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This study was supported by INRA AlimH department funding and the French Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics (MetaboHUB-ANR-11-INBS-0010). The authors acknowledge J. David, D. Durand and the personnel of the Animal Facility (C. de L’Homme, B. Cohade) for technical assistance.; Blood circulation mainly aims at distributing the nutrients required for tissue metabolism and collecting safely the by-products of all tissues to be further metabolized or eliminated. The simultaneous study of arterial (A) and venous (V) specific metabolites therefore has appeared to be a more relevant approach to understand and study the metabolism of a given organ. We propose to implement this approach by applying a metabolomics (NMR) strategy on paired AV blood across the intestine and liver on high fat/high sugar (HFHS)-fed minipigs. Our objective was to unravel kinetically and sequentially the metabolic adaptations to early obesity/insulin resistance onset specifically on these two tissues. After two months of HFHS feeding our study of AV ratios of the metabolome highlighted three major features. First, the hepatic metabolism switched from carbohydrate to lipid utilization. Second, the energy demand of the intestine increased, resulting in an enhanced uptake of glutamine, glutamate, and the recruitment of novel energy substrates (choline and creatine). Third, the uptake of methionine and threonine was considered to be driven by an increased intestine turnover to cope with the new high-density diet. Finally, the unique combination of experimental data and modelling predictions suggested that HFHS feeding was associated with changes in tryptophan metabolism and fatty acid β-oxidation, which may play an important role in lipid hepatic accumulation and insulin sensitivity.

International audience; The 4th Microbial Stress Meeting: from Systems to Moleculesand Back was held in April 2018 in Kinsale, Ireland. The meeting covered five main topics: 1. Stress at the systems and structural level; 2. Responses to osmotic and acid stress; 3. Stress responses in single cells; 4. Stress in host-pathogen interactions; and 5. Biotechnological optimisation of microorganisms through engineering and evolution, over three days. Almost 130 delegates, from 24 countries and both the industrial and academic sectors, attended the meeting, presenting 9 lectures, 28 short talks and 52 posters. The meeting showcased the diverse and rapid advancements in microbial stress research, from the single cell level to mixed populations. In this report, a summary of the highlights from the meeting is presented.

International audience; Although plants and many algae (e.g. the Phaeophyceae, brown, and Rhodophyceae, red) are only very distantly related they are united in their possession of carbohydrate-rich cell walls, which are of integral importance being involved in many physiological processes. Furthermore,wall components have applications within food, fuel, pharmaceuticals, fibres (e.g. for textiles and paper) and building materials and have long been an active topic of research. As shown in the 27 papers in this Special Issue, as the major deposit of photosynthetically fixed carbon, and therefore energy investment, cell walls are of undisputed importance to the organisms that possess them, the photosynthetic eukaryotes ( plants and algae). The complexities of cell wall components along with their interactions with the biotic and abiotic environment are becoming increasingly revealed. The importance of plant and algal cell walls and their individual components to the function and survival of the organism, and for a number of industrial applications, are illustrated by the breadth of topics covered in this issue, which includes papers concentrating on various plants and algae, developmental stages, organs, cell wall components, and techniques. Although we acknowledge that there are many alternative ways in which the papers could be categorized (and many would fit within several topics), we have organized them as follows: (1) cell wall biosynthesis and remodelling, (2) cell wall diversity, and (3) application of new technologies to cell walls. Finally, we will consider future directions within plant cell wall research. Expansion of the industrial uses of cell walls and potentially novel uses of cell wall components are both avenues likely to direct future research activities. Fundamentally, it is the continued progression from characterization (structure, metabolism, properties and localization) of individual cell wall components through to defining their roles in almost every aspect of plant and algal physiology that will present many of the major challenges in future cell wall research.

