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Indonesia, as a nation where foreign space objects are discovered, holds the right to seek compensation, thereby addressing the country's claims to reinstate pre-damage conditions. Under international regulations, any country launching objects into outer space from its territory or launch facilities assumes responsibility for damages incurred in other nations. This research employs a qualitative legal research methodology, employing both statutory and conceptual approaches. The statutory method scrutinizes laws pertinent to the identified legal concerns. The primary sources encompass the 1967 Treaty on the Principles Governing State Activities in Space Exploration and Utilization, including the Moon and Celestial Bodies, and Indonesia's Law Number 16 of 2002, Gazette Number 34 of 2002, Supplement State Gazette No. 4195. The study's findings highlight that the 1968 Rescue Agreement broadened a state's obligations concerning astronaut rescue, recovery, and repatriation, extending these responsibilities to encompass the return of space objects for exploration purposes. The repatriation of foreign space objects mandates compensation for any damage resulting from the descent of celestial bodies. Therefore, Indonesia, under international legal frameworks, can pursue restitution for damages caused by space objects from other nations, ensuring accountability and restoration of affected conditions.

National authority is a kind of rightful power, governing all potentials of a nation and attaining an enormous part of its validation and identity in their culture, through different mechanisms such as art, because although art provides a kind of visual pleasure in its outward appearance based on the aesthetic elements, it has also the potential to convey messages and thoughts and display political and social necessities of its own era in its hidden perspective and deep meaningful layers. Thus, as Foucault believed, each artwork is the meeting of different political and social debates which may be investigated for the purpose of identifying and analyzing the hidden meanings of authority, power and sovereignty. In this regard, the present research, with a case study approach, has focused on a tile tabletop from Qajar era, a work by Ali Muhammad Isfahani, so as to answer this question: How and by means of which characteristics are the content-based layers of its figures and illustrations created to become a visual proof of consolidation of national authority of Iran in international arena and to display such meaning? To answer accordingly, studies were conducted with reference to reliable library-electronic resources and based on iconological criticism approach to elaborate on the way the meaning was given to such tiles. The analysis displays that if the national authority is based on these three elements: identity factors, sense of belonging to such factors and knowledge of such factors, the artist has carried out illustration and visual narration according to all these elements. In fact, the artist has not merely intended to display the identity factors and belongingness, but he had a comprehensive and extensive knowledge of them and has taken action in creating decorative drawings and figures, relying on such knowledge and comprehension for the following reasons:1- From all verse, prose and folk stories which have always been reflecting the thoughts of the Iranians in ups and downs of historical events, the artist has chosen some stories which emphasize on political heritage of the Iranians and their victories against the enemies’ invasions more than the others. Therefore, he has chosen five stories from Shahnameh, three stories from Hosseinnameh and one from Ghahremannameh.2- Whereas he was aware that Houshang is the first king of the world after Kiomars and the founder of mythical ages of the world, he has placed the illustrations of such characters on the head of the tabletop and has set that as a base for placement and sequence of other illustrations.3- He has made endeavors to convey some messages such as honor, bravery, courage, patience, chivalry, compassion, generosity, loyalty, patriotism, sacrifice and defense in the framework of interests of Iranian nation, and to hide them under visual layer of his artwork, because he created this artwork in a situation when he was first, completely aware of the position of its orderer, Robert Murdoch Smith, and he knew that this tile tabletop would be sent abroad to the UK after its creation and delivery, and second, he had accepted such order at a time when a new period of endangering historical borders and territorial integrity of Iran was started.4- Whereas he was aware that authority is not an abstract concept and that it will come to existence when it is considered proportional to each period of time, he has made use of the common technique of that period, which is underglaze painting with light and bright colors in forming the mechanism of his artwork. Although, in this regard he obliged himself to display such mechanism with Iranian and Islamic attributes. Therefore, he refers to the tradition of accompaniment with literary contents; exactly in the middle of the period when tendency to modernism and to disconnect from literature became popular following the west. Further, he has made use of rules and principles of Persian miniature.Thus, we can generally conclude that Ali Muhammad Isfahani has not just intended to display his antecedent through repeating the historical patterns in the exact same form, but he was completely aware of all identity factors such as history, geography and territory, political heritages and government and cultural and scientific heritages, and connected them to the visual elements of his artwork in line with a specific and purposeful orientation. In other words, he has institutionalized them as the meaningful layers of visual elements of his artwork to signify a proof of an illustration of consolidation of national authority of Iran in international arena in the form of a painted tile tabletop; narrating the interesting ancient stories of Iran.

The purpose of the present study is to review the positive and negative impacts of the role of culture and values in national authority. The method of research is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that culture more than any other aspect is related to globalization. Cultural, national, religious, and ethical identities get a new form in the ground of globalization so they should not be sanctified as definite and unchangeable traditions but rather, should be considered as flexible processes that not only can adapt themselves to new circumstances but also be redefined in terms of purposes and goals to sustain their solidarity despite flexibility. Undoubtedly, Iran as a globalized country would be more successful in keeping its identity than an isolated and backward country.

