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Effective communication and proficient governance are indispensable components for fostering socio-economic progress and societal cohesion within a nation. This study examines the critical role of communication Strategies and Governance in advancing development with a specific focus on analyzing speeches delivered by Mr. Peter Obi, a 2023 presidential aspirant of Labour Party in Nigeria. The study employs Howard Giles Accommodation Theory (1991) as the theoretical framework for analyzing the dynamic interplay between communication strategies and Governance in driving National development. The theory posits that individuals adjust their communication behaviour to align with or diverge from the linguistic norms and expectations of their interlocutors, influenced by factors such as social identity, power differentials and relational dynamics. The study analyzed twenty five (25) communication strategies from different speeches of Mr. Peter Obi to scrutinize the rhetorical techniques, policy articulations and leadership narratives employed by Obi in his speeches elucidating how he accommodates or diverges from linguistic norms to foster effective communication and governance practices. The study reveals valuable insights and best practices for policy makers, communication practitioners, and governance stakeholders seeking to leverage communication strategies to drive tangible outcomes for societal progress and cohesion. The analysis underscores the pivotal role of communication accommodation in shaping the trajectory of national development initiatives, highlighting it is significance as a lens for understanding the complexities of governance and communication dynamics in contemporary societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 2010s, the Pakistan Kissan Ittehad (PKI) emerged in Punjab as a militant movement that brought together different fractions of agrarian producers against the IMF-proposed removal of electricity subsidies for agricultural tube wells. The article draws on fieldwork with the PKI in 2018–2019 to understand its trajectories since its contestation of one aspect of the agenda of structural reform. I argue that the analytical framework of "agrarian populism," which has recently come back into use to understand agrarian politics, poses limitations in differentiating agrarian movements from each other. By focusing on how the PKI navigates the intersection between the agrarian, national, and ecological questions, the article shows how the movement has approached agrarian market reform, ecological crisis, and national development. Through this discussion, it undertakes a critical assessment of the PKI and situates it with longer histories of class differentiation, agrarian change, and ecological transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unprecedented new city-building boom is unfolding in Kuwait, with 12 new cities currently underway. As an oil-rich country, Kuwait faces imminent challenges, including peak oil and climate change, which threaten national wellbeing, continuity, stability, and even survival. As a welfare state guaranteeing housing to citizens, Kuwait shares oil wealth, fundamentally shaping urban planning and spatial development. The current national city-building strategy aims to address housing shortages while reducing reliance on oil. Despite the resources allocated to these projects, Kuwait's city building and its relationship to national economic development strategies has received little scholarly attention. This article introduces the 12 new city projects underway, and examines the main actors driving this trend, how new cities connect to the state's development logic for future-proofing the country, and how national sustainability goals and the state's Vision 2035 for a 'new Kuwait' shape these projects. Finally, we reflect on the challenges these projects face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the integration of Gender Mainstreaming in Indonesia's National Development Plan and its impact on public policy. This report used policy analysis to assess the implementation of Gender Mainstreaming in development plans and its impact. Data was collected from official documents, including development plans, regulations, and reports. Qualitative analysis assessed the integration of gender mainstreaming and gender indicators. Interviews with policymakers and experts provided context and constraints. The findings highlight the importance of gender mainstreaming in national development, successful integration in development plans, and challenges such as limited resources and cultural barriers. Gender integration positively impacts development goals by increasing women's participation. Recommendations include training and strategic actions. In-depth policy analysis revealed a gap between gender rhetoric and action, indicating structural and cultural barriers. The integration of gender perspectives faces major challenges, emphasizing the need to educate policymakers and address barriers that hinder implementation. In conclusion, Gender Mainstreaming in National Development Plans faces major challenges, requiring increased understanding and concrete actions to overcome barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Plato acknowledged the fact of role playing vividly bestowed on the different sexes of the human kind by nature, he did not in any way place any gender (male or female) above other. Igbo culture seems to also place definite roles for male and woman without a priori making the human a slave of sort. History has shown the woman as actively involved in political, social and juridical activities in Igboland. The famous Aba women riot is one of the numerous lucid examples. This paper takes an in-depth look into Plato's and Igbo concepts of the women, with specific emphasis on the possibility of using their similarities as a recipe for the solution of national development and problems playing Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sets out to examine cultural standards and methods of perception in Igba Ogbole's Arrows of Anguish. As a result of colonialism and the erroneous belief that Africans have no culture of their own, Igba Ogbole sets out to highlight the cultural patterns of his people. He utilizes his novel as the stance to delineate the ways of life of Oladam people as well as their worldview. He conveys his feelings and themes with much ingeniousness that the reader sees him as a skilled craftman with sublimal approach; the cultural mores depict him as one who is connected to his society. He shows that his duty as a writer is to show that Africa has solid culture of their own