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Exposure to fluorine (F) in soil increases the risks of dental and skeletal fluorosis and osteoporosis. Therefore, it is important to accurately determine the soil F concentration, and quantitatively evaluate the factors that affect the human health risk of soil F. Differences in soil F concentrations were investigated based on source type (anthropogenically contaminated or naturally enriched) and determination method (perchloric acid extraction-distillation (PAED) or alkali fusion-filtration). A soil sample without contamination history (background F concentration = 208 mg·kg−1) was collected and injected with sodium fluoride (NaF) to prepare anthropogenically F-contaminated soil. Mica gravel (> 2 mm) was ground and mixed with quartz powder to mimic soil components of natural F origin. The F concentration in anthropogenically contaminated soil did not significantly differ between methods (slope = 0.959, p > 0.05). The concentration in the naturally F-enriched soil analyzed using alkali fusion-filtration was approximately twice that of the sample analyzed using PAED (slope = 0.548, p < 0.05). This significant difference was ascribed to the abundance of chemically stable F. Non-carcinogenic hazard quotients for children differed between methods in naturally F-enriched soil, at 1.335 (alkali fusion-filtration) and 0.641 (PAED). These findings offer valuable insights for assessing, managing, and remediating soils contaminated or enriched with F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural polysaccharides, which are described in this study, are some of the most extensively used biopolymers in food, pharmaceutical, and medical applications, because they are renewable and have a high level of biocompatibility and biodegradability. The fundamental understanding required to properly exploit polysaccharides potential in the biocomposite, nanoconjugate, and pharmaceutical industries depends on detailed research of these molecules. Polysaccharides are preferred over other polymers because of their biocompatibility, bioactivity, homogeneity, and bioadhesive properties. Natural polysaccharides have also been discovered to have excellent rheological and biomucoadhesive properties, which may be used to design and create a variety of useful and cost-effective drug delivery systems. Polysaccharide-based composites derived from natural sources have been widely exploited due to their multifunctional properties, particularly in drug delivery systems and biomedical applications. These materials have achieved global attention and are in great demand because to their biochemical properties, which mimic both human and animal cells. Although synthetic polymers account for a substantial amount of organic chemistry, natural polymers play a vital role in a range of industries, including biomedical, pharmaceutical, and construction. As a consequence, the current study will provide information on natural polymers, their biological uses, and food and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Geodesy & Geodynamics (1671-5942) is the property of Editorial Board Journal of Geodesy & Geodynamics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Naturally occurring flavonoids have long been utilized as essential templates for the development of novel drugs and as critical ingredients for functional foods. Astragalin (AG) is a natural flavonoid that can be isolated from a variety of familiar edible plants, such as the seeds of green tea, Morus alba L., and Cuscuta chinensis. It is noteworthy that AG has a wide range of pharmacological activities and possesses therapeutic effects against a variety of diseases, covering cancers, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, ulcerative colitis, mastitis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, diabetic complications, ischemia/reperfusion injury, neuropathy, respiratory diseases, and reproductive system diseases. This article reviewed the natural source and pharmacokinetics of AG and systematically summarized the pharmacological activities and potential mechanisms of AG in treating diverse diseases in order to promote the development of AG as a functional food, in doing so providing references for its clinical application in disease therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: The main aim of this research is to provide literature on the Ocimum plant, and to know the significance of the Ocimum species carried out by pharmacognostic study and experimental design for GC-MS. Ocimum genus are very important for their therapeutic potential among the most important aromatic herbs. Methods: Extreme attention has been put on literature reports in which the utilization of tulsi and their pharmacognostic study has been done by performing morphological and microscopic leaf experimental design and by using essential oil through the GC-MS instrumentation method. Results: The utilization of these characteristics would be important for the drug discovery scientist to develop a specific formulation of the crude drug, which will be a magical therapeutic agent in the future, with many advantages. GC-MS chromatogram of Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum canum, and Ocimum gratissimum oil showed major peaks and has been identified after comparison of the mass spectra with the NIST library, indicating the presence of three phytocomponents. From the results, the GC-MS study suggested that anethole which is well reported antimicrobial compound is more in O. canum (2.66%) in comparison to O. sanctum (1,28%) but absent in O. gratissimum. The results indicated that the antimicrobial activity is more in O. canum due to the presence ofa high amount of anethole in comparison to O. gratissimum and O. sanctum. Interpretation & conclusion: The result revealed that O. canum has a microscopic character that can be identified by the characteristic GC MS analysis of extracts to distinguish between different species of the ocimum plant.

Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPCs), as a class of compounds widely found in plants, are particularly abundant in grapes and blueberries. It is a polymer comprising many different monomers, such as catechins and epicatechins. The monomers are usually linked to each other by two types of links, A-linkages (C-O-C) and B-linkages (C-C), to form the polymers. Numerous studies have shown that compared to high polymeric procyanidins, OPCs exhibit antioxidant properties due to the presence of multiple hydroxyl groups. This review describes the molecular structure and natural source of OPCs, their general synthesis pathway in plants, their antioxidant capacity, and potential applications, especially the anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, cardiovascular disease prevention, and antineoplastic functions. Currently, OPCs have attracted much attention, being non-toxic and natural antioxidants of plant origin that scavenge free radicals from the human body. This review would provide some references for further research on the biological functions of OPCs and their application in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mentha species of family Lamiaceae are famous for their flavor and are commercially used in many food products worldwide. They are widely used to cure digestive problems as well as a natural source of antioxidants and antimicrobials. In this report, the essential oils (EOs) of five Mentha species, namely Mentha citrata, Mentha x piperita, Mentha pulegium, Mentha spicata, and Mentha suaveolens were extracted and their chemical diversity was investigated through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS). The differential doses (5, 10, and 15 µl) of EOs were tested for antimicrobial potential against two gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), five gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and a fungal strain (Candida albicans). The GC–MS results revealed the major components in the EOs were Carvone, Linalool, Hotrienol, Menthol, Isopulegone, Furanone, Piperitone, and Thymol. Moreover, the higher dose (15 µl) of EOs of M. citrata inhibited the growth of S. typhi and C. albicans (35.8 ± 2.4 and 35.2 ± 2.5 mm), M. x piperita inhibited E. coli, B. subtilis, and C. albicans (28.5 ± 3.5, 26.1 ± 2.1, and 25.4 ± 1.1 mm), M. pulegium inhibited K. pneumoniae, B. subtilis, and C. albicans (26.8 ± 1.8, 24.2 ± 2.2, and 25.3 ± 0.9 mm), M. spicata significantly inhibited S. typhi and B. subtilis (35.7 ± 2.7 and 36.3 ± 2.1 mm), and M. suaveolens inhibited K. pneumoniae, C. albicans, and S. typhi (30.8 ± 1.9, 26.9 ± 1.1, and 20.1 ± 0.8 mm) respectively. This study concluded that the EOs of M. citrata was effective against S. typhi and C. albicans. The M. x piperita exhibited strong activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, and C. albicans. Furthermore, the M. pulegium strongly inhibited the growth of K. pneumoniae and C. albicans. The EO of M. spicata was more potent against S. typhi and B. subtilis, while the M. suaveolens was comparatively more effective against S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, and C. albicans. These EOs offer a natural source of antimicrobial agents with high commercial values and social acceptance and could be scale up by food and pharmaceutical industries to control pathogenic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural polysaccharides, which are described in this study, are some of the most extensively used biopolymers in food, pharmaceutical, and medical applications, because they are renewable and have a high level of biocompatibility and biodegradability. The fundamental understanding required to properly exploit polysaccharides potential in the biocomposite, nanoconjugate, and pharmaceutical industries depends on detailed research of these molecules. Polysaccharides are preferred over other polymers because of their biocompatibility, bioactivity, homogeneity, and bioadhesive properties. Natural polysaccharides have also been discovered to have excellent rheological and biomucoadhesive properties, which may be used to design and create a variety of useful and cost-effective drug delivery systems. Polysaccharide-based composites derived from natural sources have been widely exploited due to their multifunctional properties, particularly in drug delivery systems and biomedical applications. These materials have achieved global attention and are in great demand because to their biochemical properties, which mimic both human and animal cells. Although synthetic polymers account for a substantial amount of organic chemistry, natural polymers play a vital role in a range of industries, including biomedical, pharmaceutical, and construction. As a consequence, the current study will provide information on natural polymers, their biological uses, and food and pharmaceutical applications.

