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The Vatsonga are an ethnic group composed of a large number of clans found in South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Swaziland. Xitsonga (the language of the Vatsonga) is spoken in all four of these countries. In South Africa alone, Xitsonga is a language spoken by over two million first language speakers and is one of the official languages of the country. This study investigates the ways in which Bible translation has enhanced Xitsonga cultural identity. The focus is on the 1929 and the 1989 editions of the Xitsonga Bible. The research question is: In what way(s) did the Xitsonga Bible translations recreate, rearrange and reshape Vatsonga cultural identity? The theoretical and methodological frameworks for the research are Nord’s functionalist approach to translation studies, Descriptive Translation Studies and Baker’s Narrative Frame Theory. The theoretical background of the concept of identity and the relationship of language and translation to identity will lead to a detailed examination of the socio-cultural framework of the Xitsonga Bible translations. The social, cultural and linguistic features of Vatsonga cultural identity are described, especially their cultural identity prior to the arrival of the missionaries. The historical framework of the Xitsonga Bible translations are described from the earliest encounters with the Portuguese to the pivotal arrival of the Swiss missionaries in the latter part of the 19th century and their early efforts to translate the Bible into Xitsonga. Extensive archival materials are also examined for the insights that they can provide on the historical, ideological and theological background of the Xitsonga Bible translations. Both the 1929 and the 1989 Xitsonga Bible translations receive a thorough examination and analysis using the analytical methods of Descriptive Translation Studies and Frame Theory. Frames examined include the organisational frame which includes the translation process, the translation teams, the prestig

English: This study investigates the intercultural discourse between the Igbo and the Sesotho people residing in Bloemfontein. The study is motivated by the way in which the Igbo in Bloemfontein switch from one language into another, which is based on who their addressee is. The study assesses the backgrounds of the two countries (Nigeria and South Africa) where these ethnic groups emerged, including their languages. The backgrounds help in the assessment of the attitudes, feelings and opinions of the two groups under study in the way they relate with one another when they are in intercultural communication. Related literature was reviewed on different aspects of intercultural discourse and intercultural communication (Chapter 3), with focus on: different views on discourse/discourse analysis; discourse, racism and discrimination; differences in male’s and female’s speeches. The review also covers language, migration and loyalty; language contact; intercultural discourse/communication; conversation analysis, as well as conversational features: turn-taking, interruption/overlapping, and code-switching/code-mixing. The review describes the field of discourse analysis and situates the current study within this field of research. The study further explored language stereotypes and xenophobic sentiments which help in identifying the power of dominant group over minority groups and foreigners, as well as the power of press in dissemination of information in the society. Given the complexity of the research, the study employed different research instruments: questionnaire, interviews and audio-recordings of natural interactions in different contexts (shop, hospital, church, home and among friends) in collecting data. The data were analysed using qualitative and quantitative (tables and bar graphs) research methods. Intercultural interaction/communication/discourse between the Igbo and the Sesotho shows that the attitudes and feelings of the two groups are positive, as they, Afrikaans: Hierdie studie ondersoek die interkulturele diskoers tussen Igbo’s en Sesotho’s wat in Bloemfontein woon. Die studie is gemotiveer deur die manier waarop Igbo’s in