Search

9 páginas.- 5 figuras.- 51 referencias.- Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01170-x, Soil mosses are among the most widely distributed organisms on land. Experiments and observations suggest that they contribute to terrestrial soil biodiversity and function, yet their ecological contribution to soil has never been assessed globally under natural conditions. Here we conducted the most comprehensive global standardized field study to quantify how soil mosses influence 8 ecosystem services associated with 24 soil biodiversity and functional attributes across wide environmental gradients from all continents. We found that soil mosses are associated with greater carbon sequestration, pool sizes for key nutrients and organic matter decomposition rates but a lower proportion of soil-borne plant pathogens than unvegetated soils. Mosses are especially important for supporting multiple ecosystem services where vascular-plant cover is low. Globally, soil mosses potentially support 6.43 Gt more carbon in the soil layer than do bare soils. The amount of soil carbon associated with mosses is up to six times the annual global carbon emissions from any altered land use globally. The largest positive contribution of mosses to soils occurs under a high cover of mat and turf mosses, in less-productive ecosystems and on sandy and salty soils. Our results highlight the contribution of mosses to soil life and functions and the need to conserve these important organisms to support healthy soils., The study work associated with this paper was funded by a Large Research Grant from the British Ecological Society (no. LRB17\1019; MUSGONET). D.J.E. is supported by the Hermon Slade Foundation. M.D.-B. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC2018-025483-I), a project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the I + D + i (PID2020-115813RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033a) and a project PAIDI 2020 from the Junta de Andalucía (P20_00879). E.G. is supported by the European Research Council grant agreement 647038 (BIODESERT). M.B. is supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from Spanish Ministry of Science (RYC2021-031797-I). A.d.l.R is supported by the AEI project PID2019-105469RB-C22. L.W. and Jianyong Wang are supported by the Program for Introducing Talents to Universities (B16011) and the Ministry of Education Innovation Team Development Plan (2013-373). The contributions of T.G. and T.U.N. were supported by the Research Program in Forest Biology, Ecology and Technology (P4-0107) and the research projects J4-3098 and J4-4547 of the Slovenian Research Agency. The contribution of P.B.R. was supported by the NSF Biological Integration Institutes grant DBI-2021898. J. Durán and A. Rodríguez acknowledge support from the FCT (2020.03670.CEECIND and SFRH/BDP/108913/2015, respectively), as well as from the MCTES, FSE, UE and the CFE (UIDB/04004/2021) research unit financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC).

8 pags., 4 figs., Metallic nanostructures endowed with optical gain are promising building blocks for the development of active nanophotonic devices with enhanced optical responses as well as for exploring novel phenomena such as parity-time symmetry and nonreciprocity. However, despite their potential, the complexity of these systems frequently demands the use of simplified gain models, whose range of applicability is not always clear. Here, tracing our steps toward the basics, we analyze the optical response of a small active metallic nanoparticle using an intuitive, yet accurate, semianalytical model that takes into account the inherent nonlinear nature of the gain. We evaluate the near- and far-field responses of the active nanoparticle as a function of both the pump and the probe field strengths. We show that, under weak probe fields, the optical response of the active nanoparticle is greatly enhanced with increasing pump strength. In contrast, when the probe field is strong enough to deplete the excited-state population of the gain medium, the nanoparticle becomes passive, irrespective of the pump strength. Our results help to delineate the limits of applicability of the linear models used to describe the effect of gain in plasmonic nanostructures, thus paving the way to exploit these systems for the development of new applications., This work was sponsored by Grant PID2019-109502GA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 as well as the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant DMR-1941680). The authors also acknowledge support from a Leonardo Grant for Researchers in Physics from the BBVA Foundation. L.C. also acknowledges partial support from Grant PID2020-114755GB-C31 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.

Full list of authors: Levan, A. J.; Lamb, G. P.; Schneider, B.; Hjorth, J.; Zafar, T.; de Ugarte Postigo, A.; Sargent, B.; Mullally, S. E.; Izzo, L.; D'Avanzo, P.; Burns, E.; Fernandez, J. F. Aguei; Barclay, T.; Bernardini, M. G.; Bhirombhakdi, K.; Bremer, M.; Brivio, R.; Campana, S.; Chrimes, A. A.; D'Elia, V.; Valle, M. Della; De Pasquale, M.; Ferro, M.; Fong, W.; Fruchter, A. S.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Gaspari, N.; Gompertz, B. P.; Hartmann, D. H.; Hedges, C. L.; Heintz, K. E.; Hotokezaka, K.; Jakobsson, P.; Kann, D. A.; Kennea, J. A.; Laskar, T.; Le Floc'h, E.; Malesani, D. B.; Melandri, A.; Metzger, B. D.; Oates, S. R.; Pian, E.; Piranomonte, S.; Pugliese, G.; Racusin, J. L.; Rastinejad, J. C.; Ravasio, M. E.; Rossi, A.; Saccardi, A.; Salvaterra, R.; Sbarufatti, B.; Starling, R. L. C.; Tanvir, N. R.; Thoene, C. C.; van der Horst, A. J.; Vergani, S. D.; Watson, D.; Wiersema, K.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Xu, Dong.--This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., We present James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the afterglow of GRB 221009A, the brightest gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever observed. This includes the first mid-IR spectra of any GRB, obtained with JWST/Near Infrared Spectrograph (0.6–5.5 micron) and Mid-Infrared Instrument (5–12 micron), 12 days after the burst. Assuming that the intrinsic spectral slope is a single power law, with Fν ∝ ν−β, we obtain β ≈ 0.35, modified by substantial dust extinction with AV = 4.9. This suggests extinction above the notional Galactic value, possibly due to patchy extinction within the Milky Way or dust in the GRB host galaxy. It further implies that the X-ray and optical/IR regimes are not on the same segment of the synchrotron spectrum of the afterglow. If the cooling break lies between the X-ray and optical/IR, then the temporal decay rates would only match a post-jet-break model, with electron index p < 2, and with the jet expanding into a uniform ISM medium. The shape of the JWST spectrum is near-identical in the optical/near-IR to X-SHOOTER spectroscopy obtained at 0.5 days and to later time observations with HST. The lack of spectral evolution suggests that any accompanying supernova (SN) is either substantially fainter or bluer than SN 1998bw, the proto-type GRB-SN. Our HST observations also reveal a disk-like host galaxy, viewed close to edge-on, that further complicates the isolation of any SN component. The host galaxy appears rather typical among long-GRB hosts and suggests that the extreme properties of GRB 221009A are not directly tied to its galaxy-scale environment. © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society., A.J.L., D.B.M., and N.R.T. are supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 725246). G.P.L. is supported by a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellowship (grant Nos. DHF-R1-221175 and DHF-ERE-221005). J.H. and L.I. were supported by a VILLUM FONDEN Investigator grant to JH (project No. 16599). B.D.M. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (grant No. AST-2002577). J.P.U.F. acknowledges support from the Carlsberg Foundation. The Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation under grant No. 140. D.A.K. acknowledges the support by the State of Hessen within the Research Cluster ELEMENTS (Project ID 500/10.006). R.B., M.G.B., S.C., P.D.A., M.F., A.M., and S.P. acknowledge funding from the Italian Space Agency, contract ASI/INAF No. I/004/11/4. P.D.A. acknowledges support from PRIN-MIUR 2017 (grant 20179ZF5KS). J.F.A.F. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades through the grant PRE2018-086507., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).

Novel approaches are required to address the urgent need to develop lipid-based carriers of paclitaxel (PTX) and other hydrophobic drugs for cancer chemotherapy. Carriers based on cationic liposomes (CLs) with fluid (i.e., chain-melted) membranes (e.g., EndoTAG-1®) have shown promise in preclinical and late-stage clinical studies. Recent work found that the addition of a cone-shaped poly(ethylene glycol)-lipid (PEG-lipid) to PTX-loaded CLs (CLsPTX) promotes a transition to sterically stabilized, higher-curvature (smaller) nanoparticles consisting of a mixture of PEGylated CLsPTX and PTX-containing fluid lipid nanodiscs (nanodiscsPTX). These CLsPTX and nanodiscsPTX show significantly improved uptake and cytotoxicity in cultured human cancer cells at PEG coverage in the brush regime (10 mol% PEG-lipid). Here, we studied the PTX loading, in vivo circulation half-life, and biodistribution of systemically administered CLsPTX and nanodiscsPTX and assessed their ability to induce apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer-bearing immunocompetent mice. We focused on fluid rather than solid lipid nanodiscs because of the significantly higher solubility of PTX in fluid membranes. At 5 and 10 mol% of a PEG-lipid (PEG5K-lipid, molecular weight of PEG 5000 g/mol), the mixture of PEGylated CLsPTX and nanodiscsPTX was able to incorporate up to 2.5 mol% PTX without crystallization for at least 20 h. Remarkably, compared to preparations containing 2 and 5 mol% PEG5K-lipid (with the PEG chains in the mushroom regime), the particles at 10 mol% (with PEG chains in the brush regime) showed significantly higher blood half-life, tumor penetration and proapoptotic activity. Our study suggests that increasing the PEG coverage of CL-based drug nanoformulations can improve their pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy., This research study was supported by the National Institutes of Health under award R01GM130769 (CRS, KKE, WF; mechanistic studies on developing lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery), the European Regional Development Fund (TT, Project No. 2014-2020.4.01.15-0012), the Estonian Research Council (TT, grants PRG230 and EAG79; PS, grant PSG38; LSG, grant MOBJD11), EuronanomedII projects ECM-CART and iNanoGun (TT), H2020 MSCA-RISE project Oxigenated (TT), and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grants RYC2020-028754-I and PID2021-122364OA-I00 (PS). Partial support was provided by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) under Award DMR-1807327 (CRS; kinetic phase behavior of cationic vesicles with incorporated hydrophobic molecules).

