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Misdiagnosis of benign renal neoplasms can lead to unnecessary surgical resections, which increases the risk of other morbidities and mortality. Therefore, it is crucial to find a diagnostic modality for differentiation between benign and malignant renal masses. In the current study, we summarized published pieces of evidence concerning the use of technetium-99m (

Immuno-therapy involvement in bladder urothelial malignancies is growing very fast. The use of Immuno-therapy with check-point inhibitor has greatly developed since it was first approved as a second-line treatment for cases who had formerly failed platinum-based chemotherapy. There are recognized applications for first-line metastatic illness in platinum-ineligible or cisplatin-ineligible PD-L1 diagnosed cases, as well as a label for BCG-refractory high-risky non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). It is now being studied in neo-adjuvant and adjuvant muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) clinical trials. This review discusses the clinical trials that led to these FDA agreements, as well as prospective and ongoing trials. Current clinical guidelines support Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as the primary treating option for intermediate to high-risk NMIBC. Despite the intra-vesical BCG-instillation, intra-vesical relapse occurs in a considerable number of individuals with intermediate to high risk NMIBC. Furthermore, treating BCG-nonresponsive NMIBC is still difficult. For these individuals with BCG-nonresponsive NMIBC, there are no viable therapy alternatives other than radical cystectomy, which has been shown to have excellent oncological results. In this regard, for the care of BCG-nonresponsive NMIBC, safe and reliable noninvasive or lesser-invasive therapeutic alternatives with adequate oncological results are needed. Regarding the latest introduction of immuno-therapeutic medications, the treatment of progressive or metastatic urothelial cancer has substantially advanced. These developments have sparked a surge in interest in immuno-therapeutic medications for NMIBC, particularly BCG-nonresponsive NMIBC. The goal of this literature review is to provide and debate the most up-to-date information on the function of Immuno-therapy in BCG-nonresponsive NMIBC and the presently accessible treatment options. Furthermore, this page highlights the current research in this topic. We wanted to convey the current state of Immuno-therapy in NMIBC and discuss future directions.

Some studies suggest that chemoresection with mitomycin C (MMC) is comparable to transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) in the management of recurrent nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). In this meta-analysis, we compared the efficacy and safety of MMC and TURBT in recurrent NMIBC. A search was conducted for studies published in English in the electronic databases of MEDLINE/PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ProQuest, System for information on Grey Literature, and ClinicalTrials.gov, with no publication date restrictions. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of bias 2 tool for randomized controlled trials and Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions-I tool for observational studies. Data analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.4 software. Three studies were included in this systematic review (total participants is 291); two studies were included in the meta-analysis. The rate of complete response was significantly lower in MMC group compared with TURBT (relative risk [RR]: 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45-0.67, P < .001). The rates of local adverse events were lower in MMC, with a statistical significance for dysuria (RR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36-0.84, P = .006), urinary frequency (RR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.43-0.84, P = .003), cystitis (RR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.06-0.81, P = .02), and incontinence (RR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.24-0.96, P = .04). In terms of complete response, TURBT is superior to chemoresection with MMC. Currently, chemoresection with MMC should be restricted to patients unfit for surgery and in clinical trials. Future randomized controlled trials are recommended to confirm or refute the use of MMC in treating recurrent NMIBC.

Prostate cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death among men. Due to related societal limitations, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic increases physical inactivity, which decreases cancer survivors' functional capacity. As a result, golf might be a good way for prostate cancer survivors who have been fully vaccinated against coronavirus disease to improve their musculoskeletal function, cardiorespiratory fitness, psychological function, and general quality of life. Aerobic activity's ability to adjust hormone levels, prevent obesity, increase immunological function, and lower oxidative stress have all been identified as reasons for its benefit for prostate cancer survivors. Prostate cancer survivors must first complete a fitness evaluation supervised and recommended by a certified clinical exercise physiologist after consultations with a urologic oncologist before enrolling in a cancer-specific community golf program. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is currently the gold standard technique for the evaluation of cardiopulmonary fitness. Prostate cancer survivors should be placed in a group with regard to their fitness level if they pass this fitness test. Prostate cancer survivors can be grouped into four to five groups at a time. Golfing activities should include warm-up, driving range, and course activities (on-course golf play twice a week for a duration of 90 min per day or 180 min per week at moderate-intensity). From the uro-oncologists' point of view, prostate cancer survivors can benefit from group-based community golf programs that can be recommended and designed for them through the collaboration of their physician and a certified exercise professional.