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European Commission 036314 MTKD-CT2006-042062 MicroB3-287589-OCEAN2012 MACUMBA-CP-TP 311975 PharmaSea-CPTP 312184, EU 256596; International audience; Fertilisers, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supplies, are frequently used in agricultural soil management to attain high crop yields. However, the intensive application of these chemical inputs can decrease the quality of agricultural soils and increase the probability of environmental pollution. In this study, the impact of P fertilisation on the diversity of the soil bacterial community was assessed. For this, a culture-independent approach targeting 16 rRNA and phoD genes was used on DNA extracted from pasture soils subjected to three different P fertilisation regimes for a long-term (42 years). As alkaline phosphomonoesterase (ALP) is necessary for mineralisation of organic P, an inverse relationship between the level of potential ALP activity and soil available P was expected. Indeed, a lower ALP activity was observed in soil subjected to higher chemical P fertiliser input. Analysis of the prevalence of three divergent families of ALP (PhoA, PhoD and PhoX) in metagenomic datasets revealed that PhoD is the most frequent ALP in soil samples and was selected as the most representative ALP possessed by the soil bacterial communities. Diversity of the phoD phosphorus mineraliser group, as well as the total bacterial community, was both increased in response to long-term P fertilisation. Specifically, phosphorus fertilisation decreased the relative abundance of certain taxa, including Acidobacteria and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In conclusion, this study shows that P fertilisation affects the microbial diversity of soil ecosystems, which might potentially modulate the soil biogeochemical cycle.

International audience; Genetic variants of Period 2 (PER2), a circadian clock gene, have been linked to metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, it is still unknown whether these genetic variants interact with the various types of plasma fatty acids. This study investigated whether common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PER2 locus (rs934945 and rs2304672) interact with various classes of plasma fatty acids to modulate plasma lipid metabolism in 381 participants with MetS in the European LIPGENE study. Interestingly, the rs2304672 SNP interacted with plasma total SFA concentrations to affect fasting plasma TG, TG-rich lipoprotein (TRL-TG), total cholesterol, apoC-II, apoB, and apoB-48 concentrations (P-interaction median) had a higher plasma TG concentration (P = 0.001) and higher TRL-TG (P < 0.001) than the CC genotype. In addition, participants carrying the minor G allele for rs2304672 SNP and with a higher SFA concentration (>median) had higher plasma concentrations of apo C-II (P < 0.001), apo C-III (P = 0.009), and apoB-48 (P = 0.028) compared with the homozygotes for the major allele (CC). In summary, the rs2304672 polymorphism in the PER2 gene locus may influence lipid metabolism by interacting with the plasma total SEA concentration in participants with MetS. The understanding of these gene-nutrient interactions could help to provide a better knowledge of the pathogenesis in MetS. J. Nutr. 142: 1213-1218, 2012.

Food consumption has become the subject of many prescriptions that aim to improve consumers’ health and protect the environment. This study examined recent changes in food practices that occurred in response to prescriptions. Currently, a significant number of food consumption studies have attempted to explain the impact on consumption practices of prescriptions issued by authorities for common good reasons. Until the 1990s, the question of how individual food practices may change over time remained out of the limelight of sociological consumption studies (Bourdieu, 1979; Douglas, 1972; Halbwachs, 1913). Practice theory offers significant potential to provide explanations for how practices change (Reckwitz, 2002; Warde, 2005). One of his theory’s major breakthroughs was to suggest that practices could not be separated from prescriptions. However, this approach overlooks relationships that exist between practitioners and prescriptions. In many cases, the research based on the theories of practice has barely studied the identity of recruits and conditions conducive to recruitment to a given practice. In contrast, the life-course perspective focuses on when consumption patterns change and on the individuals that change them. In this context (Bisogni et al., 2005; Devine et al., 1998), biography serves as the topic studied, as well as an analytical tool. By analysing changes that occurred during biographical transitions it is possible to discover the contexts that influenced those changes. Our contribution aims at assessing how prescriptions alter food consumption. First, based on the lifecourse perspective, we consider that individual standards are not carbon copies of prescriptions. Therefore, standards are individual-specific and can evolve over the course of a lifetime. Secondly, we infer from practice theory the assumption that practices include references to prescriptions and that the links that connect prescriptions and practices develop from the construction of practices. These links are subject to change. Therefore, one goal of this study was to explain encounters between individuals adhering to specific standards, and practices connected to prescriptions. This study attempts to present different research lines based on two sets of empirical data: (1) an in-depth qualitative survey of food practices maintained by about 30 households located in Southwest France; and (2) a statistical analysis of data collected from a French consumer panel. We use the quantitative data to highlight the complexity of the links that connect prescriptions and practices. Then, drawing from our interview data, we examine the ways various links that connect purchases and prescriptions have been collectively constructed and validated. Our results suggest that consumers may change food practices when they reach turning points in their lives. They may reconsider resources, skills and standards. Middle- and upper-class individuals are more likely to adopt standards consistent with public prescriptions. Possible explanations are that they trust expert knowledge sources, their social networks are less stable and smaller gaps exist between their standards and prescriptions. As a result life-course turning points can serve as windows of opportunities for the adoption of new practices, individuals’ social position influences their propensity to revise standards when they begin to adopt or question their practices.