The structure of petrichorin C1 (4) converted from petrichorin C (3) was determined using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The chemical stability of petrichorins A and C (1 and 3) was investigated by NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and calculations., This work was financially supported by a start-up funding from Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy (DKICP), Seed Grants from University of Hawaii at Hilo (UHH) to SC. We also acknowledge UNR (BIO 567), ANPCyT (PICT-2017-1524), and CONICET for financial support to AMS. This work was partially supported by NSF-CAREER 1846005 to JB.

M. Dixon et al., We use stacked spectra of the host galaxies of photometrically identified Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) to search for correlations between Hubble diagram residuals and the spectral properties of the host galaxies. Utilizing full spectrum fitting techniques on stacked spectra binned by Hubble residual, we find no evidence for trends between Hubble residuals and properties of the host galaxies that rely on spectral absorption features (, MD would like to acknowledge support through an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. This research was supported by the Australian Research Council The Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics (CDM; project number CE200100008) and the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav; project number CE170100004). This project/publication was made possible through the support of a grant from the John Templeton Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge this grant ID 61807, Two Standard Models Meet. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the John Templeton Foundation. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas-Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, NSF’s NOIRLab, the University of Nottingham, The Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, Texas A&M University, and the OzDES Membership Consortium. Based in part on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory at NSF’s NOIRLab (NOIRLab Prop. ID 2012B-0001; PI: J. Frieman), which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grants ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2). This manuscript has been authored by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics. Based on data acquired at the Anglo-Australian Telescope, under program A/2013B/012. We acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land on which the AAT stands, the Gamilaraay people, and pay our respects to elders past and present.

We investigate using three-point statistics in constraining the galaxy–halo connection. We show that for some galaxy samples, the constraints on the halo occupation distribution parameters are dominated by the three-point function signal (over its two-point counterpart). We demonstrate this on mock catalogues corresponding to the Luminous red galaxies (LRGs), Emission-line galaxies (ELGs), and quasars (QSOs) targeted by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Survey. The projected three-point function for triangle sides less up to 20 h−1 Mpc measured from a cubic Gpc of data can constrain the characteristic minimum mass of the LRGs with a preci sion of 0.46 per cent. For comparison, similar constraints from the projected two-point function are 1.55 per cent. The improvements for the ELGs and QSOs targets are more modest. In the case of the QSOs, it is caused by the high shot-noise of the sample, and in the case of the ELGs, it is caused by the range of halo masses of the host haloes. The most time-consuming part of our pipeline is the measurement of the three-point functions. We adopt a tabulation method, proposed in earlier works for the two-point function, to significantly reduce the required compute time for the three-point analysis., LS is grateful for support from DOE grants DE-SC0021165 and DE-SC0011840, NASA ROSES grants 12-EUCLID12-0004 and 15-WFIRST15-0008, and Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia grants FR 19-498. This research is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Centre, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract; additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under Contract No. AST-0950945 to the NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory; the Science and Technologies Facilities Council of the United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico; the Ministry of Economy of Spain, and by the DESI Member Institutions. We acknowledge the use of the NASA astrophysics data system https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/ and the arXiv open-access repository https://arxiv.org/. The software was hosted on the GitHub platform https://github.com/. The manuscript was typeset using the overleaf cloud-based LaTeX editor https://www.overleaf.com.

14 páginas.- 6 figuras.- 53 referencias, Understanding the chemical composition of our planet's crust was one of the biggest questions of the 20th century. More than 100 years later, we are still far from understanding the global patterns in the bioavailability and spatial coupling of elements in topsoils worldwide, despite their importance for the productivity and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we measured the bioavailability and coupling of thirteen macro- and micronutrients and phytotoxic elements in topsoils (3–8 cm) from a range of terrestrial ecosystems across all continents (∼10,000 observations) and in response to global change manipulations (∼5,000 observations). For this, we incubated between 1 and 4 pairs of anionic and cationic exchange membranes per site for a mean period of 53 days. The most bioavailable elements (Ca, Mg, and K) were also amongst the most abundant in the crust. Patterns of bioavailability were biome-dependent and controlled by soil properties such as pH, organic matter content and texture, plant cover, and climate. However, global change simulations resulted in important alterations in the bioavailability of elements. Elements were highly coupled, and coupling was predictable by the atomic properties of elements, particularly mass, mass to charge ratio, and second ionization energy. Deviations from the predictable coupling-atomic mass relationship were attributed to global change and agriculture. Our work illustrates the tight links between the bioavailability and coupling of topsoil elements and environmental context, human activities, and atomic properties of elements, thus deeply enhancing our integrated understanding of the biogeochemical connections that underlie the productivity and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world., We acknowledge the following people as additional data contributors: Drs. G. Blume-Werry, V. Bruckman, J. Buss, S. Collins, E. Dorrepaal, K.N. Egger, J. Fridley, Gibson-Roy, R. Harrison, J. Heberling, K. Helsen, E. Hinman, A. K olstad, N. Lemoine, M. Lesser, E. Li, S. E. Macdonald, E. Mallory, E. Massicotte, H.B. Massicotte, T. Moore, C. Morris, L. Nijs, M. Smith, Suojala-Ahlfors, E. Thiffault, K. Trepanier, R. Uusitalo, L. Van Langenhove, S. Vicca, F. Wang, M. Werner, K. White and S. Wilson. R.O.H. was funded by the Ramón y Cajal program of the MICINN (RYC-2017 22032), by the R&D Project of the Ministry of Science and Innovation PID2019-106004RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, by the program José Castillejo” of the “Ministry of Universities” (CAS21/00125), by a project of the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) and the Ministry of Economic Transformation, Industry, Knowledge and Universities of the Junta de Andalucía (ERDF Andalucía 2014–2020 Thematic objective “01—Reinforcement of research, technological development and innovation”): P20_00323 (FUTURE-VINES), by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) through the “Aid to operational groups of the European Association of Innovation (AEI) in terms of agricultural productivity and sustainability,” Reference: GOPC-CA-20-0001, and from Fundación Biodiversidad (SOILBIO). M.D-B. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal Grant (RYC2018-025483-I), a project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-115813RA-I00), and a project PAIDI 2020 from the Junta de Andalucía (P20_00879). JP acknowl-edges funding from MICINN (RYC–2021–033454). S. Bridgham and P. Reed were supported from National Science Foundation Macrosystems Biology Grant 1340847. KVS acknowledges support from the Belgian American Educational Foundation (Paul Vernel Fellow), the Fulbright Program and the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders. J. Pergl and M. Vítková were partly supported by 17-19025S, EXPRO Grant 19-28807X (Czech Science Foundation), BiodivClim Call 2019 (Grant TACR SS70010001) and long-term research development project RVO 67985939 (Czech Academy of Sciences). Natasja van Gestel was funded by the National Science Foundation Grant 1643871. Stevan Earl was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant DEB-2224662, Central Arizona-Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research Program (CAP LTER). Lilia Serrano-Grijalva has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 890874. Kevin van Sundert acknowledges support from the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders. Yuriko Yano acknowledges USDA, National Institute of Food and Agriculture Grant, Award number 2015-67020-23454. A. Leeper, B. Lawrence, and J. LaMontagne acknowledge support from National Science Foundation Grant DEB-1745496, the University Research Council Collaborative Grant from DePaul University, and the Huron Mountain Wildlife Foundation.