even before the coming of the whitemen. What gives Ogbole's narrative validity is his use of proverbs and other local speech patterns to send his message across. Also, he uses proverbs to depict authenticity, situate the characters and showcase the richness in his dialect. He laments the obliteration of African cultural ways; he believes that if Africans can revive their positive cultures, they will boost national development. The study makes some recommendations which include: introduction of Cultural Studies in school curriculum, organizing cultural conferences and reintroduction of Festival of Arts and Culture among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not an overstatement to say that the level of development witnessed in the world today: especially in developing countries is a product of research. In fact, the author is of the opinion that research is "synonymous' to development as it leads to advancement in all facets of life such as education, health, governance, agriculture, infrastructure, building, commerce and industry, transportation, banking and finance, information technology, engineering, security to mention but a few. This paper takes a look at the role of research in development. It is aimed at promoting research in developing countries of the world. A philosophical approach is adopted while gathering data from a pool of literature, personal observation of major trends in Nigeria. The paper examines the level of development in key area of life; as well as highlighting those challenges facing research development using Nigeria as a reference point. Recommendations are made in the paper that could promote research development in young countries of the world. The paper concludes that without thorough research activities, stagnation in national development and human existence is endangered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Church's place in modern life has gone a lot beyond its original purpose of giving spiritual advice through religious groups. Through participant observation and a review of the literature, this paper examined how the Church, especially The Church of Pentecost (CoP), has changed over time in modern Ghana to promote patriotism and instil moral values in modern Ghana through its two flagship programmes-"National Development Conference 2023" and the "All Ministers Conference 2023". The findings of the research revealed that morals, unity, and national growth were emphasised at these conferences. There were teachings, prayers, workshops, and the raising of the Ghanaian flag as a symbol of how important it is to work together across party lines for national growth. The study highlighted key recommendations, including employing a holistic approach, promoting patriotic songs, fostering collaboration, upholding moral values, emphasizing the national flag, and transcending partisanship. The study concluded that media influence, equality, punctuality, and unity are essential in fostering patriotism and moral values for Ghana's growth and development. The paper contributes to the proactive role of the church in nurturing patriotism and moral values, providing valuable insights into nation-building and societal cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an insight on whether the global shock of education budget, health budget, and environmental footprint are supporting national development in the twenty-first century as world aggregate data analysis from 2000 to 2019 using the Threshold Structural Vector Autoregressive (ThSVAR) model. The findings revealed that global shocks of the education budget and health budget are partially causing economic growth, but the environmental footprint is partially decreasing it; global shocks of the education budget are substantially raising the human development index while health is partially raising it; global shocks of the education budget and health budget are partially reducing the rate of unemployment, but the environmental footprint is raising it. Furthermore, the levels to which education and health budgets are cost-effective for national development are 4.246523% of GDP and US$e6.768500 of health budget per capita for economic growth, 4.302660% of GDP and US$e6.901392 of health budget per capita for human development index, and 4.251330% of GDP and US$e6.768500 of health budget per capita for the unemployment rate. Moreover, education and health budgets are negligibly curbing environmental degradation. In addition, the levels to which education and health budgets are cost-effective for curbing environmental degradation are at 4.456587% of GDP and US$e6.901392 of health budget per capita. In line with these findings, a couple of policy recommendations and suggestions for further research were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the reconciliation mechanism of protectionist and liberalization components in the economic policy of the United States and China. Under tightening economic competition, the U.S. and China are implementing a set of measures to support national economies, aimed both at protecting the industries which are crucial for the development of the states, and at ensuring markets for the goods produced in the country. These observations have led to the hypothesis that the set of protectionist and liberalization tools in the economic policy of countries is combined and varied to ensure economic security and international competitiveness of national economies. Based on the analysis of indicators measuring the openness of the US and PRC economies as well as a number of examples of government intervention in the economy, the authors detect the trend towards the strengthening of protectionism in the economic policy of the states since 2008. Taking into consideration the research on the participation of both countries in globalization and integration projects, the authors determine the protectionist instruments implemented by China and the USA to improve the economic growth and competitive advantage of their economies. In particular, government subsidies, fiscal tools, administrative barriers, as well as tariff measures affecting the foreign trade of the countries under study have been identified. On the basis of the comparative analysis of certain indicators measuring the manifestation of protectionist and liberalization components in the economic policy of the United States and China, the authors highlight common and different trends in combining protectionism and free trade. The synthesis of findings has led to the conclusion about the complementarity and interdependence of the tools used in the economic policy of the states aimed at increasing the competitive advantages of national economies.