Bloemfontein van een taal na ʼn ander oorskakel, gegrond op wie hulle aanspreek. Hierdie studie bestudeer die agtergrond tot die twee lande (Nigerië en Suid-Afrika) waar hierdie etniese groepe, asook hul tale, voorkom. Hierdie agtergrondinligting is van toepassing in die assessering van die houdings, gevoelens en opinies van die twee groepe wat ondersoek word en hoe hulle met mekaar verband hou wanneer lede van die groepe interkultureel kommunikeer. Verwante literatuur oor verskillende aspekte van interkulturele diskoers en interkulturele kommunikasie (Hoofstuk 3) is ondersoek, met ʼn fokus op: verskillende sienings van diskoers/diskoersanalise; diskoers, rassisme en diskriminasie; en verskille in mans en vroue se spraak. Die oorsig sluit ook in taal, migrasie en lojaliteit; taalkontak; interkulturele diskoers/kommunikasie; gespreksanalise, asook gesprekskenmerke soos beurtneming, onderbreking/oorvleueling en kodewisseling/kode-vermenging. Die oorsig beskryf die veld van diskoersanalise en plaas die huidige studie binne hierdie navorsingsveld. Die studie het verder taalstereotipes en xenofobiese sentimente ondersoek. Dit help om die mag van ʼn dominante groep oor minderheidsgroepe en buitelanders te identifiseer, asook die mag van die media in die verspreiding van inligting aan die samelewing. Gegewe die komplekse aard van die navorsing het die studie verskillende navorsingsinstrumente gebruik: vraelyste, onderhoude en opnames van natuurlike interaksies in verskillende kontekste (winkel, hospitaal, kerk, huis en tussen vriende) om data te versamel. Die data is geanaliseer met behulp van kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe (tabelle en grafieke) navorsingsmetodes. Interkulturele interaksie/kommunikasie/diskoers tussen die Igbo en die Sesotho toon dat die houdings en gevoelens van die twee groepe positief

English: Authors of financial media discourse use metaphors to communicate with readers. Finweek is a renowned South African financial magazine and its articles on stocks and markets are written by expert authors in the field of the South African stock market. Finweek is published in Afrikaans and English and contains the same articles, but the Afrikaans and English metaphors differ. The study of metaphor in translated financial discourse on stocks and markets is a fundamental characteristic of financial texts and in a multi-lingual country such as South Africa it may support the expansion of the lexicon in the financial domain. The hypotheses were put that the translated media discourse in Finweek on stocks and markets contains coherent metaphor clusters that centre around the metaphors WAR AND POWER, and SPORT AND GAMES; that metaphor has an ideational function in the South African discourse on stocks and markets, i.e. it extends the lexicon; that the choice of metaphor coheres with certain objectives of the translator/author in the financial text in a specific cultural background, and that metaphor has an ideological effect. The study built on the results of research by Bowker and Pearson (2002) on the use of language for special purposes in corpora; the research of McEnery, et al. (2006) on corpus based linguistics; the research of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Lakoff and Turner (1989), Lakoff (1997), Lakoff and Johnson (1999) and Kövecses (2002) on the source and target domains of metaphors; and the research by Koller (2004) on metaphor and gender in business media discourse. The research was conducted within the framework of corpus based translation. An Afrikaans and an English electronic corpus were compiled from 1 000 articles on stocks and markets that appeared in 33 editions of Finweek from March 2006 to October 2006. The two corpora were compiled as parallel corpora and the programme ParaConc was used for the analyses. The focus was on metaphor in LSP (Langu, Afrikaans: Outeurs van finansiële mediadiskoers maak van metafore gebruik om met lesers te kommunikeer. Finweek is ’n toonaangewende Suid-Afrikaanse finansiële tydskrif en die artikels daarin oor aandele en markte word deur kundige outeurs in die veld van die Suid-Afrikaanse aandelemark geskryf. Finweek verskyn in Afrikaans en Engels en bevat dieselfde artikels, maar die