The spatial coverage of tree-ring chronologies in tropical South America is low compared to the extratropics, particularly in remote regions. Tree-ring dating from such tropical sites is limited by the generally weak temperature seasonality, complex coloration, and indistinct anatomical morphology in some tree species. As a result, there is a need to complement traditional methods of dendrochronology with innovative and independent approaches. Here, we supplement traditional tree-ring methods via the use of radiocarbon analyses to detect partial missing rings and/or false rings, and wood anatomical techniques to precisely delineate tree-ring boundaries. In so doing we present and confirm the annual periodicity of the first tree-ring width (TRW) chronology spanning from 1814 to 2017 for Juglans boliviana (‘nogal’), a tree species growing in a mid-elevation tropical moist forest in northern Bolivia. We collected 25 core samples and 4 cross-sections from living and recently harvested canopy-dominant trees, respectively. The sampled trees were growing in the Madidi National Park and had a mean age of 115 years old, with certain trees growing for over 200 years. Comparison of (residual and standard) TRW chronologies to monthly climate variables shows significant negative relationships to prior year May-August maximum temperatures (r = −0.54, p < 0.05) and positive relationships to dry season May-October precipitation (r = 0.60, p < 0.05) before the current year growing season. Additionally, the radial growth of Juglans boliviana shows a significant positive trend since 1979. Our findings describe a new and promising tree species for dendrochronology due to its longevity and highlight interdisciplinary techniques that can be used to expand the current tree-ring network in Bolivia and the greater South American tropics., This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) projects AGS-1702789, OISE-1743738 and AGS-1903687. MEF was partially supported by Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), PICT-2019-01336 PMO BID (Argentina). G.M.S. thanks U.S. National Science Foundation for support (AGS-1703035 and AGS-1903690).

17 páginas.- 4 figuras.- 185 referenicas.- Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-023-00900-7, Plant disease outbreaks pose significant risks to global food security and environmental sustainability worldwide, and result in the loss of primary productivity and biodiversity that negatively impact the environmental and socio-economic conditions of affected regions. Climate change further increases outbreak risks by altering pathogen evolution and host–pathogen interactions and facilitating the emergence of new pathogenic strains. Pathogen range can shift, increasing the spread of plant diseases in new areas. In this Review, we examine how plant disease pressures are likely to change under future climate scenarios and how these changes will relate to plant productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems. We explore current and future impacts of climate change on pathogen biogeography, disease incidence and severity, and their effects on natural ecosystems, agriculture and food production. We propose that amendment of the current conceptual framework and incorporation of eco-evolutionary theories into research could improve our mechanistic understanding and prediction of pathogen spread in future climates, to mitigate the future risk of disease outbreaks. We highlight the need for a science–policy interface that works closely with relevant intergovernmental organizations to provide effective monitoring and management of plant disease under future climate scenarios, to ensure long-term food and nutrient security and sustainability of natural ecosystems., B.K.S. acknowledges funding from the Australian Research Council (DP210102081; DP230101448) for microbiome research. E.E. is supported by an Australian Research Council fellowship (DE210101822). E.G. acknowledges funding from Generalitat Valenciana and a European Social Fund grant (APOSTD/2021/188). M.D.-B. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID202-115813RA-I00). P.T. and J.E.L.’s research is supported by the US National Science Foundation (no. 2120117). J.E.L. receives additional funding from the Foundation of Food and Agriculture (ICRC20-0000000084).

8 páginas.- 2 figuras.- 64 referencias.- The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// doi.org/10.1186/s40168‑023‑01554‑6.- Video sobre el artículo en YouTube https://youtu.be/ykjpjJgcVx4, Background: Rock-dwelling microorganisms are key players in ecosystem functioning of Antarctic ice free-areas. Yet, little is known about their diversity and ecology, and further still, viruses in these communities have been largely unexplored despite important roles related to host metabolism and nutrient cycling. To begin to address this, we present a large-scale viral catalog from Antarctic rock microbial communities. Results: We performed metagenomic analyses on rocks from across Antarctica representing a broad range of environmental and spatial conditions, and which resulted in a predicted viral catalog comprising > 75,000 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUS). We found largely undescribed, highly diverse and spatially structured virus communities which had predicted auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) with functions indicating that they may be potentially influencing bacterial adaptation and biogeochemistry. Conclusion: This catalog lays the foundation for expanding knowledge of virosphere diversity, function, spatial ecology, and dynamics in extreme environments. This work serves as a step towards exploring adaptability of microbial communities in the face of a changing climate. [MediaObject not available: see fulltext.] © 2023, The Author(s), C.L.E. is supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under a NSF Ocean Sciences Postdoctoral Fellowship (Award No. 2205744). M.S. was supported by the NSF REU The National Summer Undergraduate Research Project, Award No. 2149582. C.C. is supported by the European Commission under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 702057 (DRYLIFE). C.C. and L.S. wish to thank the Italian National Antarctic Research Program for funding sampling campaigns and research activities in Italy in the frame of PNRA projects. The Italian Antarctic National Museum (MNA) is kindly acknowledged for financial support to the Mycological Section of the MNA and for providing rock samples used in this study stored in the Culture Collection of Antarctic fungi (MNA-CCFEE), University of Tuscia, Italy. M.D-B. is supported by a project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-115813RA-I00), and a project of the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andalucía (FEDER Andalucía 2014–2020 Objetivo temático '01–Refuerzo de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación') associated with the research project P20_00879 (ANDABIOMA). J.E.S. is a CIFAR fellow in the Fungal Kingdom: Threats and Opportunities program. Data analyses performed at the High-Performance Computing Cluster at the University of California Riverside in the Institute of Integrative Genome Biology were supported by NSF grant DBI-1429826 and NIH grant S10-OD016290. Part of this work (proposals https://doi.org/10.46936/10.25585/60000791 and https://doi.org/10.46936/fics.proj.2020.51548/60000213 ) was conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute ( https://ror.org/04xm1d337 ), a DOE Office of Science User Facility, supported by the Office of Science of the US Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication

9 pags., 3 figs., Mercury is a pollutant of global concern, especially in the Arctic, where high levels are found in biota despite its remote location. Mercury is transported to the Arctic via atmospheric, oceanic and riverine long-range pathways, where it accumulates in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. While present-day mercury deposition in the Arctic from natural and anthropogenic emissions is extensively studied, the control of past climate changes on natural mercury variability remains unknown. Here we present an Arctic mercury record covering the Last Glacial Termination to the early Holocene epoch (15.7–9.0 thousand years before 2000 ce), collected as part of the East Greenland Ice-Core Project. We find a threefold increase in mercury depositional fluxes from the Last Glacial Termination into the early Holocene, which coincided with abrupt regional climate warming. Atmospheric chemistry modelling, combined with available sea-ice proxies, indicates that oceanic mercury evaporation and atmospheric bromine drove the increase in mercury flux during this climatic transition. Our results suggest that environmental changes associated with climate warming may contribute to increasing mercury levels in Arctic ecosystems., It is supported by funding agencies and institutions in Denmark (A. P. Møller Foundation, University of Copenhagen), USA (US National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs), Germany (Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research), Japan (National Institute of Polar Research and Arctic Challenge for Sustainability), Norway (University of Bergen and Trond Mohn Foundation), Switzerland (Swiss National Science Foundation), France (French Polar Institute Paul-Emile Victor, Institute for Geosciences and Environmental research), Canada (University of Manitoba) and China (Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University). A.S. acknowledges the ‘Programma di Ricerca in Artico’ (PRA, project number PRA2019-0011, Sentinel) for supporting this work. A.S.-L. received funding from the European Research Council Executive Agency under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (project ERC-2016-COG 726349 CLIMAHAL). This work represents a contribution to CSIC Thematic Interdisciplinary Platform PTI POLARCSIC. A.S.M. acknowledges the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MOES), Government of India (GOI). F.W. received funding from the Canada Research Chairs Program. T.E., C.M.J. and C.Z. acknowledge the long-term support of ice-core research by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under the project numbers 200020_172506, 200020B_200328 and 20FI21_164190 as well as the Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research. H.A.K. received funding from the DFF Inge Lehmann grant 1131-00007B ‘Holocene sea ice variability in the Arctic’. ELGA LabWater, High Wycombe, UK, supplied the pure-water system used in this study.