Accurately assessing the health risks posed by major contaminants is essential for protecting groundwater. However, the complexity of pollution sources and the uncertainty of parameters pose challenges for quantitative health risk assessment. In this study, a source-oriented groundwater risk evaluation process was improved by screening key pollutants, employing a combined hydrochemical and positive matrix factorization (PMF) approach for source apportionment, and incorporating two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation for risk characterization. The application of this process to groundwater assessment in Central Jiangxi Province identified NO 3 -, F-, Se and Mn as the key pollutants. The pollution sources were anthropogenic activities, rock dissolution, regional geological processes, and ion exchange. Anthropogenic sources contributed 36.8 % and 28.8 % of the pollution during the wet season and dry season, respectively, and accounted for more than half of the health risks. NO 3 - from anthropogenic sources was the primary controlling pollutant. Additionally, the risk assessment indicated that children were at the highest health risk during the dry season, with ingestion rate suggested to be controlled below 1.062 L·day−1 to make the health risk within an acceptable range. The improved assessment methodology could provide more accurate results and recommended intakes. [Display omitted] • Hydrochemistry and PMF methods were combined for pollution source analysis. • 2D-MCS was incorporated to improve the accuracy of health risk assessment. • NO 3 -, F-, Se and Mn were the key pollutants. • Children were identified as a high-risk group and dry season as a high-risk period. • NO 3 - from anthropogenic and F- from natural were the main sources of risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the origins of aerosol iron (Fe) is crucial for comprehending its influence on Earth's climate and the global biogeochemical cycle. Fe isotopes (δ56Fe) serve as a distinctive and effective tool for constraining aerosol Fe sources and transport routes. In this work, we comprehensively compiled a global dataset (n = 195) of recent aerosol Fe isotopes, spanning diverse atmospheric environments such as urban areas, remote glacier areas, and oceans in order to elucidate the distribution of aerosol Fe isotopes and conduct a quantitative assessment of atmospheric Fe sources on a global scale. We first summarized the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosol δ56Fe and its partitioning pattern in various aerosol size fractions. On the spatial scale, the field observations of aerosol Fe isotopes were predominantly concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere locations. Aerosol δ56Fe exhibited a pronounced decreasing trend from glaciers to oceans to human-influenced urban areas. On the temporal change, aerosol δ56Fe showed lower values during non-dust periods compared to those of dust periods, along with greater variability. The partitioning pattern of δ56Fe in various aerosol size fractions is characterized by a notable enrichment of lighter isotopes in PM 2.5 compared to that of bulk samples and PM >2.5. Secondly, the current quantification study of aerosol Fe sources using Fe isotopes remains uncertain due to the exclusion of heavy-isotope anthropogenic endmembers in calculations. Therefore, here we re-categorized the global aerosol-Fe sources into three endmembers along with their representative δ56Fe values, including natural dust (0.09 ± 0.03 ‰), steel smelting+automobile exhaust (−2.9 ± 1.3 ‰), as well as coal combustion (0.46 ± 0.16 ‰). Finally, utilizing the MixSIAR model and complied isotope dataset, we identified coal combustion as the predominant anthropogenic source of aerosol Fe on the hemisphere scale. To enhance our understanding of the atmospheric Fe cycle, future research will necessitate broader large-scale observations of aerosol Fe isotopes, with a particular emphasis on the Southern Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used in biomedical applications. HA is prepared from natural sources of eggshell. The obtained HA is composited with TiO2 using the hydrothermal method at a temperature of 230 °C. The structure and morphology of HA-TiO2 composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Meanwhile, its antibacterial activity was tested on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The formation of the HA-TiO2 composite is evidenced by typical peaks on the XRD pattern for HA and TiO2. The FTIR spectrum shows that no bond formed between TiO2 and HA which indicates the formation of composites. The smallest crystallite size and the highest specific surface area were obtained from the composite with the composition of HA-TiO2 30:70. In addition, the composition of the composite also shows the smallest particle size distribution. Therefore, the presence of TiO2 plays a significant role in determining the HA properties formed. Furthermore, the HA-TiO2 composite showed good antibacterial activity using disk diffusion and optical density (OD) methods. These results indicate that the synergistic combination of HA from eggshell with TiO2 has favorable properties for antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was performed to develop and characterize a bio-film composed