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Der vorliegende Thünen-Report 103 beinhaltet die im Rahmen einer Qualifikationsstelle an der Stabsstelle Klima und Boden im Zeitraum von 2016-2022 entstandene Dissertation zum Thema 'Wie gelingt eine ambitionierte Agrarklimaschutzpolitik?'. Die Arbeit wurde an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster im Fach Politikwissenschaft eingereicht. Die mündliche Prüfung fand am 21. November 2022 statt und wurde von Frau Prof. 'in Doris Fuchs (Erstprüferin) sowie Herrn Prof. Folkhard Isermeyer (Zweitprüfer) abgenommen. Die Dissertation setzt sich mit der Entwicklung von klimapolitischen Zielen und Programmen im Sektor Landwirtschaft auseinander und behandelt die Frage, wie der Anspruch einer ambitionierten staatlichen Klimapolitik umgesetzt wird. Die empirische Arbeit beruht maßgeblich auf der Analyse zweier kontrastierender Fälle, Uruguay und Deutschland. Dafür fanden im Jahr 2019 ausführliche Experten-Interviews in beiden Ländern sowie ein zweimonatiger Aufenthalt in Montevideo, Uruguay statt. Dieser wurde vom Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD) gefördert und vor Ort durch das Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuario (INIA) unterstützt. Aus diesem Grund enthält die Arbeit neben der deutschen und englischen auch eine spanische Kurzfassung. This Thünen Report 103 contains the dissertation "How to successfully develop an ambitious agricultural climate mitigation policy?", written in the course of a PhD-position at the Coordination Unit Climate and Soil from 2016-2022. The thesis was submitted to the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster to the faculty of Political Science. The oral examination was held on November 21, 2022 by Prof. Doris Fuchs (first supervisor) as well as Prof. Folkhard Isermeyer (second supervisor). The dissertation deals with the development of climate policy goals and programs in the agricultural sector and addresses the question of how the claim of an ambitious national climate policy is implemented. The empirical work is based largely on the analysis of two contrasting cases, Uruguay and Germany. For this purpose, in-depth expert interviews were conducted in both countries in 2019, and the author spent two-months in Montevideo, Uruguay. This visit was funded by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and supported locally by the Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuario (INIA). For this reason, the paper contains a Spanish abstract in addition to the German and English versions.

För att stödja regioner och industrier att minska växthusgasutsläppen och nå Europeiska unionens mål om klimatneutralitet till år 2050 har EU tagit fram färdplanen “Den gröna given” och fonden för en rättvis omställning (FRO). FRO syftar till att minska negativa socioekonomiska konsekvenser som följer av omställningen mot mindre kolintensiva processer i sårbara regioner och industrier. Två av fyra utpekade svenska regioner är Västerbotten och Norrbotten samt deras metall- respektive stålindustri. Studiens syfte är att med en narrativ analys av Västerbottens och Norrbottens territoriella omställningsplaner och semistrukturerade intervjuer undersöka hur tre policynivåer (nationell, regional och kommunal) uttrycker tolkningar av rättvis omställning. Med hjälp av en abduktiv ansats har tidigare studier fungerat som ett stöd för att identifiera rättviseanspråk (processuell, fördelning, erkännande och återställande) samt berättelser i studiens empiriska material. Studiens narrativa analys har belyst vilka aktörer det är som förväntas genomföra arbetet av omställningen och vilket utfall av vinster och förluster som kan följa. Dessutom tyder studiens berättelser att ett gemensamt arbete är viktigt för en rättvis omställning. Likaså framkommer det att den nationella politiska berättelsen präglar hur den regionala och kommunala berättelsen formas, samt vilka rättviseanspråk som dominerar. Studiens slutsatser är bland annat att återställande-rättvisa dominerar i den nationella berättelsen och att ett fokus finns på tekniska lösningar. Den regionala berättelsen använder främst processuell-rättvisa och betonar vikten av politiskt ansvarstagande. Den kommunala berättelsen använder också processuell-rättvisa men även fördelnings-rättvisa genom att uttrycka att medborgare också bör inkluderas i en rättvis omställning. To support regions and industries in decreasing their greenhouse gas emissions and reaching the European union's goal regarding climate neutrality by 2050, the EU has presented a set of proposals named “The Green Deal” as well as the Just Transition Fund (JTF). JTF aims to limit the negative socioeconomic consequences that a transition towards less carbon intensive processes in vulnerable regions and industries could result in. Two of the four designated Swedish regions are Västerbotten and Norrbotten and their metal- and iron-industry. The study aims to, with a narrative analysis of Västerbotten’s, and Norrbotten’s Territorial Plans and semi-structured interviews, investigate how three policy levels (national, regional and local) express interpretations of Just Transition. With an abductive approach, previous studies have worked as a support in identifying justice claims (procedural, distributional, recognition, restorative) and stories within the empirical material. The study's narrative analysis has elucidated which parties that are expected to contribute to the transition and what wins and losses that the transition could result in. Furthermore, the studies stories highlight that working together is important in reaching a Just Transition. It also becomes clear that the national political story influences the regional and local policy stories, as well as which justice claims that are dominating. The study’s conclusions are, for example, that the spatial and temporal aspects of the story deepen the understanding of justice, and that recognitional justice is the least used justice claim in the study's policy stories.