Background: [br/] Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family that includes more than 800 species. The cucumber genome has been recently sequenced and annotated. Transcriptomics and genome sequencing of many plant genomes are providing information on candidate genes potentially related to agronomically important traits. To accelerate functional characterization of these genes in cucumber we have generated an EMS mutant population that can be used as a TILLinG platform for reverse genetics. [br/] Principal Findings: [br/] A population of 3,331 M2 mutant seed families was generated using two EMS concentrations (0.5% and 0.75%). Genomic DNA was extracted from M2 families and eight-fold pooled for mutation detection by ENDO1 nuclease. To assess the quality of the mutant collection, we screened for induced mutations in five genes and identified 26 mutations. The average mutation rate was calculated as 1/1147 Kb giving rise to approximately 320 mutations per genome. We focused our characterization on three missense mutations, G33C, S238F and S249F identified in the CsACS2 sex determination gene. Protein modeling and crystallography studies predicted that mutation at G(33) may affect the protein function, whereas mutations at S-238 and S-249 may not impair the protein function. As predicted, detailed phenotypic evaluation showed that the S238F and the S249F mutant lines had no sexual phenotype. In contrast, plants homozygous for the G33C mutation showed a complete sexual transition from monoecy to andromonoecy. This result demonstrates that TILLinG is a valuable tool for functional validation of gene function in crops recalcitrant to transgenic transformation. [br/] Conclusions: [br/] We have developed a cucumber mutant population that can be used as an efficient reverse genetics tool. The cucumber TILLinG collection as well as the previously described melon TILLinG collection will prove to be a valuable resource for both fundamental research and the identification of agronomically-important genes for crop improvement in cucurbits in general.

Rennet-induced coagulation of bovine milk is a complex mechanism in which chymosin specifically hydrolyzes kappa-casein, the protein responsible for the stability of the casein micelle. In equine milk, this mechanism is still unclear, and the protein targets of chymosin are unknown. To reveal the proteins involved, the rennetability of equine milk by calf chymosin was examined using gel free and gel based proteomic analysis and compared to bovine milk RP-HPLC analysis of bovine and equine milks showed the release of several peptides following chymosin incubation. The hydrolyses of equine and bovine casein by chymosin were different, and the major peptides produced from equine milk were identified by mass spectrometry as fragments of beta-casein. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis, equine beta-casein was confirmed as the main target of calf chymosin over 24 h at 30 degrees C and pH 6.5. The gel based analysis of equine milk discriminated between the different individual proteins and provided information on the range of isoforms of each protein as a result of post translational modifications, as well as positively identified for the first time several isoforms of kappa-casein. In comparison to bovine milk, kappa-casein isoforms in equine milk were not involved in chymosin-induced coagulation. The intensity of equine beta-casein spots decreased following chymosin addition, but at a slower rate than bovine kappa-casein.

Sequencing of this genome has been funded by grants MICROAMBIENTE-CM (to R.R.), BIO2009-08254 (to M.M.), 08/GEN/ 1319 (to J.P.M.), TSR 3 (Agribibiotics project) (to D.D.), and Marie Curie MIGENOF113 (to M.S.-C. and R.R.). This research was supported in part by grants awarded to F.O. by the Science Foundation of Ireland (07/IN.1/B948, 08/RFP/GEN1295, 08/RFP/GEN1319, and SFI09/RFP/BMT2350), by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (RSF grants 06-321 and 06- 377 and FIRM grants 06RDC459, 06RDC506, and 08RDC629), and by the European Commission (MTKD-CT2006-042062, Marie Curie TOK: TRAMWAYS, EU256596), IRCSET (05/EDIV/FP107/INTERPAM, EMBARK), the Marine Institute Beaufort award (C&CRA 2007/082), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 2006-PhD-S-21 and EPA 2008- PhD-S-2), and the HRB (RP/2006/271, RP/2007/290, and HRA/2009/146).; International audience; Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) that has biocontrol activity against fungal plant pathogens and is a model for rhizosphere colonization. Here, we present its complete genome sequence, which shows that besides a core genome very similar to those of other strains sequenced within this species, F113 possesses a wide array of genes encoding specialized functions for thriving in the rhizosphere and interacting with eukaryotic organisms.