of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), green banana Saba (Musa acuminata x balbisiana), and curcumin for the detection of Fe2+ ions. Cross-linking interaction between banana starch-aloe vera gel and banana starch-curcumin enhanced l the sensing performance of the composite film towards divalent metal ions of Fe2+. The morphological structure of the Aloe vera-banana starch-curcumin composite revealed a smooth and compact surface without cracks and some heterogeneity when observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The thickness, density, color property, opacity, biodegradation, moisture content, water-solubility, water absorption, swelling degree, and water vapor permeability of bio-films were measured. The incorporation of aloe vera gel and curcumin particles onto the banana starch film has successfully improved the film properties. The formation of the curcumin-ferrum (II) complex has triggered the film to transform color from yellow to greenish-brown after interaction with Fe2+ ions that exhibit an accuracy of 101.11% within a swift reaction time. Good linearity (R2 = 0.9845) of response on colorimetric analysis was also obtained in Fe2+ ions concentration that ranges from 0 to 100 ppm, with a limit of detection and quantification found at 27.84 ppm and 92.81 ppm, respectively. In this context, the film was highly selective towards Fe2+ ions because no changes of color occur through naked eye observation when films interact with other metal ions, including Fe3+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+. Thus, these findings encourage curcumin-based starch films as sensing materials to detect Fe2+ ions in the field of food and agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an environmentally friendly and high-calorific natural gas, coalbed methane (CBM) has become one of the world's most crucial unconventional energy sources. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on reservoir exploration methods to ensure high and stable CBM production in the development stage. However, current methods have disadvantages such as high cost, complex devices, and poor terrain adaptability, and therefore they are unsuitable for reasonable monitoring of CBM reservoirs. In contrast, electromagnetic prospecting methods are increasingly widely employed in the rapid delineation of conductive distributions, contributing a lot to in-situ reservoir interpretation. Furthermore, a natural source Super-Low Frequency electromagnetic component method (i.e., the SLF method for short) has been proposed and applied with high potential in a CBM enrichment area, Qinshui Basin, China. In this paper, this method is thoroughly discussed. The magnetic component responses of the SLF method can be used as the characteristic responses of subsurface layers, and the forward modeling algorithms using the finite element method have been successfully developed and verified. On this basis, the direct depth transformation and one-dimensional nonlinear regularization inversion algorithms of the magnetic component responses are proposed for geo-object interpretation. With the help of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), an SLF data processing workflow is demonstrated theoretically and practically, which is integrated into a portable instrument. The instrument's ability to identify the low-resistivity reservoirs and their surrounding rocks has been proved by field survey. The extraction of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) anomalies also helps to refine the reservoir interpretation with higher accuracy. A joint comparative inversion test between the SLF method and the audio-magnetotelluric method (AMT) is also addressed, demonstrating that the SLF method is reliably applicable in the field survey of CBM reservoirs. A preliminary statistical analysis shows that the depth resolution of CBM reservoirs can reach the order of tens of meters. Therefore, the SLF method is expected to become one of the most potential options for in-situ CBM exploration with a cost-effective interpretation capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian pectin manufacturing industry is underdeveloped, and pectin is imported to meet its increasing demand; we attempted to isolate pectins from various fruit peels, such as orange peel (OP), papaya peel (PP), mango peel (MP), watermelon peel (WP), and chayote peel (CP) and investigated their chemical characteristics (equivalent weight of the extracted pectins and their moisture, ash, methoxyl, and galacturonic acid (GA) contents). Acid extraction, purification, precipitation, and drying processes were used to process the isolated pectins. We examined their chemical properties for conformance to quality standards advised by the International Pectin Producers Association (IPPA). The moisture (except OP pectin) and ash contents (except PP pectin) of the extracted pectins were within the limit set by IPPA. However, the equivalent weight (W eq) of any of the isolated pectins did not satisfy IPPA standards. The methoxyl contents of the pectins isolated from OP, WP, and CP satisfied IPPA standards. High methoxyl pectins were isolated from PP and MP. The galacturonic acid contents of the isolated pectins were higher than the acceptable limit of the GA level. Thus, OP, PP, MP, WP, and CP are potential sources of pectin.

Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPCs), as a class of compounds widely found in plants, are particularly abundant in grapes and blueberries. It is a polymer comprising many different monomers, such as catechins and epicatechins. The monomers are usually linked to each other by two types of links, A-linkages (C-O-C) and B-linkages (C-C), to form the polymers. Numerous studies have shown that compared to high polymeric procyanidins, OPCs exhibit antioxidant properties due to the presence of multiple hydroxyl groups. This review describes the molecular structure and natural source of OPCs, their general synthesis pathway in plants, their antioxidant capacity, and potential applications, especially the anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, cardiovascular disease prevention, and antineoplastic functions. Currently, OPCs have attracted much attention, being non-toxic and natural antioxidants of plant origin that scavenge free radicals from the human body. This review would provide some references for further research on the biological functions of OPCs and their application in various fields.

This article discusses the observation and study of extremely low frequency (ELF) and very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic waves in space and on the ground. These waves can be generated by both human activities and natural sources. The article highlights the use of spacecraft and ground-based observatories to study these waves and their propagation mechanisms. It also presents four original research articles that explore the characteristics of electromagnetic waves from VLF transmitters, nuclear electromagnetic pulses, earthquakes, and their correlation with solar activity and ionospheric conditions. The authors hope that this research will contribute to a better understanding of these waves and their applications in science and engineering. [Extracted from the article]

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used in biomedical applications. HA is prepared from natural sources of eggshell. The obtained HA is composited with TiO2 using the hydrothermal method at a temperature of 230 °C. The structure and morphology of HA-TiO2 composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Meanwhile, its antibacterial activity was tested on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The formation of the HA-TiO2 composite is evidenced by typical peaks on the XRD pattern for HA and TiO2. The FTIR spectrum shows that no bond formed between TiO2 and HA which indicates the formation of composites. The smallest crystallite size and the highest specific surface area were obtained from the composite with the composition of HA-TiO2 30:70. In addition, the composition of the composite also shows the smallest particle size distribution. Therefore, the presence of TiO2 plays a significant role in determining the HA properties formed. Furthermore, the HA-TiO2 composite showed good antibacterial activity using disk diffusion and optical density (OD) methods. These results indicate that the synergistic combination of HA from eggshell with TiO2 has favorable properties for antibacterial activity.

This study was performed to develop and characterize a bio-film composed of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), green banana Saba (Musa acuminata x balbisiana), and curcumin for the detection of Fe2+ ions. Cross-linking interaction between banana starch-aloe vera gel and banana starch-curcumin enhanced l the sensing performance of the composite film towards divalent metal ions of Fe2+. The morphological structure of the Aloe vera-banana starch-curcumin composite revealed a smooth and compact surface without cracks and some heterogeneity when observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The thickness, density, color property, opacity, biodegradation, moisture content, water-solubility, water absorption, swelling degree, and water vapor permeability of bio-films were measured. The incorporation of aloe vera gel and curcumin particles onto the banana starch film has successfully improved the film properties. The formation of the curcumin-ferrum (II) complex has triggered the film to transform color from yellow to greenish-brown after interaction with Fe2+ ions that exhibit an accuracy of 101.11% within a swift reaction time. Good linearity (R2 = 0.9845) of response on colorimetric analysis was also obtained in Fe2+ ions concentration that ranges from 0 to 100 ppm, with a limit of detection and quantification found at 27.84 ppm and 92.81 ppm, respectively. In this context, the film was highly selective towards Fe2+ ions because no changes of color occur through naked eye observation when films interact with other metal ions, including Fe3+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+. Thus, these findings encourage curcumin-based starch films as sensing materials to detect Fe2+ ions in the field of food and agriculture.