12 páginas.- 4 figuras.- referencias.- Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article.- Full Access in https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/geb.13652, Aim Our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain forest diversity under changing climate can benefit from knowledge about traits that are closely linked to fitness. We tested whether the link between traits and seed number and seed size is consistent with two hypotheses, termed the leaf economics spectrum and the plant size syndrome, or whether reproduction represents an independent dimension related to a seed size–seed number trade-off. Location Most of the data come from Europe, North and Central America and East Asia. A minority of the data come from South America, Africa and Australia. Time period 1960–2022. Major taxa studied Trees. Methods We gathered 12 million observations of the number of seeds produced in 784 tree species. We estimated the number of seeds produced by individual trees and scaled it up to the species level. Next, we used principal components analysis and generalized joint attribute modelling (GJAM) to map seed number and size on the tree traits spectrum. Results Incorporating seed size and number into trait analysis while controlling for environment and phylogeny with GJAM exposes relationships in trees that might otherwise remain hidden. Production of the large total biomass of seeds [product of seed number and seed size; hereafter, species seed productivity (SSP)] is associated with high leaf area, low foliar nitrogen, low specific leaf area (SLA) and dense wood. Production of high seed numbers is associated with small seeds produced by nutrient-demanding species with softwood, small leaves and high SLA. Trait covariation is consistent with opposing strategies: one fast-growing, early successional, with high dispersal, and the other slow-growing, stress-tolerant, that recruit in shaded conditions. Main conclusions Earth system models currently assume that reproductive allocation is indifferent among plant functional types. Easily measurable seed size is a strong predictor of the seed number and species seed productivity. The connection of SSP with the functional traits can form the first basis of improved fecundity prediction across global forests., The project has been funded by grants to J.S.C. from the National Science Foundation, most re-cently DEB-1754443, and by the Belmont Forum (1854976), NASA (AIST16-0052 and AIST18-0063) and the Programme d'Investissement d'Avenir under project FORBIC (18-MPGA-0004; Make Our Planet Great Again). Jerry Franklin's data remain acces-sible through NSF LTER DEB-1440409. Data from Hubbard Brook (New Hampshire) were funded through NSF-LTER. Puerto Rico data were funded by NSF grants, most recently DEB 0963447 and LTREB 11222325. Data from the Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group were funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and NSF 727 LTREB 1754647. M.B. was supported by grant no. 2019/35/D/NZ8/00050 from the (Polish) National Science Centre and by Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange Bekker programme PPN/BEK/2020/1/00009/U/00001. Research by the USDA Forest Service and the USGS was funded by these agencies. Any use of trade, firm or product names does not imply endorsement by the US Government. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply en -dorsement by the U.S. Government

Several coronavirus (CoV) encoded proteins are being evaluated as targets for antiviral therapies for COVID-19. Included in this set of proteins is the conserved macrodomain, or Mac1, an ADP-ribosylhydrolase and ADP-ribose binding protein. Utilizing point mutant recombinant viruses, Mac1 was shown to be critical for both murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV virulence. However, as a potential drug target, it is imperative to understand how a complete Mac1 deletion impacts the replication and pathogenesis of different CoVs. To this end, we created recombinant bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) containing complete Mac1 deletions (ΔMac1) in MHV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. While we were unable to recover infectious virus from MHV or MERS-CoV ΔMac1 BACs, SARS-CoV-2 ΔMac1 was readily recovered from BAC transfection, indicating a stark difference in the requirement for Mac1 between different CoVs. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 ΔMac1 replicated at or near wild-type levels in multiple cell lines susceptible to infection. However, in a mouse model of severe infection, ΔMac1 was quickly cleared causing minimal pathology without any morbidity. ΔMac1 SARS-CoV-2 induced increased levels of interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in cell culture and mice, indicating that Mac1 blocks IFN responses which may contribute to its attenuation. ΔMac1 infection also led to a stark reduction in inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils. These results demonstrate that Mac1 only minimally impacts SARS-CoV-2 replication, unlike MHV and MERS-CoV, but is required for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and is a unique antiviral drug target., National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant P20GM103648 (RC) National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant 2P01AI060699 (LE) National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant P20GM113117 (ARF) National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant K22AI134993 (ARF) National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant R35GM138029 (ARF) National Science Foundation (NSF) grant 2135167 (RLU) University of Kansas General Research Fund (GRF) and Start-up funds (ARF) NIH Graduate Training at the Biology-Chemistry Interface grant T32GM132061 (CMK) University of Kansas College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Graduate Research Fellowship (CMK) Government of Spain (PID2019-107001RB-I00 AEI/FEDER, UE) LE European Commission (H2020-SC1-2019, ISOLDA Project nº 848166-2) LE

We utilized fast scanning calorimetry to characterize the glass transition temperature (Tg) and intrinsic molecular mobility of low-molecular-weight poly(n-butyl methacrylate) thin films of varying thicknesses. We found that the Tg and intrinsic molecular mobility were coupled, showing no film thickness-dependent variation. We further employed a unique noncontact capillary nanoshearing technique to directly probe layer-resolved gradients in the rheological response of these films. We found that layer-resolved shear mobility was enhanced with a reduction in film thickness, whereas the effective viscosity decreased. Our results highlight the importance of polymer–substrate attractive interactions and free surface-promoted enhanced mobility, establishing a competitive nanoconfinement effect in poly(n-butyl methacrylate) thin films. Moreover, the findings indicate a decoupling in the thickness-dependent variation of Tg and intrinsic molecular mobility with the mechanical responses (shear mobility and effective viscosity)., M.C. acknowledges support from the Science and Engineering Research Board through the Ramanujan Fellowship (Grant No. SB/S2/RJN-084/2018) and the Early Career Research Award (ECR/2018/001740) of the Department of Science and Technology, India. Additionally, support from IIT Bombay through a SEED grant (RD/0519-IRCCSH0-033) is acknowledged. R.D.P. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Materials Research Science and Engineering Center Program of the Princeton Center for Complex Materials (grant numbers DMR-1420541 and DMR-2011750) and the NSF through grant number CBET-1706012. D.C. acknowledges MICINN-Spain and FEDER-UE (grant PGC2018-094548-BI00) and the Basque Government (grant IT-1175-19).

Recent systematic searches for massive black holes (BHs) in local dwarf galaxies led to the discovery of a population of faint active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We investigate the agreement of the BH and AGN populations in the Illustris, TNG, Horizon-AGN, EAGLE, and SIMBA simulations with current observational constraints in low-mass galaxies. We find that some of these simulations produce BHs that are too massive, and that the BH occupation fraction (OF) at z = 0 is not inherited from the simulation seeding modelling. The ability of BHs and their host galaxies to power an AGN depends on BH and galaxy subgrid modelling. The fraction of AGN in low-mass galaxies is not used to calibrate the simulations, and thus can be used to differentiate galaxy formation models. AGN fractions at z = 0 span two orders of magnitude at fixed galaxy stellar mass in simulations, similarly to observational constraints, but uncertainties and degeneracies affect both observations and simulations. The agreement is difficult to interpret due to differences in the masses of simulated and observed BHs, BH OF affected by numerical choices, and an unknown fraction of obscured AGN. Our work advocates for more thorough comparisons with observations to improve the modelling of cosmological simulations, and our understanding of BH and galaxy physics in the low-mass regime. The mass of BHs, their ability to efficiently accrete gas, and the AGN fraction in low-mass galaxies have important implications for the build-up of the entire BH and galaxy populations with time., HH thanks the Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris for hosting her. MM acknowledges support from the Ramon y Cajal fellowship (RYC2019-027670-I). DAA was supported in part by NSF grants AST-2009687 and AST-2108944, and by the Flatiron Institute, which is supported by the Simons Foundation.

Single crystals of BaTiO3 exhibit small switching fields and energies, but thin-film performance is considerably worse, thus precluding their use in next-generation devices. Here, we demonstrate high-quality BaTiO3 thin films with nearly bulk-like properties. Thickness scaling provides access to the coercive voltages (, This work was primarily supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division under contract no. DE-AC02-05-CH11231 (Codesign of Ultra-Low-Voltage Beyond CMOS Microelectronics (MicroelecLBLRamesh)) for the development of materials for low-power microelectronics. E.P., T.G., C.-C.L., D.E.N., H.L., and I.A.Y. acknowledge support from the COFEEE and FEINMAN Programs supported by Intel Corp. W.Z. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation under grant no. DMR-1708615. D.P. acknowledges support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 79712. A.D. acknowledges support from the Army Research Office under ETHOS MURI via cooperative agreement no. W911NF-21-2-0162. M.A. acknowledges support from the Army Research Office under grant no. W911NF-21-1-0118. R.R. and L.W.M. acknowledge additional support of the ARL Collaborative for Hierarchical Agile and Resonant Materials under cooperative agreement no. W911NF-19-2-0119. R.R. also acknowledges support from ASCENT, which is one of the SRC-JUMP Centers. Work at the Molecular Foundry was supported by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