The main aim of this thesis is to begin to extend phonetic distance measurements to the domain of intonation. Existing studies of segmental phonetic distance have strong associations with historical linguistic questions. I begin with this context and demonstrate problems with the use of feature systems in these segmental measures. Then I attempt to draw strands from the disparate fields of quantitative historical linguistics and intonation together. The intonation of Belfast and Glasgow English provides a central case study for this. Previous work suggests that both varieties display nuclear rises on statements, yet they have never been formally compared. This thesis presents two main hypotheses on the source of these statement rises: the Alignment hypothesis and the Transfer hypothesis. The Alignment hypothesis posits that statement rises were originally more typical statement falls but have changed into rises over time through gradual phonetic change to the location of the pitch peak. The Transfer hypothesis considers that statement rises have come about through pragmatic transfer of rises onto a statement context, either from question rises or continuation rises. I evaluate these hypotheses using the primary parameters of alignment and scaling as phonetic distance measurements. The main data set consists of data from 3 Belfast English and 3 Glasgow English speakers in a Sentence reading task and Map task. The results crucially indicate that the origin of the statement rises in Belfast and Glasgow English respectively may be different. The Glasgow statement nuclear tones show support for the Alignment hypothesis, while the Belfast nuclear tones fit best with the Transfer hypothesis. The fundamental differences between Glasgow and Belfast are the earlier alignment of the peak (H) in Glasgow and the presence of a final low (L) tonal target in Glasgow and a final high (H) target in Belfast. The scaling of the final H in Belfast statements suggests that the transfer may be from continuation rather than from question rises. I then present a proposal for an overall measure of intonational distance, showing problems with parameter weighting, comparing like with like, and distinguishing between chance resemblance and genuine historical connections. The thesis concludes with an assessment of the benefits that intonational analysis could bring to improving segmental phonetic distance measures.

We aimed to characterise the coincidence of yield variations with weather variables for major field crops using long-term datasets and reveal whether there are commonalities across the European agricultural regions. Long-term national and/or regional yield datasets were used from 14 European countries (total of 25 regions). Crops studied were spring and winter barley and wheat, winter oilseed rape, potato and sugar beet. Relative yield deviations were determined for all crops. Meteorological data on monthly means for temperature variables, solar radiation, accumulated precipitation and evapotranspiration were provided for the relevant agricultural regions of each country for 1975-2008. Harmful effects of high precipitation during grain-filling in grain and seed crops and at flowering in oilseed rape were recorded. In potato reduced precipitation at tuber formation was associated with yield penalties. Elevated temperatures had harmful effects for cereals and rapeseed yields. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., JRC.H.4-Monitoring Agricultural Resources

International audience; Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying stress responses in fish remains fragmentary. However new insights into these mechanisms and their biological significance have been provided by investigation at the transcriptional level. Microarray technology has allowed the unbiased analysis of the transcriptome, providing a potentially system-wide overview of stress responses. In this review, we present recently published transcriptomic studies on stress responses in fish exposed to a range of environmental, xenobiotic, social, and aquacultural stressors. Overall, these studies highlight the complexity of transcript patients, have identified new genes whose expression is significantly modified after exposure to stressors, and have revealed both common and tissue-specific expression signatures. Some shortcomings can be identified, including lack of information on the longer-term compensatory or adaptive phases of the stress response, limitations on gene annotation, and the use of pooled mRNA preparations, which masks variation between individuals. Nonetheless, although the functional genomic analysis of stress responses in fish is still in its infancy, rapid growth in the number of studies and continued advances in technology and database content will inevitably lead to a fuller understanding of the processes involved and to the identification of novel stress indicators with diagnostic or predictive value.