To participate fully in the global knowledge economy, all countries require strong research and innovation eco-systems. This crucially depends on the efficiency of doctoral education and training. We examined the trajectory of doctoral education in Uganda over the past four decades focusing on number of doctoral awards and equity in regard to sex, STEM versus Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, and private versus public providers. We collected data from all institutions providing doctoral education in Uganda through comprehensive review of documents. Our analysis of data revealed low capacity for doctoral education in Uganda. There was under production of doctorates depicted by the low number of doctoral awards; and inequalities in regard to sex, STEM versus Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, and the public versus private providers. We argue that the trends in equity and number of doctoral awards translate into low number of researchers per million inhabitants, low number of researchers engaged in research and development (R&D), and gender disparity in researchers' participation in R&D. We conclude that the low number and inequalities in doctoral awards have deterring implications to the attainment of national development goals. We proffer desired trajectories for the future of doctoral education and training in Uganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difference in Languages been an issue of growing social importance because a majority of all living languages are threaded in their continued existence, the aim of this study is to appreciate the idea of different languages may be as an instrument of national development and wealth creation, the meeting point between Multilanguage and national Development, to give it some valuable suggestions which might be of help in language planning in multilanguage and multicultural setting like Nigeria, to buttress this point, this study some questionnaires, of which the respondents were a total of one hundred copies were collected for the research, the respondent are the students of English department and from other departments in Abia State University. A percentage and a frequency table, the data were properly analyzed. The outcome or result obtained showed that multilingualism or linguistic diversity did not project or promote disintegration in the country; rather the linguistics diversity in Nigeria has been a national resource which help to move the country forward and not taking multilingualism to be an instrument for national disintegration. In conclusion, the researcher made some recommendations that both the people at the helm of affairs should help in promoting national development through the use of multilingual policy in the country and the dissemination of information materials to the public like newspapers, posters, computer application and hold programmes to promote multilingualism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the welfare state model applied in the development of Indonesia and the relevance of the welfare state concept in developing Indonesian policies. The method used is qualitative research, and the research object is government policies utilized in the application of the welfare state concept (welefar staat) in the forms of documents, books, and journals, as well as research results. Secondary data in the form of documents, laws and regulations, references/books, journals, and other supporting documents were obtained by researchers from existing sources in the literature. . Data were recorded and materials were systematically analyzed. Data analysis was done in the form of a clear and concrete description of the objects discussed qualitatively. Results show that the Indonesian government separates model categories in running a welfare state, namely the old-age security program and the healthcare program. This means that state administrators (government) must continuously strive to achieve the welfare of their citizens. This is a constitutional mandate that cannot be simply ignored, so it is impossible for state administrators to escape it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Argentina, agriculture has historically been a sector of social, cultural, economic and political relevance. This paper explores social imaginaries about agriculture and its place in national development and the way in which they are linked to the main ideological discourses in dispute in the public sphere. To this end, we analyse the results of two nationwide online surveys carried out in 2021. The data show, on the one hand, the coexistence of imaginaries regarding the role of agriculture in national development, although a positive image of the role of the agricultural sector and a negative view of state intervention policies predominate. On the other hand, the political stance seems to be central in defining the population's positions about the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of public administration in any country's development cannot be overemphasized. This is because the nature of a country's development is dependent on its public administration. In other words, public administration is a tool for national development. This explains why virtually all countries of the world particularly those interested in development have been consistently reforming their public administration systems to position them to contribute meaningfully to their development. Public administration in Nigeria has witnessed many vicissitudes right from the pre-colonial, the colonial and the post-colonial eras. The history of the country, the environment and some events around the world has greatly influenced public administration in Nigeria. The paper found