25 páginas.- 8 figuras.- 2 tablas.- 66 referencias.- Additional supporting information can be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of this article., eaf water potential (psi(leaf)), typically measured using the pressure chamber, is the most important metric of plant water status, providing high theoretical value and information content for multiple applications in quantifying critical physiological processes including drought responses. Pressure chamber measurements of psi(leaf) (psi(leafPC)) are most typical, yet, the practical complexity of the technique and of the underlying theory has led to ambiguous understanding of the conditions to optimize measurements. Consequently, specific techniques and precautions diversified across the global research community, raising questions of reliability and repeatability. Here, we surveyed specific methods of psi(leafPC) from multiple laboratories, and synthesized experiments testing common assumptions and practices in psi(leafPC) for diverse species: (i) the need for equilibration of previously transpiring leaves; (ii) leaf storage before measurement; (iii) the equilibration of psi(leaf) for leaves on bagged branches of a range of dehydration; (iv) the equilibration of psi(leaf) across the lamina for bagged leaves, and the accuracy of measuring leaves with artificially 'elongated petioles'; (v) the need in psi(leaf) measurements for bagging leaves and high humidity within the chamber; (vi) the need to avoid liquid water on leaf surfaces; (vii) the use of 'pulse' pressurization versus gradual pressurization; and (viii) variation among experimenters in psi(leafPC) determination. Based on our findings we provide a best practice protocol to maximise accuracy, and provide recommendations for ongoing species-specific tests of important assumptions in future studies., European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 751918-AgroPHYS; Marie Curie Fellowship (FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IOF-624473); Austrian research agency (FWF) project P32203; National Science Foundation (Grant IOS-#1457279)

12 pags., 4 figs., 2 tabs. -- Addenda and errata: https://journals.iucr.org/s/issues/2022/03/00/rv5160/rv5160.pdf, The increase in successful adaptations of serial crystallography at synchrotron radiation sources continues. To date, the number of serial synchrotron crystallography (SSX) experiments has grown exponentially, with over 40 experiments reported so far. In this work, we report the first SSX experiments with viscous jets conducted at ALBA beamline BL13-XALOC. Small crystals (15-30 μm) of five soluble proteins (lysozyme, proteinase K, phycocyanin, insulin and α-spectrin-SH3 domain) were suspended in lipidic cubic phase (LCP) and delivered to the X-ray beam with a high-viscosity injector developed at Arizona State University. Complete data sets were collected from all proteins and their high-resolution structures determined. The high quality of the diffraction data collected from all five samples, and the lack of specific radiation damage in the structures obtained in this study, confirm that the current capabilities at the beamline enables atomic resolution determination of protein structures from microcrystals as small as 15 μm using viscous jets at room temperature. Thus, BL13-XALOC can provide a feasible alternative to X-ray free-electron lasers when determining snapshots of macromolecular structures., The following funding is acknowledged: Ayuda de Atracciony Retencion de Talento Investigador" from the Community of Madrid (scholarship No. 2019-T1/BMD-15552); STC Programof the National Science Foundation through BioXFEL (awardNo. 1231306); the Centre for Applied Structural Discovery(CASD) at the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University; the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, grants EQC2021-007532-P, PID2020-117028GB-I00, BIO2016-77883-C2-2-P

This article is part of the Anisotropic Nanomaterials special issue., The pseudo-two-dimensional (2D) morphology of plate-like metal nanoparticles makes them one of the most anisotropic, mechanistically understood, and tunable structures available. Although well-known for their superior plasmonic properties, recent progress in the 2D growth of various other materials has led to an increasingly diverse family of plate-like metal nanoparticles, giving rise to numerous appealing properties and applications. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the solution-phase growth of colloidal plate-like metal nanoparticles, including plasmonic and other metals, with an emphasis on mechanistic insights for different synthetic strategies, the crystallographic habits of different metals, and the use of nanoplates as scaffolds for the synthesis of other derivative structures. We additionally highlight representative self-assembly techniques and provide a brief overview on the attractive properties and unique versatility benefiting from the 2D morphology. Finally, we share our opinions on the existing challenges and future perspectives for plate-like metal nanomaterials., M.R.J. thanks the Robert A. Welch Foundation (grant C-1954), the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (grant 2018-68049), the National Science Foundation for a CAREER award (grant 2145500), and Rice University for financial support. L.S. receives support from the 2020 “la Caixa”Foundation Postdoctoral Junior Leader-Incoming Fellowship (ID 100010434, fellow-ship code LCF/BQ/PI20/11760028), and from a 2022 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation. L.M.L.-M. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC Advanced grant 787510, 4DbioSERS) and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (grant PID2020-117779RB-I00). X.Z. acknowledges financial support from the Juan de la Cierva fellowship (FJC2018-036104-I) and CUHK-Shenzhen (UDF01002665). M.S. thanks the Natural Science Foundation of China for their support (grant no. 22202133). J.E.M. thanks Leo and Theresa Wegemer for their generous support., With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000917-S).

18 páginas.- 6 figuras.- 4 tablas.- 92 referencias.-Supplementary Materials, ydroxystilbenes are a class of polyphenolic compounds that behave as lignin monomers participating in radical coupling reactions during the lignification. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of various artificial copolymers of monolignols and hydroxystilbenes, as well as low-molecular-mass compounds, to obtain the mechanistic insights into their incorporation into the lignin polymer. Integrating the hydroxystilbenes, resveratrol and piceatannol, into monolignol polymerization in vitro, using horseradish peroxidase to generate phenolic radicals, produced synthetic lignins [dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs)]. Copolymerization of hydroxystilbenes with monolignols, especially sinapyl alcohol, by in vitro peroxidases notably improved the reactivity of monolignols and resulted in substantial yields of synthetic lignin polymers. The resulting DHPs were analyzed using two-dimensional NMR and 19 synthesized model compounds to confirm the presence of hydroxystilbene structures in the lignin polymer. The cross-coupled DHPs confirmed both resveratrol and piceatannol as authentic monomers participating in the oxidative radical coupling reactions during polymerization., This work was supported by grants from the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, and H.K. and J.Ra. were funded by the DOE BER Office of Science (DE- SC0018409). J.Re. and J.C.d.R. were supported by the projects AGL2017-83036-R and PID2020-118968RB-I00 (funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and, as appropriate, by “ERDF A way of making Europe”) and by the Andalusian Regional Government (project P20-00017). T.J.E. was funded by the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by the National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562. This work was made possible in part by a grant for high-performance computing resources and technical support from the Alabama Supercomputer Authority. This research was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service.

Understanding how Nature accomplishes the reduction of inert nitrogen gas to form metabolically tractable ammonia at ambient temperature and pressure has challenged scientists for more than a century. Such an understanding is a key aspect toward accomplishing the transfer of the genetic determinants of biological nitrogen fixation to crop plants as well as for the development of improved synthetic catalysts based on the biological mechanism. Over the past 30 years, the free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii emerged as a preferred model organism for mechanistic, structural, genetic, and physiological studies aimed at understanding biological nitrogen fixation. This review provides a contemporary overview of these studies and places them within the context of their historical development., MBB and RD were supported by the UKRI Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, [grants BB/W009986/1 to MBB, BB/N013476/1 and BBS/E/J/000PR9797 to RD]. MBB and RD were also supported by a grant from the Royal Society, [ICA\R1\180088]. LMR was supported by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades – Agencia Estatal de Investigación [grant 2017-88475-R]. J.W.P. was supported by the US DOE, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under award DE-SC0018143. Partial salary support for J. W. P. was provided by the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch umbrella project #15621. O.E. was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [RTG 1976, project no. 235777276 and PP 1927, project no. 311061829]. PDS and JR was supported by the National Science Foundation (MCB 1716535). DRD and JSMC were supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy DE-SC00106867.