International audience; The use of a Declining Discount Rate (DDR), in cost-benefit analysis (CBA), compared to the use of a Constant Discount Rate, implies that the policy maker will put relatively more effort to improve social welfare in the far distant future than in the shorter time. The choice between the two discount rates is crucial and linked, for example, to the problem of whether we should fight malaria and AIDS (which have immediate effects) rather than climate change (which is expected to have important long-term effects). In this paper we assess the willingness to pay for (very) distant benefits, which should inform the desirability of policies and projects with immediate costs and distant benefits. DDRs offer an approach to balancing current costs and distant benefits. First we present the existing theoretical justifications for using a DDR, which are mainly driven by the uncertainty of future economic conditions, and show how a theory-consistent optimal trajectory of the DDR can be estimated. For this empirical estimation, we use regime-switching models of the optimal trajectory of the DDR for nine ‘representative’ countries. We then compose a weighted average rate that can be used in CBA of long-term projects that affect the global environment and economy. Finally, we investigate the policy implications of applying this optimal trajectory on the cost-benefit evaluation of carbon mitigation policies and compare our results with those of the Stern Review. This comparison provides empirical evidence that support the major criticism of the Stern Review of assuring high damage numbers by using an arbitrary low and constant discount rate. Our main point in this paper is that when uncertainty is introduced, the case for DDRs and the availability of a reliable empirical method for their estimation become compelling for CBA of long-run policies and projects.

In Candida albicans , the quorum-sensing molecule farnesol inhibits the transition from yeast to hyphae but has no effect on cellular growth. We show that the addition of exogenous farnesol to cultures of Candida parapsilosis causes the cells to arrest, but not at a specific stage in the cell cycle. The cells are not susceptible to additional farnesol. However, the cells do eventually recover from arrest. Unlike in C. albicans , in C. parapsilosis sterols are localized to the tips of budding cells, and this polarization is disrupted by the addition of farnesol. We used the results of a genome sequence survey to design and manufacture partial genomic microarrays that were applied to determining the transcriptional response of C. parapsilosis to the presence of exogenous farnesol. In both C. albicans and C. parapsilosis , exposure to farnesol results in increased expression of the oxidoreductases GRP2 and ADH7 and altered expression of genes involved in sterol metabolism. There is no effect on expression of C. parapsilosis orthologs of genes involved in hyphal growth in C. albicans. Farnesol therefore differs significantly in its effects on C. parapsilosis and C. albicans .

The objective of this study was to establish the influence of daily herbage allowance (DHA) and supplementation level offered to spring-calving dairy cows in early lactation on animal performance throughout lactation. Sixty-six Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were randomly assigned to a 6-treatment grazing study. The treatments comprised 3 DHA levels (13, 16, and 19 kg of DM/cow; >4 cm) and 2 concentrate supplementation levels (0 and 4 kg of DM/cow per day). Treatments were imposed from February 21 to May 8 (period 1; P1). During the subsequent 4-wk (period 2; P2), animals were offered a DHA of 20 kg of DM/cow and no concentrate. Subsequently, all animals grazed as a single herd to the end of lactation. Sward quality was homogeneous throughout lactation. A low DHA increased sward utilization (+14%) but reduced milk, solids-corrected milk, protein, and lactose yields compared with a high DHA during P1. Concentrate supplementation significantly increased milk, solids-corrected milk, fat, protein, and lactose yields during P1. The positive effect of concentrate supplementation remained throughout P2. A total concentrate input of 380 kg of DM/cow increased total lactation milk (+432 kg), solids-corrected milk (+416 kg), fat (+18 kg), protein (+15 kg), and lactose (+23 kg) yields. Greater P1 body weights were recorded when a high DHA and concentrate were offered. The P1 treatment had no effect on body condition score throughout lactation. The results indicate that offering a low DHA in early spring does not adversely affect total milk production, body weight, or body condition score, and offering concentrate results in a greater total lactation milk production performance.

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International audience; The genetic elements specifying six putative two-component regulatory systems (2CSs) were identified on the chromosome of Lactococcus lactis MG1363. These 2CSs appear to represent distinct loci, each containing a histidine kinase and response-regulator-encoding gene pair. Transcriptional analysis of the six 2CSs was performed either by generating transcriptional fusions to a reporter gene or by primer extension. Two of the systems appeared to be expressed constitutively at a high level, whilst the remaining four exhibited growth-phase-dependent expression. Insertional mutagenesis established that the two constitutively expressed 2CSs are necessary for normal cell growth and/or survival. Mutational analysis of the remaining four systems revealed that they are implicated in susceptibility to extreme pH, osmotic or oxidative conditions, or the regulation of phosphatase activity in L. lactis.