out that the challenges facing public administration in Nigeria such as multi-ethnicity, corruption, poor remuneration of public servants, epileptic power supply, among others have negatively affected public administration in Nigeria, hence its seeming weakness in helping to a large extent the country to achieve the much needed development. The data for the paper were collected through secondary means and analyzed using the historical and descriptive methods. The paper adopted the systems theory as theoretical framework. In order for public administration in Nigeria to be in the stead to contribute meaningfully to national development, the paper recommended among other things that merit should be the determining factor in recruitment and promotion of public servants, there should be adequate remuneration for public servants to motivate them to do their work satisfactorily and the power sector should be fixed to boost public service activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns the role of families as a social institution in the national development process with attention to financial literacy. The more financially literate a nation's citizens, the healthier its economy and development pace. After framing the family as a social institution, a demographic profile of contemporary Saudi families is provided as a working case, but information herein pertains to any country's national development strategy. The connection between national development and family financial literacy and inclusion is then developed to better inform policies pursuant to national development. Recommendations for home economists to monitor and influence include (a) valuing and demographically profiling the family as a social institution; (b) creating and supporting a national financial education entity and platform; (c) designing and implementing financial education curricula for all education levels; (d) providing preservice and inservice teacher training in financial education; and (e) bolstering financial literacy, inclusion, and stability. Financially literate families are best able to grow a nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial literacy is a current issue in home economics and higher education research. This paper concerns Saudi Arabia where investigations in general and into university students' financial literacy levels are new (absent in home economics) in a context where the national development plan (Vision 2030) depends on a financially literate citizenry. This quantitative exploratory study (summer 2020) involved respondents (N = 140, 91% female) from three Saudi universities (Eastern and Western provinces, convenience sampling) completing a Saudispecific financial literacy web-based survey (28% response rate). Their low literacy rate (53%) was still 70% higher than the national average (31%) suggesting that university students may be predisposed to further improve their financial literacy if university-based curricula were provided with home economics primed to play a key role. Recommendations pertain to (a) mandating university financial education incorporating Saudi-specific financial literacy content, (b) focusing on knowledge gaps particular to university students and (c) adding financial literacy and consumer studies to Saudi home economics curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development is a crucial objective in national development, especially in rural areas. This study aims to analyze the impact of transformational leadership, particularly intellectual stimulation, on employee growth, innovation, problem-solving, and work quality within the context of Village Sustainable Development Goals. The study holds both academic and practical significance by emphasizing the role of village leadership in achieving sustainable and high-quality development in rural areas. Intellectual stimulation plays a key role in promoting critical thinking, innovative solutions, and employee potential development. A qualitative approach was used, and data was collected through observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies. The findings indicate that transformational leadership, specifically intellectual stimulation, positively influences employee growth, innovation, problem-solving, and work quality. However, some challenges were identified, including communication and collaboration issues between the village head and staff, as well as limited involvement of the Village Consultative Council (BPD). This study highlights the importance of intellectual stimulation in village leadership for sustainable development. It fills gaps by emphasizing the significance of communication, collaboration, and the active involvement of BPD in achieving sustainable development goals. The study's implications suggest creating an environment that supports collaboration, open communication, and acceptance of new ideas, with BPD actively participating in decision-making processes. Additionally, fostering innovation and providing employee training will encourage the development of new ideas and skills, further contributing to sustainable development in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies on developing countries have investigated the alignment of research output to a country's development agenda and economic productivity. Using evidence from Kenya, this study sought to empirically determine whether the country's research output is aligned to its development agenda in the first instance and to establish the output's relationship to economic productivity. Journal publications were used to measure research output. From the analysis, 86% of the publications fell within one or more of the national development priority areas, though 60% were in