We present a study of the effect of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on TiO2 on charge generation and trapping during illumination with photons of energy larger than the substrate band gap. We used a novel characterization technique, photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy, to study the process at the single Au NP level. We found that the photoinduced electron transfer from TiO2 to the Au NP increases logarithmically with light intensity due to the combined contribution of electron-hole pair generation in the space charge region in the TiO2-air interface and in the metal-semiconductor junction. Our measurements on single particles provide direct evidence for electron trapping that hinders electron-hole recombination, a key factor in the enhancement of photo(electro)catalytic activity., This work was supported by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231 through the Structure and Dynamics of Materials Interfaces Program (FWP KC31SM) and the Molecular Foundry. M.L. acknowledges funds from Comunidad de Madrid (P2018/EMT-4308), a Fulbright grant PRX16/00564, and the MCIU-AEI-FEDERUE (RTI2018-096937-B-C22 and MAT2014-59772-C2-1-P). J.C. acknowledges financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and the European Union through the project PID2019-104272RB-C52. Also, Y.H. acknowledges financial support from MCIU through MAT2014-59772-C2-2- P and L.M. from EC through ERC-2013-SYG-610256. V.A.P.O. and M.B. acknowledge the financial support from EC through ERC CoG HyMAP 648319, MINECO PID2019- 106315RB-I00 and ENE2017-89170-R, ″Comunidad de Madrid″ and European Structural Funds (FotoArt-CM project S2018/NMT-4367) and Fundación Ramón Areces (Art-Leaf project). M.B. also thanks the Juan de la Cierva Incorporación contract (IJC2019042430-I). X.Z. was supported by the NSF-BSF 359 grant number 1906014. The authors thank Prof. Eran Edri, María Ujué González Sagardoy, and Judit Meseguer- Oliver for fruitful discussions and Asylum customer support for help with modifications of the AFM.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)., Obtaining high-resolution images at centimeter-or-longer wavelengths is vital for understanding the physics of jets. We reconstructed images from the M87 22 GHz data observed with the East Asian VLBI Network (EAVN) by using the regularized maximum likelihood (RML) method, which is different from the conventional imaging method CLEAN. Consequently, a bright core and jet extending about 30 mas to the northwest were detected with a higher resolution than in the CLEAN image. The width of the jet was 0.5 mas at 0.3 mas from the core, consistent with the width measured in the 86 GHz image in the previous study. In addition, three ridges were able to be detected at around 8 mas from the core, even though the peak-to-peak separation was only 1.0 mas. This indicates that the RML image’s spatial resolution is at least 30% higher than that of the CLEAN image. This study is an important step for future multi-frequency and high-cadence observations of the EAVN to discuss the more detailed structure of the jet and its time variability. © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland., This research is funded by the following: JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) Grant in Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) (A) 22H00157 and (B) 18KK0090 (K.H.). K.H. is also funded by the Mitsubishi Foundation (201911019). Y.C. is funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M712084). K.A. is financially supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (AST-1935980, AST-2034306, AST-2107681, AST-2132700, OMA-2029670). Y.M. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12273022) and the Shanghai pilot program of international scientists for basic research (22JC1410600). R.-S.L. is supported by the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS, the Key Program of the NSFC (No. 11933007), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (No. ZDBS-LY-SLH011), and the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research—CAS, Shanghai Branch (No. JCYJ-SHFY-2022-013). L.C. is supported by the CAS “Light of West China” Program (No. 2021-XBQNXZ-005) and the NSFC (No. U2031212 and 61931002)., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).

23 p.-6 fig.-1 tab., Pardo wishes to thank the Spanish National Research Council, Reina Sofía Foundation, and Primafrío Foundation for funding under agreement no. 20210510. Research at the University of Georgia in the United States, described in this chapter, was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation (MCB2225858) and the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Genomic Science Program (DE-SC0022220). S. Santala would like to thank the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant NNF21OC0067758) and the Academy of Finland (grant no. 334822 and 347204).

The science of tropical dendrochronology is now emerging in regions where tree-ring dating had previously not been considered possible. Here, we combine wood anatomical microsectioning techniques and radiocarbon analysis to produce the first tree-ring chronology with verified annual periodicity for a new dendrochronological species, Neltuma alba (commonly known as “algarrobo blanco”) in the tropical Andes of Bolivia. First, we generated a preliminary chronology composed of six trees using traditional dendrochronological methods (i.e., cross-dating). We then measured the 14C content on nine selected tree rings from two samples and compared them with the Southern Hemisphere (SH) atmospheric 14C curves, covering the period of the bomb 14C peak. We find consistent offsets of 5 and 12 years, respectively, in the calendar dates initially assigned, indicating that several tree rings were missing in the sequence. In order to identify the tree-ring boundaries of the unidentified rings we investigated further by analyzing stem wood microsections to examine anatomical characteristics. These anatomical microsections revealed the presence of very narrow terminal parenchyma defining several tree-ring boundaries within the sapwood, which was not visible in sanded samples under a stereomicroscope. Such newly identified tree rings were consistent with the offsets shown by the radiocarbon analysis and allowed us to correct the calendar dates of the initial chronology. Additional radiocarbon measurements over a new batch of rings of the corrected dated samples resulted in a perfect match between the dendrochronological calendar years and the 14C dating, which is based on good agreement between the tree-ring 14C content and the SH 14C curves. Correlations with prior season precipitation and temperature reveal a strong legacy effect of climate conditions prior to the current Neltuma alba growing season. Overall, our study highlights much potential to complement traditional dendrochronology in tree species with challenging tree-ring boundaries with wood anatomical methods and 14C analyses. Taken together, these approaches confirm that Neltuma alba can be accurately dated and thereby used in climatic and ecological studies in tropical and subtropical South America., This research was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) projects AGS-1702789, OISE-1743738 and AGS-1903687. GS thanks U.S. National Science Foundation for support (AGS-1703035 and AGS-1903690). EF was partially supported by Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Argentina (PICT-2019-01336).

Z. Stone et al., We study the optical gri photometric variability of a sample of 190 quasars within the SDSS Stripe 82 region that have long-term photometric coverage during ∼1998−2020 with SDSS, PanSTARRS-1, the Dark Energy Survey, and dedicated follow-up monitoring with Blanco 4m/DECam. With on average ∼200 nightly epochs per quasar per filter band, we improve the parameter constraints from a Damped Random Walk (DRW) model fit to the light curves over previous studies with 10–15 yr baselines and ≲ 100 epochs. We find that the average damping time-scale τDRW continues to rise with increased baseline, reaching a median value of ∼750 d (g band) in the rest frame of these quasars using the 20-yr light curves. Some quasars may have gradual, long-term trends in their light curves, suggesting that either the DRW fit requires very long baselines to converge, or that the underlying variability is more complex than a single DRW process for these quasars. Using a subset of quasars with better-constrained τDRW (less than 20 per cent of the baseline), we confirm a weak wavelength dependence of τDRW∝λ0.51 ± 0.20. We further quantify optical variability of these quasars over days to decades time-scales using structure function (SF) and power spectrum density (PSD) analyses. The SF and PSD measurements qualitatively confirm the measured (hundreds of days) damping time-scales from the DRW fits. However, the ensemble PSD is steeper than that of a DRW on time-scales less than ∼ a month for these luminous quasars, and this second break point correlates with the longer DRW damping time-scale., ZS and YS acknowledge support from NSF grants AST-1715579 and AST-2009947, and NASA grant 80NSSC21K0775. Funding for the SDSS and SDSS-II has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, the Max Planck Society, and the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grants ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA programme of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2).

Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have evolved with plants and dispersed throughout the world in response to key geological events. However, these hypotheses have not been extensively tested because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets for butterfly larval hosts and global distributions are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,300 butterfly species, sampled from 90 countries and 28 specimen collections, to reconstruct a new phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera. Our phylogeny has strong support for nearly all nodes and demonstrates that at least 36 butterfly tribes require reclassification. Divergence time analyses imply an origin ~100 million years ago for butterflies and indicate that all but one family were present before the K/Pg extinction event. We aggregated larval host datasets and global distribution records and found that butterflies are likely to have first fed on Fabaceae and originated in what is now the Americas. Soon after the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, butterflies crossed Beringia and diversified in the Palaeotropics. Our results also reveal that most butterfly species are specialists that feed on only one larval host plant family. However, generalist butterflies that consume two or more plant families usually feed on closely related plants., Funding came from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) GoLife ‘ButterflyNet’ collaborative grant (DEB-1541500, 1541557, 1541560) to A.Y.K., R.P.G., D.J.L. and N.E.P. Specimen collection and preservation was funded by NSF DBI-1349345, 1601369, DEB-1557007 and IOS-1920895 (A.Y.K.), NSF DEB-1120380 (D.J.L.), grants 9285-13 and WW-227R-17 from the National Geographic Society (D.J.L.), NSF DBI-1256742 (A.Y.K. and K.R.W.), NSF DEB-0639861 (K.R.W.) and NSF SES-0750480, DEB-0447244 and DEB-9615760 (N.E.P.). M.E. was supported by the Research Council of Norway (no. 204308) and the Hintelmann Scientific Award for Zoological Systematics. F.L.C. was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (project GAIA, no. 851188). M.P.B. was supported by the Swedish Research Council (IPG no. 2020‐06422). R.V. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation grant PID2019-107078GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. G.T. was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grants PID2020-117739GA-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and RYC2018-025335-I). V.L. was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 19-14-00202) and by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant 075-15-2021-1069). M.Y. was supported by MEXT KAKENHI no. 19916010 and JSPS KAKENHI grants 13010131, 23570111, 26440207, 17K07528 and 21H02215. A.B.B.M., H.P.R. and N.O.M. were supported by CNPQ grants proc 563332/2010-7 and 304273/2014-7., Main Results and discussion Methods Data availability Code availability References Acknowledgements Author information Ethics declarations Peer review Additional information Supplementary information Rights and permissions About this article