As an environmentally friendly and high-calorific natural gas, coalbed methane (CBM) has become one of the world’s most crucial unconventional energy sources. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on reservoir exploration methods to ensure high and stable CBM production in the development stage. However, current methods have disadvantages such as high cost, complex devices, and poor terrain adaptability, and therefore they are unsuitable for reasonable monitoring of CBM reservoirs. In contrast, electromagnetic prospecting methods are increasingly widely employed in the rapid delineation of conductive distributions, contributing a lot to in-situ reservoir interpretation. Furthermore, a natural source Super-Low Frequency electromagnetic component method (i.e., the SLF method for short) has been proposed and applied with high potential in a CBM enrichment area, Qinshui Basin, China. In this paper, this method is thoroughly discussed. The magnetic component responses of the SLF method can be used as the characteristic responses of subsurface layers, and the forward modeling algorithms using the finite element method have been successfully developed and verified. On this basis, the direct depth transformation and one-dimensional nonlinear regularization inversion algorithms of the magnetic component responses are proposed for geo-object interpretation. With the help of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), an SLF data processing workflow is demonstrated theoretically and practically, which is integrated into a portable instrument. The instrument’s ability to identify the low-resistivity reservoirs and their surrounding rocks has been proved by field survey. The extraction of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) anomalies also helps to refine the reservoir interpretation with higher accuracy. A joint comparative inversion test between the SLF method and the audio-magnetotelluric method (AMT) is also addressed, demonstrating that the SLF method is reliably applicable in the field survey of CBM reservoirs. A preliminary statistical analysis shows that the depth resolution of CBM reservoirs can reach the order of tens of meters. Therefore, the SLF method is expected to become one of the most potential options for in-situ CBM exploration with a cost-effective interpretation capability.

This study evaluated the comparative antioxidant effects of nine leaves extracts (pomegranate, PL; citrus, CL; kinnow, KL; mango, ML; guava, GL; peppermint, PM; oregano, OL; rosemary, RM; thyme, TL) in the meat system (MS) formulated with a healthier oil consisted of high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Total phenolic content of the extracts varied from 10.1 ± 1.44 to 98.8 ± 2.15 mg TAE/g; whereas, total flavonoid content varied from 1.6 ± 0.16 to 64.8 ± 0.41 mg CE/g. The DPPH scavenging activity of the extracts varied from 29.8 ± 0.87 to 58.5 ± 1.57% while BHT showed 77.1 ± 1.57% scavenging activity. Total antioxidant activity of extracts varied from 0.91 ± 0.14 to 3.90 ± 0.16 while the activity of BHT was 3.06 ± 0.14. The descending order for the antioxidant potential of the extracts (prepared at 70 °C) in the meat system was MS-GL70 = MS-PL70 = MS-BHT > MS-ML70 > MS-RM70 = MS-TL70 > MS-KL70 = MS-PM70 > MS-control. The addition of KL extract exerted negative effects (P < 0.05) on the color attributes. The addition of ML extracts increased in the emulsion stability (total expressible fluid % and expressible fat %). Hence, GL, PL, and ML can be considered as a good source of natural antioxidants for enhancing the oxidative stability of meat systems without affecting other technological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (1001-1803) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ecological (as a natural source) and agricultural (as a resource for fish farming and irrigation of crops) assessment of Ovcharitsa Dam water, used for thermal power plant (TPP) cooling was carried out in one monitoring point by measurement of 12 physicochemical parameters (temperature, transparency, pH, EC, DO, COD, BOD5, unionized NH3, NO2 -, NO3 -, total N and PPO4), one biological parameter (chlorophyll-a), 9 pesticides and volatile organic compounds /VOC/ (atrazine, simazine, diuron, 1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, tetrachloroethane, trichloromethane, hexachlorobutadiene) and 6 microbiological parameters (aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, coliforms, total coli titer, Escherichia coli counts, E. coli titer, Salmonella spp. counts), stipulated in Bulgarian legislation in 2016-2017 (REGULATIONS: No. 4, 2000; No. 18, 2009; On EQS for priority substances and certain other pollutants, 2010 and No. H-4, 2012). The water samples were taken periodically during a two-year period: for physicochemical and biological analysis - in February, April, June, August and November; for microbiological observation - in June, August and November; for pesticides and VOC - in April. Water sampling, sample preparation and analysis were performed according international ISO and BSS standards. It was found that: a) the dam water ecological status was determined as "poor" by chlorophyll-a content and "very poor" by orthophosphates content based on the lowest estimates for the monitored parameters; b) with regard to the content of pesticides and VOC, the dam water was defined as water "in good chemical status"; c) the values of all monitored parameters were within the ranges (recommended and mandatory) for carp fish water with exception of temperature and unionized NH3, which exceeded the norms during some months of the year; d) according to measured water transparency, the trophic state of dam water was determined as hypereutrophic; e) the microbial status of the analyzed water demonstrated that it was not suitable for irrigation because it exceeded norms for total coli-titer and E. coli-titer, and due to the presence of intestinal pathogens (Salmonella spp.), which are not allowed in the water for irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To review the effects of polysaccharides and their proposed mechanisms of action in breast cancer experimental models. Data sources, selection, and extraction: Articles were selected by using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Medline, assessed from 1 May 2019 to 1 July 2020. The systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (Prospero) under the number CRD42020169103. Results: Most of the studies explore algae polysaccharides (43.2%), followed by mushrooms (13.5%), plants (13.5%), fruits (10.8%), fungus (2.7%), bacteria, (2.7%), and sea animals (2.7%). A total of 8.1% investigated only in vitro models, 62.1% evaluated only in vivo models, and 29.7% evaluated in vitro and in vivo models. The mechanism of action involves apoptosis, inhibition of cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and antimetastatic effects through multiple pathways. Conclusions: Findings included here support further investigations on the anti-tumor effect of polysaccharides. Some polysaccharides, such as fucoidan and β-glucans, deserve detailed and structured studies aiming at translational research on breast tumors, since they are already used in the clinical practice of other proposals of human health.

The various toxic contaminants such as dyes, heavy metals, pesticides, rare‐earth elements, and hazardous chemicals are the major threats to all the flora and fauna. Owing to the harmful ill effects caused by the toxic contaminants, it is necessary to eliminate these compounds from the authors' ecosystem. The chitosan magnetic nanomaterials (CMNPs) are one of the superior materials used in the wastewater treatment through various conventional technologies. The chitosan is a natural source obtained from the crustacean shells of crabs, prawns etc. The magnetic nanomaterial prepared by the reinforcement of chitosan is highly effective in the removal of heavy metals, dyes, organic matter, and harmful chemicals. It is used in various technologies such as adsorption, flocculation, immobilisation, photocatalytic technology, and bioremediation. This possesses unique surface and magnetic characteristics, Moreover, it is simple, economically feasible, and eco‐friendly material used efficiently in wastewater treatment. This review paper depicts the overview of CMNP in the industrial effluent treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an important necessity for the conti­nuity of human life. While energy contributes to hu­man life, it can also harm the environment and hu­man health. The method of obtaining energy, inputs and outputs in production are the most important el­ements. As an environment and human friendly al­ternative energy, biogas is the product of the diges­tion of organic materials under anaerobic conditions. On the whole, electricity produced from biogas gen­erates much less carbon dioxide than conventional energy. Shortly, Biogas is a carbon neutral way of energy supply. Turkey's energy demand has in­creased over the years and Turkey's importance in world energy market has been growing both as a re­gional energy transit hub and as a consumer. The in­creasing energy consumption of Turkey makes it de­pendent on foreign sources year after year. Renewa­ble energy projects have been attractive for a few years as Turkey aims to reduce its dependence on ex­ternal sources. Today, Turkey has high biogas poten­tial and infrastructure that will provide enough input for biogas production and energy generation. Raw materials are mainly procured from animal livestock (e. g. manure from cattle or manure from poultry) ag­ricultural areas (e.g. straw of cereals, sugar beet leaf or tomato waste) and residues from food, fruits and vegetables (e.g. press cake of sugar beet, olive press cake). Because it is a very useful and economic en­ergy in terms of the use of organic wastes Biogas is preferred in terms of clean energy alternatives Tur­key is one of the livestock and agricultural zone in the world therefore has a large biogas potential more than European Countries. Today, Turkey has the po­tential of 2000 biogas plants which will operate in animal waste. According to official information bio­gas in Turkey, convertible biomass weight is 117 million tons/year. This study describes the situation and the importance of energy production via biogas in Turkey, an agricultural countiy. The current status of bio-energy and requirements in biogas production which plays important and vital role for human life and the environment, has been examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs), which belong to the prolamin superfamily, are potent allergens. While the biological role of LTPs is still not well understood, it is known that these proteins bind lipids. Allergen nsLTPs are characterized by significant stability and resistance to digestion. (2) Methods: nsLTPs from gold kiwifruit (Act c 10.0101) and pomegranate (Pun g 1.0101) were isolated from their natural sources and structurally characterized using X-ray crystallography (3) Results: Both proteins crystallized and their crystal structures were determined. The proteins have a very similar overall fold with characteristic compact, mainly α-helical structures. The C-terminal sequence of Act c 10.0101 was updated based on our structural and mass spectrometry analysis. Information on proteins’ sequences and structures was used to estimate the risk of cross-reactive reactions between Act c 10.0101 or Pun g 1.0101 and other allergens from this family of proteins. (4) Conclusions: Structural studies indicate a conformational flexibility of allergens from the nsLTP family and suggest that immunoglobulin E binding to some surface regions of these allergens may depend on ligand binding. Both Act c 10.0101 and Pun g 1.0101 are likely to be involved in cross-reactive reactions involving other proteins from the nsLTP family.