only 6 of the 35 areas. Several areas had no publications at all during the period under investigation. Furthermore, excluding the health and education sectors, a strong positive relationship was established between the number of publications in different priority areas and those areas' contribution to Gross Domestic Product. The Government, therefore, needs to avail research funding to research institutions, which, in turn, need to focus their research effort on all identified national development priority areas if Kenya's development aspirations are to be achieved and the desired economic growth attained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro- and small-scale enterprises (MSEs) have emerged as one of the most important tools for addressing economic and social issues and achieving development goals. In both developed and developing economies, MSEs have been acknowledged as critical components of national development. This study aimed to assess the contributions of MSEs toward sustainable community livelihood in Emba Alaje, Wereda, Ethiopia. The results revealed that MSEs contributed to economic growth, employment formation, and income generation for the local community. In addition, the study indicated that the MSEs were significantly affected by different determinant factors such as infrastructures, raw material, working premises, and human capital. The study clearly showed that there was a gender gap over participation in different MSE sectors. In addition, many sectors which can employ more people are still managed by men. This shows that the bodies involved, such as the MSE Development Offices, Bureau of Cooperatives, and Bureau of Works and Social Affairs, should join their hands and allow women to enter traditionally male-dominated sectors such as construction, manufacturing, and urban farming. Above all, greater efforts should be made to consider both female- and male-owned businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varied interpretations have been given about Genesis 1: 26-28 concerning gender roles, of which the interpretation either supports or debunks patriarchy. Using contextual analysis, descriptive and historical methods, the study gave convincing interpretations to the passage from feminist perspective, which emphasized the equality of both sex and the implications for national developments in Nigeria. The woman and man in the passage are depicted as standing side by side, head erect in the work, and it is over this world they are conjointly assigned to rule. Meanwhile findings from field study in Nigeria revealed that there are gender imbalances in all sectors of governance and it is influenced by different cultures and beliefs. Although few women have been mentioned in the paper to have been given opportunities to serve the nation and in that little space given to them did well, much would have been achieved if the country transformed completely from the patriarchal culture to a complete state of gender equality. This was said to have been confirmed by the latest review of the international monetary fund (IMF) that closing the gender gap is key to achieving higher growth in the economy, enhancing productivity and greater economic stability. By implication, women have the potential and the influence power to make things happen, run well and perform excellently. Drawing upon the above, the paper recommended that drastic measures must be put in place to ensure women's full participation in religious, political and socio-economic decision making processes for national development. This calls for affirmative action by the government that would encourage females' access to resources available in the country to further strengthen the country's national development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at determining the relationship between school-based income generation activities and secondary school goal attainment for national development in Calabar Education zone. Two null hypotheses were stated to guide the study. Correlation design was used for the study. The population of the study consists of seventy five school principals in Calabar education zone. Purposive sampling technique was used for the study. Questionnaire titled "School-Based Income Generation Activities and School Goal Attainment (SBIGASGAQ)" was used for data collection. A reliability estimate of .71 and .67 was obtained using test re-test method. Pearson product moment correlation statistics was used for data analysis. The result of the findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between school agricultural based activities and serviced based activities with school goal attainment. Summary and conclusion were drawn in line with the result of the findings. It was recommended that school principals should venture in more lucrative and enterprising ventures which will serve the needs of the community e.g. dormitory, school halls and good football field for sport as this will go a long way to enhance school goal attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the disproportionate effect of government investment on economic growth in Kenya. This article employed a multivariate nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model, covering the period 1980 to 2020. In contrast to similar past studies on the subject, this article tested a number of hypotheses to increase the reliability of the results. These tests comprise the Wald test for asymmetries, the Brock-Dechert-Scheinkman nonlinearity test, and the nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag bounds test for cointegration. The findings revealed evidence of an asymmetrical impact of government investment on economic growth in Kenya. A fall in government