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A high level of diversity has already been observed among the planets of our own Solar System. As such, one expects extrasolar planets to present a wide range of distinctive features, therefore the characterisation of Earth- and super Earth-like planets is becoming of key importance in scientific research. The SEARCH (Spectropolarimetric Exoplanet AtmospheRe CHaracerisation) mission proposal of this paper represents one possible approach to realising these objectives. The mission goals of SEARCH include the detailed characterisation of a wide variety of exoplanets, ranging from terrestrial planets to gas giants. More specifically, SEARCH will determine atmospheric properties such as cloud coverage, surface pressure and atmospheric composition, and may also be capable of identifying basic surface features. To resolve a planet with a semi major axis of down to 1.4AU and 30pc distant SEARCH will have a mirror system consisting of two segments, with elliptical rim, cut out of a parabolic mirror. This will yield an effective diameter of 9 meters along one axis. A phase mask coronagraph along with an integral spectrograph will be used to overcome the contrast ratio of star to planet light. Such a mission would provide invaluable data on the diversity present in extrasolar planetary systems and much more could be learned from the similarities and differences compared to our own Solar System. This would allow our theories of planetary formation, atmospheric accretion and evolution to be tested, and our understanding of regions such as the outer limit of the Habitable Zone to be further improved., Comment: 23 pages, accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy

The effect of offering a total mixed ration of silage and concentrate (proportionately 0AE44 silage) system [indoor feeding system (IF)] was compared with grazing at a high daily herbage allowance with a low level of concentrate supplementation [early grazing system (EG)] in early spring on the performance of springcalving dairy cows in Ireland. Sixty-four spring-calving Holstein–Friesian dairy cows (mean calving date, 2 February) were allocated to one of two systems between 16 February and 4 April 2004. An equal number of primiparous and multiparous cows were assigned to each system. The dairy cows on the IF system were housed for a 7-week period and offered a diet of 10AE9 kg DM cow )1 d )1 (s.d. 2AE3) of concentrate, the remainder of the diet was 8AE6 kg DM cow )1 d )1 (s.d. 1AE9) of grass silage. The dairy cows on the EG system were offered a mean daily herbage allowance of 15AE 1k g DM cow )1 d )1 (s.d. 3AE7) and were supplemented with 3AE0 kg DM cow )1 d )1 (s.d. 1AE0) of concentrate. There was no difference in milk yield between the two systems but the cows in the EG system had a higher milk protein concentration (2AE 9gk g )1 ) and a higher milk protein yield than in the IF system. Milk fat concentration was higher for cows in the IF than EG system (3AE 0gk g )1 ). There was no difference in total daily dry-matter intake between the systems, measured in week 6 of the study. Mean live weight of the cows in the IF system was greater than in the EG system. The results of the study suggest that a slightly greater performance can be achieved by a system offering a high daily herbage allowance to spring-calving dairy cows in early lactation compared with a system offering a total mixed ration containing a high proportion of concentrate with grass silage.

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Background: Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) is a disabling side effect of paclitaxel with few effective preventive strategies. We aim to determine the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological neuroprotective interventions in preventing PIPN incidence., Methods: Biomedical literature databases were searched from years 2000 to 2021 for trials comparing neuroprotective interventions and control. Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model. The primary outcome was the incidence of PIPN., Results: Of 24 relevant controlled trials, 14 were eligible for meta-analysis. Pooled results from seven non-pharmacological trials were associated with a statistically significant 48% relative reduction of PIPN risk with low heterogeneity. Conversely, pooled results from six pharmacological trials were associated with a significant 20% relative reduction of PIPN risk with moderate heterogeneity. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches appear effective in reducing PIPN incidence in the treatment arm compared to control (pooled RR < 1)., Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that both interventions may reduce PIPN risk. Non-pharmacological interventions appear more effective than pharmacological interventions., Competing Interests: RS has received honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Roche, Taiho, Astra Zeneca, DKSH, and MSD; has advisory activity with Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Eisai, Bayer, Taiho, Novartis, MSD, and AstraZeneca; received research funding from MSD and Paxman Coolers; and has received travel grants from AstraZeneca, Eisai, Roche, and Taiho Pharmaceutical. AB reports grants from Paxman Coolers Ltd., outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Leen, Yap, Teo, Tan, Molassiotis, Ishiguro, Fan, Sundar, Soon and Bandla.)