asghar, Aqsa Akhtar, Hafiz Ubaid ur Rahman, Abdul Sami, and Nauman Khalid
Subjects: General Engineering, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Environmental Science
Published: 2022

47. Food irradiation technology: Prospects and future applications

Author: Sawera Asghar, Haris Ayub, and Nauman Khalid
Subjects: Food Science
Abstract: Food irradiation technology (FIT) is a non-thermal processing that covers all significant aspects of food processing and preservation such as shelf-life extension, natural flavour maintenance, chemical-free preservation, and pathogen reduction. Excessive irradiation dosages can have negative consequences on food, which may include a reduction in functional and sensory qualities. On the other hand, the standard dose can have a positive influence, such as phytosanitary treatments, detoxifying aflatoxins, reducing pathogenic microorganism growth, reducing allergenicity of food allergens and increasing the product’s shelf life. Consumer acceptance, prejudice, incorrect information, stringent legal and regulatory restrictions, and a subsequent unwillingness of food makers and the food trade to employ the latest technology are all impediments to FIT.
Published: 2022

48. Technological advances in supply chain of processed foods during COVID-19: a review

Author: Zainab Bintay Anis, Rashid Iqbal, Wahab Nazir, and Nauman Khalid
Subjects: Agronomy and Crop Science, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: PurposeThe novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) variant of 2019 has taken more than 3.8 million lives according to the World Health Organization. To stop the spread of such a deadly and contagious disease, lockdown of varying nature was imposed worldwide. Lockdown, preventive techniques and observation of standard operating procedures (SOPs) have effectively decreased the spread of contagious diseases but have affected various businesses and industries economically. The food industry has been hit hard by different restriction parameters, due to which a disruption in food supply and demand was observed. Therefore, this study aims to study this disruption in the supply chain of processed food.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive review was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus to locate articles on processed foods, food delivery and supply chain. The selected articles were evaluated using the context analysis method.FindingsThe pandemic situation has increased the consumption and demand for processed food products from retail stores, and decreased the demand for food service products. These circumstances called for technological advancement in the field of food supply from farm to fork. This study reviews research articles, policies and secondary literature. Several advances have been made to deliver safe, nutritious and wholesome food to consumers. Block chain-based food supply chains, value stream mapping, sustainable supply chain domain and online ordering systems via mobile apps have been discussed in correspondence with information and communication technology (ICT) during COVID-19.Research limitations/implicationsThis study concludes that the use of advanced software and its adequate knowledge by suppliers, logistics companies and consumers have assisted in handling shocks to the global food system and provided in-time food delivery, traceability, database information and securely processed food to consumers.Originality/valueThis study shows the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on global food systems; disruption in food demand and supply chain is overlooked and changed; use of technological advances in food supply chain to tackle pandemic; online food ordering system gained popularity and improved technically.HighlightsThe review highlights the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on global food systems.The disruption in food demand and supply chain is overlooked and changed.The use of technological advances in the food supply chain to tackle the pandemic.The online food ordering system gained popularity and improved technically.
Published: 2022

49. A low-cost, non-invasive sensory device for early diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Author: Mubariz Zaffar, Muhammad Taihami Tariq, Muhammad Alp Arsalan, Nauman Khalid Qureshi, and Hammad M. Cheema
Published: 2016
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50. Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection in A Patient with Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Coronavirus Disease 2019

Author: Sarah A. Ahmad, Nauman Khalid, Lovely Chhabra, Waleed T. Kayani, and Tarek Helmy
Subjects: Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Surgery, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract: Acute aortic dissection is one of the most lethal diseases, affecting the lining of the aortic wall. We describe a case of Stanford Type A aortic dissection in a patient with underlying primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) complicated by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). APS is characterized by recurrent venous and/or arterial thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and rarely vascular aneurysms. The hypercoagulable milieu attributable to APS and the prothrombotic state from COVID-19 posed a challenge in achieving optimal postoperative anticoagulation in our patient.
Published: 2023

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