The contemporary novel took a functional role in approaching the political, religious, and social situations. The contemporary novelist simplified his ideas through the fictional text and there is a relationship between society and the realistic text, as the descriptions of societies took a wide space in the novel in relation to the rest of the literary genres, and the novelists called for knowledge of society and salvation from extremist religious, social, and political obstruction. In this research, we will show the social representations and their manifestations in the novel "The Heart of the Night" by the Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz. This research comes according to the descriptive - analytical approach to show the representations of power in the novel "The Heart of the Night", where the national authority appears, and the conflict between Egyptian Arab nationalism and gypsy groups on the one hand, and the power of classes and the material situation on the other hand, then the religious authority that plays an important role in the novel. As we see the expulsion of personalities from the family for two reasons: the first reason is the national authority, and the second reason is the religious authority, as the main character contradicts religious representations and family traditions, and in the end, the political authority is the one that stifles the money of others, and despite its knowledge of the owner of this money and its heirs, but it prevents him. In the results of this research, we will see the impact of the authority of this triangle on the lives of the characters, and the role of each of these matters in obstructing life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'slowbalisation', coined in 2015 by a Dutch trend watcher and elaborated in an early 2019 issue of The Economist, explains a noticeable slowing down of cross-border movement of capital, goods, money and technology, beginning from the post-recession period following the year 2008. This study expands the conceptual and explanatory scope of this phenomenon beyond the economic by considering other possible factors, political and social, using a recent case – global social media giant Facebook's unsuccessful attempt to introduce its version of the Internet through a cost-free programme – Free Basics – in India. The Indian regulatory body in this instance, Telecomm Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), prevented the introduction of Free Basics on grounds of protecting net neutrality, and objection to Facebook's free harvesting of data on millions more of Indians. Grounded theory methodology was employed to analyze news coverage in a leading national daily, The Times of India, and a letter to Mark Zuckerberg written by Indian activists. The grounded theory approach helped identify theoretical constructs that explain the phenomenon of slowbalisation from perspectives that rely less on solely an economic explanation of the phenomenon and delineate other contributing explanations such as regulation and public interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each government consists of two dimensions: 1) a sructural dimension that involves policy- and decision-making bodies and, 2) a functional dimension that is a set of government institutions and administrations. Also, national authority in a country is an outcome of three components, including legitimacy, acceptance, and efficiency of its government. The authority of governments is not merely limited to their structural legitimacy and acceptance; but, their functional dimension and the performance of their administrations also play a crucial role in building and strengthening their legitimacy. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate how the administrative system of a government affects its national authority, with an emphasis on the Islamic point of view. To do so, this research has been carried out within the framework of theoretical research with practical purpose. The research method of the current study was descriptive-analytical. In the present study, the relationship between two variables – namely, “administrative system” and “national authority”– has been investigated within the framework of causal research. Due to the theoretical nature of this study, the resources used mostly include documents and library resources. The results of this study indicate that there is a direct and causal relationship between the national authority of governments (effect) and the performance of their administrative system (cause). Also, this relationship reveals how the administrative system affects national authority.

The article highlights the personal data protection in Kosovo and the impact of political developments on the inefficiency of institutional mechanisms in ensuring personal data protection. Topics include the direct applicability of international agreements and instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) which both guarantee the right to respect for private and family life.

The protection of personal data implies, besides the existence of a particular legal frame-work (the Regulation, national legislation), also the participation in good faith of all involved parties in handling and protecting these rights. One of the parties involved is the National Supervisory Authority for Personal Data Processing (NSAPDP), authority that can establish secondary legislation in this field, has control attributions and can impose sanctions, when the case. The importance of this field implies also the increase of the importance the Authority enjoys, especially in the field of initiating and adopting secondary legislation in the field. The legal provisions adopted by the Parliament and later by the NSAPDP have created a national legal frame-work that establishes the role of NSAPDP in the field of protecting personal data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an international disarmament treaty that prohibits the development, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons. This treaty has 193 States Parties (nations for which the treaty is binding) and entered into force in 1997. The CWC contains schedules of chemicals that have been associated with chemical warfare programmes. These scheduled chemicals must be declared by the States that possess them and are subject to verification by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW, the implementing body of the CWC). Isotopically labelled and stereoisomeric variants of the scheduled chemicals have presented ambiguities for interpretation of the requirements of treaty implementation, and advice was sought from the OPCW's Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) in 2016. The SAB recommended that isotopically labelled compounds or stereoisomers related to the parent compound specified in a schedule should be interpreted as belonging to the same schedule. This advice should benefit scientists and diplomats from the CWC's State Parties to help ensure a consistent approach to their declarations of scheduled chemicals (which in turn supports both the correctness and completeness of declarations under the CWC). Herein, isotopically labelled and stereoisomeric variants of CWC-scheduled chemicals are reviewed, and the impact of the SAB advice in influencing a change to national licensing in one of the State Parties is discussed. This outcome, an update to national licensing governing compliance to an international treaty, serves as an example of the effectiveness of science diplomacy within an international disarmament treaty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the development of the system of political institutions that ensure the implementation of the state ethnonational policy in Ukraine. The research is based on the review of Ukrainian scientists’ works on this issue and the relevant legislative acts of our state. It was established that the political institutions at the level of national authorities in this sphere had undergone a lot of changes, which had not always led to improvement. At the present stage, the main disadvantage of their development is the absence of anindividual national authority of state executive power for ethnonational policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each government consists of two dimensions: 1) a structural dimension that involves policy- and decision-making bodies and, 2) a functional dimension that is a set of government institutions and administrations. Also, national authority in a country is an outcome of three components, including legitimacy, acceptance, and efficiency of its government. The authority of governments is not merely limited to their structural legitimacy and acceptance; but, their functional dimension and the performance of their administrations also play a crucial role in building and strengthening their legitimacy. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate how the administrative system of a government affects its national authority, with an emphasis on the Islamic point of view. To do so, this research has been carried out within the framework of theoretical research with practical purpose. The research method of the current study was descriptive-analytical. In the present study, the relationship between two variables-namely, "administrative system" and "national authority" -- has been investigated within the framework of causal research. Due to the theoretical nature of this study, the resources used mostly include documents and library resources. The results of this study indicate that there is a direct and causal relationship between the national authority of governments (effect) and the performance of their administrative system (cause). Also, this relationship reveals how the administrative system affects national authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]