The national climate policy of Russia against the international background has been developing quite slowly. Its development entered an active phase in the 2010s with the adoption of the Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation at the end of 2009, and is now detailed in action plans aimed at achieving the goals of reducing GHG emissions and adapting to climate change. The climate doctrine has secured the priority of national interests in the development and implementation of climate policy, but the driver of its current development is the international agenda and climate initiatives of Russia's main trading partners (primarily the EU). According to a VTsIOM survey from September 202067, the majority of Russians agree that climate change is taking place on the planet (93% of respondents), and notes that they have an impact on their lives (57%). At the same time, if 52% of the Russians surveyed consider global warming to be a really serious problem, then 40% characterize this problem as far-fetched and inflated (8% found it difficult to answer). Russians are generally not ready to pay more for goods and services, even if these funds are used to introduce alternative energy sources or improve energy efficiency (62%–76% of respondents, depending on the product or service). Russian business is also against the introduction of additional climate fees. Strengthening the national climate policy in Russia is supported by the majority of the scientific community (although there are also climate skeptics in Russia) and by a number of experts who point to a significant potential increase in costs associated with both the need to adapt to climate change and the further spread of climate initiatives in the world. Thus, the climate policy in Russia can be attributed to one of the most controversial and difficult areas to develop.

In June, 2019, Japan submitted its mid-century strategy to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and pledged 80% emissions cuts by 2050. The strategy has not gone through a systematic analysis, however. The present study, Stanford Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) 35 Japan Model Intercomparison project (JMIP), employs five energy-economic and integrated assessment models to evaluate the nationally determined contribution and mid-century strategy of Japan. EMF 35 JMIP conducts a suite of sensitivity analyses on dimensions including emissions constraints, technology availability, and demand projections. The results confirm that Japan needs to deploy all of its mitigation strategies at a substantial scale, including energy efficiency, electricity decarbonization, and end-use electrification. Moreover, they suggest that with the absence of structural changes in the economy, heavy industries will be one of the hardest to decarbonize. Partitioning of the sum of squares based on a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) reconfirms that mitigation strategies, such as energy efficiency and electrification, are fairly robust across models and scenarios, but that the cost metrics are uncertain. There is a wide gap of policy strength and breadth between the current policy instruments and those suggested by the models. Japan should strengthen its climate action in all aspects of society and economy to achieve its long-term target. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11625-021-00913-2.

Regarding the aspects of climate policy, the building sector in Hungary is one of the best performing industries. This means that the GHGs (Greenhouse Gasses) the sector emits can be decreased more effectively and at less cost than in the case of other sectors. This is no surprise in the European Union, since there is a continual demand on behalf of society to develop old and outdated buildings, thus modern technological solutions also inherently result in operating efficacy. The ‘climate policy targeted’ development of the built environment based on EU funds is thus one of the most popular developments amongst European Union Member States. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to assess the climate policy effects of the presently preferred strategy approach(es) between 2020 and 2030.

International audience; Globally, efforts are underway to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and to adapt to climate change impacts at the local level. However, there is a poor understanding of the relationship between city strategies on climate change mitigation and adaptation and the relevant policies at national and European level. This paper describes a comparative study and evaluation of cross-national policy. It reports the findings of studying the climate change strategies or plans from 200 European cities from Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom. The study highlights the shared responsibility of global, European, national, regional and city policies. An interpretation and illustration of the influences from international and national networks and policy makers in stimulating the development of local strategies and actions is proposed. It was found that there is no archetypical way of planning for climate change, and multiple interests and motivations are inevitable. Our research warrants the need for a multi-scale approach to climate policy in the future, mainly ensuring sufficient capacity and resource to enable local authorities to plan and respond to their specific climate change agenda for maximising the management potentials for translating environmental challenges into opportunities. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.