12 pages, 6 figures, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-023-01370-8.-- Data Availability: Transcriptome sequencing data are available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with the accession number PRJNA686847, Ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) are recognized as two major climatic conditions influencing phytoplankton growth and nutritional or toxin content. However, there is limited knowledge on the responses of harmful algal bloom species that produce toxins. Here, the study provides quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the acclimation and adaptation responses of the domoic acid (DA) producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries to rising temperature and pCO2 using both a one-year in situ bulk culture experiment, and an 800-day laboratory acclimation experiment. Ocean warming showed larger selective effects on growth and DA metabolism than ocean acidification. In a bulk culture experiment, increasing temperature +4 °C above ambient seawater temperature significantly increased DA concentration by up to 11-fold. In laboratory when the long-term warming acclimated samples were assayed under low temperatures, changes in growth rates and DA concentrations indicated that P. multiseries did not adapt to elevated temperature, but could instead rapidly and reversibly acclimate to temperature shifts. However, the warming-acclimated lines showed evidence of adaptation to elevated temperatures in the transcriptome data. Here the core gene expression was not reversed when warming-acclimated lines were moved back to the low temperature environment, which suggested that P. multiseries cells might adapt to rising temperature over longer timescales. The distinct strategies of phenotypic plasticity to rising temperature and pCO2 demonstrate a strong acclimation capacity for this bloom-forming toxic diatom in the future ocean, This work was supported by Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) (No.2021QNLM050103-1), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41976110; 32072329; 32000404); the Young Taishan Scholars Program to DX, Taishan Scholars Funding; Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS (NO. 2020TD27, 20603022021019); Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021MD075); Laoshan Laboratory (LSKJ202203204); China Agriculture Research System (CARS-50); U.S. California Urban Ocean Sea Grant and National Science Foundation grants (OCE 1638804, OCE 1538525, OCE 2149837, OCE 2120619), With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

The core-collapse supernova of a massive star rapidly brightens when a shock, produced following the collapse of its core, reaches the stellar surface. As the shock-heated star subsequently expands and cools, its early-time light curve should have a simple dependence on the size of the progenitor1 and therefore final evolutionary state. Measurements of the radius of the progenitor from early light curves exist for only a small sample of nearby supernovae2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14, and almost all lack constraining ultraviolet observations within a day of explosion. The several-day time delays and magnifying ability of galaxy-scale gravitational lenses, however, should provide a powerful tool for measuring the early light curves of distant supernovae, and thereby studying massive stellar populations at high redshift. Here we analyse individual rest-frame exposures in the ultraviolet to the optical taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, which simultaneously capture, in three separate gravitationally lensed images, the early phases of a supernova at redshift z ≈ 3 beginning within 5.8 ± 3.1 hours of explosion. The supernova, seen at a lookback time of approximately 11.5 billion years, is strongly lensed by an early-type galaxy in the Abell 370 cluster. We constrain the pre-explosion radius to be 533+154−119 solar radii, consistent with a red supergiant. Highly confined and massive circumstellar material at the same radius can also reproduce the light curve, but because no similar low-redshift examples are known, this is unlikely., This work was supported by the HST Cycle 27 Archival Research programme (grant AR-15791), as well as by GO-15936 and GO-16278. We utilize gravitational lensing models produced by the GLAFIC group. The lens modelling was partially funded by the HST Frontier Fields programme conducted by STScI. The lens models were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes. Some of the observations reported here were obtained at the MMT Observatory, a joint facility of the Smithsonian Institution and the University of Arizona. The data presented here were obtained in part at the LBT Observatory. The LBT is an international collaboration among institutions in the USA, Italy and Germany. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. We wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the Indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. P.L.K. is supported by US National Science Foundation (NSF) grant AST-1908823. J.M.D. acknowledges support from projects PGC2018-101814-B-100 and MDM-2017-0765. M.O. acknowledges support from World Premier International Research Center Initiative, MEXT, Japan, and JSPS KAKENHI grants JP20H00181, JP20H05856, JP22H01260 and JP18K03693. A.Z. acknowledges support by grant 2020750 from the USA–Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) and grant 2109066 from the US NSF, and by the Ministry of Science & Technology, Israel. A.V.F. is grateful for assistance from the Christopher R. Redlich Fund, the UC Berkeley Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science (where he was a Miller Senior Fellow), and many individual donors. We acknowledge the help of W. Zheng with the Keck MOSFIRE observations.

Hybrid carbon nanomaterials, such as those that incorporate carbon nanotubes into graphene sheets, have been found to display interesting mechanical and electrical properties because of their covalent bonding and π–π stacking domains. However, synthesis of these hybrid materials is limited by the high energetic cost of techniques like chemical vapor deposition. Here, we demonstrate the solvent- and gas-free synthesis of a 2D carbon nanotube/graphene network through flash Joule heating of pristine carbon nanotubes. The relative proportion of each morphology in the hybrid material can be tuned by varying the pulse time, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and microscopy. Triboindentation of epoxy composites made with the hybrid material shows increases of 162% and 64% to the hardness and Young’s modulus, respectively, compared with the neat epoxy. These results demonstrate that flash Joule heating can be used to inexpensively convert carbon nanotubes into a hybrid network of nanotubes and graphene for use as an effective reinforcing additive in epoxy composites., The Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-22-1-0526) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC (W912HZ-21-2-0050), funded this work. J.L.B. acknowledges support from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program. A.M. acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Science through the Ramón y Cajal program (RYC2018-024561-I), the regional government of Aragon (DGA E13-20R), and also acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-21835002). Y.H. and C.-H.C. acknowledge support from the Welch Foundation (C-2065-20210327).

18 Pág., Weed community structure, including composition, taxonomic and functional diversity, may explain variability in crop quality, adding to the variability accounted by management, climatic and genetic factors. Focusing on Mediterranean rainfed wheat crops, we sampled weed communities from 26 fields in Spain that were either organically or conventionally managed. Weed communities were characterized by their abundance and taxonomic, compositional and trait-based measures. Grain protein concentration and the glutenin to gliadin ratio were used as indicators of wheat grain quality. Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze the relationship between crop quality and weed community variables, while accounting for environmental factors. Nitrogen fertilization, previous crop and precipitation explained a large portion of the variation in wheat grain protein concentration (R2marginal = 0.39) and composition (R2marginal = 0.26). Weed community measures had limited effects on grain quality (increasing R2marginal of models by 1% on average). The weed effects were related to the composition and the functional structure of their communities, but not to their abundance. Environmental conditions promoting higher protein concentration were also selecting for weed species with competitive attributes, whereas the role of weed functional diversity depended on the functional trait and on the resource limiting crop grain quality. Understanding the mechanisms of weed effects on crop quality could aid on designing sustainable weed management practices., This research was supported by grants AGL2012-33736 and AGL2015-64130-R funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. D.J.G. was partially supported by the United States National Science Foundation (DUE 1758497 and DUE 1949969).

Human activities have caused massive losses of natural populations across the globe. Like many groups, amphibians have experienced substantial declines worldwide, driven by environmental changes such as habitat conversion, pollution, and disease emergence. Each of these drivers is often found in close association with the presence of roads. Here we report a novel consequence of roads affecting an amphibian native to much of North America, the wood frog (Rana sylvatica). Across 38 populations distributed from southern to central New England, we found that adult wood frogs living adjacent to roads had higher incidence and severity of oedema (indicated by obvious bloating caused by subcutaneous fluid accumulation) during the breeding season than frogs living away from the influence of roads. This effect was best explained by increased conductivity of breeding ponds, prob-ably caused by runoff pollution from road salt used for de-icing. Oedema severity was negatively correlated with locomotor performance in more northerly populations. Interestingly, northern populations experience more intense winters, which tends to result in more de-icing salt runoff and increased energetic demands associated with overwintering cryoprotection needs. Thus, this emerging consequence of roads appears to impose potential fitness costs associated with locomotion, and these effects might be most impactful on populations living in regions where de-icing is most intense.Together, our findings reveal a novel set of impacts of roads and runoff pollution on wood frog physiology and performance, which seem likely to contribute to population decline. Given the global prevalence of roads and increasing salinisation of freshwater habitats, oedema and related impacts could be widespread consequences faced by amphibian populations across much of the planet's temperate zones, This work was supported by Mianus River Gorge Preserve, Elm City Innovation Collaborative, Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, EEES Graduate fellowship and Cramer funds, Guarini School of Graduate and Advanced Studies McCulloch Fellowship, CAPES graduate fellowship (SwB 13442/13-9), the Margarita Salas Fellowship, and the National Science Foundation (DEB #1011335, DEB #1655092).