[Display omitted] 1,4-naphthoquinones are the most widespread naphthoquinone compounds. Recently, many 1,4-naphthoquinone glycosides with different structural features have been obtained from both nature and synthesis, which has led to an increasing variety of naphthoquinone glycosides. In this paper, the structure variety and biological activity in recent 20 years are reviewed, and classified them according to the source and structure characteristics. Meanwhile the synthetic methods of O-, S-, C- and N -naphthoquinone glycosides and their structure activity relationships are also described. It was referred that the presence of polar groups of C2 and C5 and non-polar groups attached to C3 on the naphthoquinone ring are beneficial for their biological activities. It will provide more comprehensive literature resources for the future research of 1, 4-naphthoquinone glycosides and lay a theoretical foundation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol or 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol (2,4-DTBP) is a common toxic secondary metabolite produced by various groups of organisms. The biosources and bioactivities of 2,4-DTBP have been well investigated, but the phenol has not been systematically reviewed. This article provides a comprehensive review of 2,4-DTBP and its analogs with emphasis on natural sources and bioactivities. 2,4-DTBP has been found in at least 169 species of bacteria (16 species, 10 families), fungi (11 species, eight families), diatom (one species, one family), liverwort (one species, one family), pteridiphyta (two species, two families), gymnosperms (four species, one family), dicots (107 species, 58 families), monocots (22 species, eight families), and animals (five species, five families). 2,4-DTBP is often a major component of violate or essential oils and it exhibits potent toxicity against almost all testing organisms, including the producers; however, it is not clear why organisms produce autotoxic 2,4-DTBP and its analogs. The accumulating evidence indicates that the endocidal regulation seems to be the primary function of the phenols in the producing organisms.

Naturally occurring flavonoids have long been utilized as essential templates for the development of novel drugs and as critical ingredients for functional foods. Astragalin (AG) is a natural flavonoid that can be isolated from a variety of familiar edible plants, such as the seeds of green tea, Morus alba L., and Cuscuta chinensis. It is noteworthy that AG has a wide range of pharmacological activities and possesses therapeutic effects against a variety of diseases, covering cancers, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, ulcerative colitis, mastitis, obesity, diabetes mellitus, diabetic complications, ischemia/reperfusion injury, neuropathy, respiratory diseases, and reproductive system diseases. This article reviewed the natural source and pharmacokinetics of AG and systematically summarized the pharmacological activities and potential mechanisms of AG in treating diverse diseases in order to promote the development of AG as a functional food, in doing so providing references for its clinical application in disease therapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Chen, Zhong, Qin, Jing, Liu, Li and Peng.)

Natural products serve as safe and effective therapeutic agents for the drug discovery. Plants produce bioactive secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and others, which have profusely been studied for anti-infective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory potential, and metabolic disorders to name a few. Terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural compound. The study investigates the novel cytotoxic compound of the terpenoid family isolated from different natural sources. The anticancerous activities of the compounds discussed in this review are taken from the published articles showing activity against specific cancer cell lines. The compounds exclusively belong to terpenoid family. Considering the huge potential of plant-based natural products in drug discovery program and the contribution of terpenoid in the production of anticancer compounds, it can be exploited for more reliable economical and environmentally safe bioactive molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]