investment was followed by an economic downturn in the short run; however, the long-term impact was insignificant. The findings also indicate that, regardless of the timeframe considered, increases in government investment have no significant effect on economic growth. It was also established that gross domestic investment had a significant positive impact on economic growth, while inflation consistently had a negative impact. The goal of the current study is to add to our earlier research on Kenya's inflation and economic growth. Thus, this current article is meant to strengthen public sector accountability procedures and promote responsible government financial and investment decisions in Kenya, all of which are crucial for a functional governance system. In order to encourage economic growth and place Kenya on its optimal growth trajectory, the paper urges Kenyan authorities to expand public sector investment in crucial utilities and infrastructure, including power production, healthcare, education and transportation, at least in the long run. In light of the detrimental effects that inflation has on the country's development, lowering the amount of inflation can further boost economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successive governments in Nigeria have failed to curtail the downward spiral of the sectors of her economy. The deepening socio-economic and political crises are assessed as occasioned by the dysfunctionality of the arms of government that jeopardizes essential service delivery to the detriment of the polity at whose behest they occupy the public offices. Despite the changes and institution of new administrative leadership through democratic processes, the quality of governance continues to dwindle. Poor policy formulation, implementing non-target-specific measures to deal with the malaises bedeviling the economy, and/or outright government inaction define the practical realities of Nigeria’s sociopolitical landscape. These plausible facts have driven wedges between the elected representatives in government and the polity who bear the brunt of the leadership failures in all spheres. The study determined whether a contagion effect birthed by non-administrative criteria underlies the transcendently perpetual misgovernance pervading the sectors of Nigeria’s economy. The study evaluates the influences of these criteria on the individuals, the potency of ‘group’ membership and sentiments, the contexts of leadership, and the implications for the trajectory of governance. With prioritization over the desired state of affairs in the country despite leadership changes and successive governments, these group memberships and sentiments remain inimically parallel to target-specific policy-making and de-emphasize national growth and development. The paper relies on the postulations of the social contagion theory of collective behavior and Riggs' assertions on non-administrative criteria in prismatic societies in assessing the misgovernance in Nigeria. A semi-structured Contagion in Leadership (CiL) e-questionnaire was designed to evaluate the influence of social contagion on the members of the arms of government and, consequently, on the quality of governance and service delivery in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic. It was disseminated on two social media platforms - WhatsApp and Twitter, for a wider reach. Two hundred ten (210) responses were recorded across an age range of 18 and 65+ years, with a mean age of 42. Strategies for enhancing the quality of governance, including entrenching constitutionalism, and engendering the responsibility of political officeholders toward policy actions, are proffered.

This study seeks to understand the relationship between financial inclusion, national development, and the stability of the national financial system in Indonesia. The data collected in this study is a secondary data that includes the data of the number of commercial bank accounts, number of commercial banking service offices, number of general credits, average income, population welfare, goods and services production, and number of credits of 34 provinces throughout Indonesia, from 2015 until 2019. A dynamic statistic panel Model of the Generalized approach of Moments (GMM) is used for data analysis. The results of this research showed that financial inclusion has a significant negative influence on national development, but it can increase the national financial stability system. This is possible due to the diversity of demography, economic condition, and geographical condition in each province of Indonesia.

Clothing and Textiles are vital components of Home Economic Education. It is a vocation-oriented course that demands adequate facilities for its effectiveness in an institution. However, there is poor management of the available facilities in clothing and textiles laboratories in most of the secondary schools in Nigeria. These facilities include sewing machine, interlocking machine, design machine, monograming machine, loom, buckets, twine, dice, and chemicals. This leads to undesirable consequences that affect national development. This paper posits that effective management of these facilities for proper utilization among the youths in secondary schools would lead to national development. Hence, the paper concludes and recommends that there should be regular maintenance services of the equipment and tools to enhance maximum utilization; school administrators or proprietors should ensure that sufficient funds are available for necessary maintenance costs; management should also ensure that only versed operators should operate the machines; and honesty and good attitude towards government properties should be encouraged.