Afrikaanse en Engelse metafore verskil. Die studie van metafoor in vertaalde finansiële diskoers oor aandele en markte is ’n wesentlike kenmerk van finansiële tekste en kan in ʼn veeltalige land soos Suid-Afrika die uitbreiding van die leksikon in die finansiële domein ondersteun. Die hipotese is gestel dat in die vertaalde mediadiskoers oor aandele en markte in Finweek koherente metafoorklusters bevat wat sentreer om die metafore OORLOG EN MAG, en SPORT EN SPELE; dat metafoor ʼn begripvormende funksie in Suid-Afrikaanse finansiële diskoers oor aandele en markte verrig, dit wil sê die leksikon uitbrei; dat die keuse van metafoor saamhang met die bepaalde oogmerk van ’n outeur/vertaler daarvoor in die finansiële teks in ’n bepaalde kulturele agtergrond, en dat metafoor ’n ideologiese effek het. Die studie het voortgebou op die resultate van Bowker en Pearson (2002) se ondersoek na die gebruik van taal vir spesiale doeleindes in korpusse; McEnery et al. (2006) se navorsing oor korpusgebaseerde taalkunde; Lakoff en Johnson (1980), Lakoff en Turner (1989), Lakoff (1997), Lakoff en Johnson (1999) en Kövecses (2002) se navorsing oor die bron- en doeldomeine van metafore; en Koller (2004) se navorsing oor metafoor en gender in besigheidmediadiskoers. Die ondersoek het geskied binne die raamwerk van korpusgebaseerde vertaalkunde. ’n Afrikaanse en Engelse elektroniese korpus is saamgestel uit 1 000 artikels oor aandele en markte wat in 33 uitgawes van Finweek vanaf Maart 2006 tot Oktober 2006 verskyn het. Die twee korpusse is as parallelle korpusse saamgestel en die program ParaConc is vir die ontleding gebrui

English: This research aimed to prove that Biblical texts in South African Sign Language are more accessible than written or printed Biblical texts for deaf born people in South Africa who use Sign Language as their first language. The study made use of the functionalist approach in translation to translate six Biblical parts into South African Sign Language (SASL). Mother tongue speakers were used as translators with the assistance of hearing specialists in the fields of religion and translation studies. Translation was done from the original Hebrew and Greek texts into South African Sign Language. After production of the video with the Biblical parts in South African Sign Language, the content of the video as well as the level of understanding of the texts, were evaluated in the Deaf community of South Africa by means of an empirical study done in the Western Cape, Kwazulu Natal, Gauteng, Northern Cape and the Free State. The results of the empirical study proved that the Signed Biblical parts were more accessible for mother tongue Deaf people than the written counterparts. Results from the study also indicated how a signed Bible should look. Conclusions can also been drawn from the study that a Bible in Sign Language is needed for use in the Deaf community in South Africa., Afrikaans: Hierdie studie het ten doel om te bewys dat Bybeltekste in Suid-Afrikaanse Gebaretaal meer toeganklik is vir die dowe persoon in Suid-Afrika wat Gebaretaal as eerste taal gebruik as geskrewe of gedrukte tekste. Die funksionele benadering in vertaling word in die proses van vertaling van die ses gedeeltes uit die gedrukte Bybel na Suid-Afrikaanse Gebaretaal gebruik. Moedertaalsprekers is gebruik as vertalers tydens die studie. Dit is gedoen met die hulp van horende deskundiges in die Godsdiens- en vertalingsvelde. Die vertaling van die tekste is gedoen vanaf die oorspronklike Hebreeus en Grieks na Suid-Afrikaanse Gebaretaal. Nadat die video van die gedeeltes in Gebaretaal vervaardig is, is die inhoud van die video sowel as die vlak van begrip van die teksgedeeltes in die Dowe gemeenskap van Suid-Afrika getoets deur middel van ’n empiriese studie. Die studie is in die Wes- Kaap, Kwazulu Natal, Gauteng, Noord-Kaap en die Vrystaat gedoen. Die resultate wat verkry is uit die empiriese studie het wel bewys dat die Bybelgedeeltes in Gebaretaal meer toeganklik is vir die moedertaalsprekende Dowes as die gedrukte gedeeltes. Resultate het ook aangedui hoe hierdie Gebaretaal Bybel moet lyk. Die afleiding kan dus gemaak word dat ’n Suid-Afrikaanse Gebaretaal Bybel nodig is in die Dowe gemeenskap van Suid-Afrika.