The pervasive and persistent impact of agricultural de-development is a common thread through the agrarian south. Until about two generations ago, Yemen had been agriculturally self-sufficient owing to its fabled systems of agriculture. However, bad policy, bad evidence, bad governance, and constant warfare have each played their respective part in forging the country's food crisis, rural impoverishment, and ecological distress. To address these root causes of Yemen's social dislocation and dismantling of its indigenous agroecological practices and self-sufficient food economy, I bring into focus the fundamental question of Yemen's national development by way of posing the agrarian question in Yemen as a question of independence and autonomy. I argue for sensible, inward-looking, and pro-production policy action that not only promotes durable growth but also progressively restores Yemenis' sovereignty as well as security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses essentialism and human capital theory to argue that South Africa's public universities are expected to contribute towards the production of national human capital and development. It also uses research output performance, academic staffing profile, and knowledge contributions to critical scientific fields such as mathematics and engineering to demonstrate that South Africa's public universities have made negligible progress over the past 15 years. The paper deduces that these public universities have not made noticeable inputs to the national human capital development in the specific scientific fields, which the national labour market and economy needs. Instead, South Africa's public universities' relatively greater contribution has continued to be in social sciences and humanities when national development required chartered accountants, medical doctors, and engineers. The paper makes a conclusion that all these failures are explicable through the politics that have infiltrated the leadership of South Africa's public higher education sector and the visionary deficits. As a recommendation, the paper notes that remedial measures can only start with the extrication of the public higher education sector from the ruling party and government politicking, which would allow university leadership the necessary 'academic freedom' to ensure that these institutions focus on the essentialist approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The claim that religion has any bearing on a country’s growth is still up for discussion. Nigeria is not exempt from the widespread underdevelopment that is currently sweeping through the African continent. Religious leaders and their followers’ personal interests affect the contributions that religion should have made to the nation’s growth and development. Religion itself is being misused for nefarious and selfish ends. The decline in the country educational, social, political, and economic conditions coupled with problem of insecurity is proof of this. The nation is witnessing high level of insecurity, kidnapping, banditry, and corruption in public sectors is getting worse. This paper aims to identify reasons why religious values are being relegated, and why religion is not doing much to counter some of the menaces retarding development. It was discovered that religious leaders and adherents had contributed negatively to the development of the nation by placing personal interest above religious values through desire for power and love for money. Karl Marx’s theory on religion is applicable to this research considering the practise of religion in our society. The article suggests, among others, that religion must play the social role of helping to conserve the national values that can guarantee virtues of national development as against private gain.

Today, small and medium enterprises are recognized as one of the areas that have a high potential for national and regional development and Help improve local technology and develop local entrepreneurs. Open innovation has become widely regarded as a key issue in business and academia. There is a need to use open innovation to increase the competitiveness of companies indoestic and foreign markets. Traditional small and medium sized enterprises, as one of these sector, must also be able to respond to these increasing changes . The purpose of this study is to identify the challenges of open innovation in traditional small and medium-sized businesses. This research is qualitative in terms of type (multiple case study), fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. Therefore, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with 21 members of the staff of 7 traditional small and medium companies that have a history of participating in pre-competition partnerships with industry and academia. The results showed that lack of planning for project partners, inappropriate innovation strategy, unknown partners, inconsistency of goals, lack of social trust, time pressure, lack of financial resources, Inadequate information and control systems, redefining goals, ignoring partners' efforts, bureaucracy and administrative work, lack of inappropriate policies in order to accept advanced innovation and failure to achieve the desired goals were identified as key challenges of this study.

That language is used to convey a broad sense of meanings and that the meanings that are conveyed with language are moulded by our immediate social, political and historical conditions are safe assumptions about the efficacy of language. This paper discusses language techniques and literary devices for national messaging to ascertain their functions in national discourse. To achieve this aim, the study examines purposively sampled excerpts from Nigeria’s President Muhammadu Buhari’s Democracy Day speech on June 12, 2019, using insights from practical stylistics. This is to determine whether the language and literary devices have been deployed effectively to the speech’s content. The language and literary devices observed were reference items, to signal solidarity and inclusivity; evidential clauses, to consolidate the argument raised; capitalisation, to foreground the issues discussed; name-calling, to ridicule political opponents; the praise tactic, for self-promotion and positive representation, the blame-game tactic, to evade responsibility and denigrate previous administration; hasty generalisation, to advance personal agenda; and allusion, to draw knowledge from historical events. The study submits that the aforementioned devices, depending on how they are used in communication, can either foster or jeopardise national integration. Consequently, it recommends that national discourses be cautiously constructed using pertinent linguistic and literary devices.