Anisotropy has been a key property employed in the design of optical components for hundreds of years. However, in recent years there has been growing interest in polaritons supported within anisotropic (low crystal symmetry) materials for their ability to compress light to smaller, deeply subwavelength dimensions. While historically the first anisotropic polaritons probed were hyperbolic modes, research into anisotropic materials has recently turned toward hybrid materials and optical modes, employing phenomena such as phonon confinement, polaritonic strong coupling, and Moiré structures to design the optical properties. In this Perspective, we will briefly introduce the physics and theories of polariton anisotropy, review recently investigated anisotropic and two-dimensional materials, and then move on to a discussion of approaches toward realizing hybrid modes and identifying new materials. Based on the results from the past few years, we extend these discussions to highlight outstanding challenges and outline what we perceive as promising paths to further explore the potential for polariton anisotropy and hybrid systems in future nanophotonic optical devices., M.H. and J.D.C. acknowledge support through the Army Research Office (Grant #W911NF-21-1-0119) and the National Science Foundation (Grant #1904793), respectively. T.G.F. acknowledges support through the University of Iowa Startup funds and The Old Gold Fellowship. P.A.-G. and J.D. acknowledge support from the European Research Council under Starting Grant No. 715496, 2DNANOPTICA, and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation Grant Number PID2019-111156GB-I00). S.D.L. acknowledges support by a Royal Society Research fellowship, the Philip Leverhulme prize, and a Research Grant of the Leverhulme Trust (Grant No. RPG-2019-174).

We have reassessed the palynological record of Equus Cave in the Savanna Biome of the southern Kalahari, one of the longest Late Quaternary pollen records for the semi-arid central interior of South Africa. We combined published pollen results from the cave, derived from hyena coprolites and the rubified deposits in which they occur, into a single sequence. By re-considering the chronology of this sequence, we critically evaluated the palaeoenvironmental record for the site. We compared the pollen evidence from Equus Cave to that from the longer Wonderwerk Cave records (stalagmite, sediments and dung), also located in the Savanna Biome. Then, we contrasted Equus and Wonderwerk records with other previously published pollen sequences derived from a range of sources from several sites in central South Africa. These sites follow a broad northwest to southeast transect of c. 500 km through the Grassland and Nama Karoo Biomes of the Free State and Eastern Cape. Applying Principal Components Analysis to the pollen data, we derived climatic signals at a regional scale to refine reconstructions of Late Quaternary changes for central South Africa., LS was supported by the National Research foundation (South Africa) (NRF Grant no. 85903). The Leakey Foundation (USA) and the National Science Foundation (USA) respectively supported CBB’s work at Baden-Baden and Blydefontein. LS appreciates Juan Ochando Tomas’ collaboration relating to hyena coprolites in Project CGL-PID2019-1049449GB-I00 (FEDER/Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain).

[Hypothesis] l-carnitines in our body systems can be readily converted into acyl-l-carnitines which have a prominent place in cellular energy generation by supporting the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria. As biocompatible surfactants, acyl-l-carnitines have potential to be useful in technical, personal care and healthcare applications. However, the lack of understanding of the effects of their molecular structures on their physical properties has constrained their potential use., [Experiments] This work reports the study of the influence of the acyl chain lengths of acyl-l-carnitines (CnLC) on solubility, surface adsorption and aggregation. Critical micellar concentrations (CMCs) of CnLC were determined by surface tension measurements. Neutron reflection (NR) was used to further examine the structure and composition of the adsorbed CnLC layer. The structural changes of the micellar aggregates under different concentrations of CnLC, pH and ionic strength were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS)., [Findings] C12LC is fully soluble over a wide temperature and concentration range. There is however a strong decline of solubility with increasing acyl chain length. The adsorption and aggregation behavior of C14LC was therefore studied at 30 °C and C16LC at 45 °C. The solubility boundaries displayed distinct hysteresis with respect to heating and cooling. The CMCs of C12LC, C14LC and C16LC at pH 7 were 1.1 ± 0.1, 0.10 ± 0.02 and 0.010 ± 0.005 mM, respectively, with the limiting values of the area per molecule at the CMC being 45.4 ± 2, 47.5 ± 2 and 48.8 ± 2 Å2 and the thicknesses of the adsorbed CnLC layers at the air/water interface increasing from 21.5 ± 2 to 22.6 ± 2 to 24.2 ± 2 Å, respectively. All three surfactants formed core–shell spherical micelles with comparable dimensional parameters apart from an increase in core radius with acyl chain length. This study outlines the effects of acyl chain length on the physicochemical properties of CnLCs under different environmental conditions, serving as a useful basis for developing their potential applications., We thank Lonza for funding this project under the grant number P121881. The provision of neutron beam time from ISIS Neutron Facility (LOQ, RB1920293 and Surf, RB1920156) and ILL Neutron Facility (D11, 9-10-1613 and FIGARO, 9-13-840) is acknowledged. We also appreciate the SasView, developed by NSF award DMR-0520547, and Igor pro.

11 pags., 8 figs., Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) delivers real-time observation ofphysical perturbations such as vibrations or strain variations in conventional optical fibers with high sensitivity. The high density of sensing points and large network footprint provided by a single DAS system, along with the availability of a vast optical fiber network already deployed both in land and in oceanic regions, contrast with the high deployment and maintenance cost of conventional instrumentation networks for seismology. This situation has triggered a rapid growth of DAS deployments for seismic monitoring in recent years. Photonic engineers and geophysicists have joined efforts to prove the value of optical fibers as distributed seismometers, which has resulted in a wide panoply of tests demonstrating diverse applicability across the geosciences. For example, DAS has been successfully applied recording local to teleseismic earthquakes, monitoring glacial icequakes, and observing oceanographic phenomena at the sea floor. Most of the realized tests have been performed using commercially available optical fiber interrogators based on phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry. Among them, DAS based on chirped pulse distributed acoustic sensing have provided optimized performance in terms of both range and sensitivity, particularly at low frequencies. In this communication, we provide a comprehensive review of the current situation of DAS for seismology applications, focusing on near surface monitoring, where already deployed optical fibers can be repurposed as sensor networks., Z.Z. acknowledges support from the Moore Foundation and NSF under CAREER Award 1848166.

Microbial communities often harbor overwhelming species and gene diversity, making it challenging to determine the important units to study this diversity. We argue that the reduced, and thus tractable, microbial diversity of manmade salterns provides an ideal system to advance this cornerstone issue. We review recent time-series genomic and metagenomic studies of the saltern-dominating bacterial and archaeal taxa to show that these taxa form persistent, sequence-discrete, species-like populations. While these populations harbor extensive intra-population gene diversity, even within a single saltern site, only a small minority of these genes appear to be functionally important during environmental perturbations. We outline an approach to detect and track such populations and their ecologically important genes that should be broadly applicable., This work was partly funded by the US National Science Foundation, awards #1831582 and #1759831 (to KTK), and by the projects CLG2015_66686-C3-1-P, PGC2018-096956-B-C41 and RTC-2017-6405-1 of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (to RRM), which were also supported with European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) funds. RRM acknowledges the financial support of the sabbatical stay at Georgia Tech by the grant PRX18/00048 also from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities.

The observed diversity in Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) – the thermonuclear explosions of carbon–oxygen white dwarf stars used as cosmological standard candles – is currently met with a variety of explosion models and progenitor scenarios. To help improve our understanding of whether and how often different models contribute to the occurrence of SNe Ia and their assorted properties, we present a comprehensive analysis of seven nearby SNe Ia. We obtained one to two epochs of optical spectra with Gemini Observatory during the nebular phase (>200 d past peak) for each of these events, all of which had time series of photometry and spectroscopy at early times (the first ∼8 weeks after explosion). We use the combination of early- and late-time observations to assess the predictions of various models for the explosion (e.g. double-detonation, off-centre detonation, stellar collisions), progenitor star (e.g. ejecta mass, metallicity), and binary companion (e.g. another white dwarf or a non-degenerate star). Overall, we find general consistency in our observations with spherically symmetric models for SN Ia explosions, and with scenarios in which the binary companion is another degenerate star. We also present an in-depth analysis of SN 2017fzw, a member of the subgroup of SNe Ia which appear to be transitional between the subluminous ‘91bg-like’ events and normal SNe Ia, and for which nebular-phase spectra are rare., The international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF’s NOIRLab, is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation on behalf of the Gemini Observatory partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Argentina), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). The observations were made under Gemini programs GS-2018A-Q-315, GS-2018B-Q-209, and GN-2018B-Q-213 (optical spectra), and GS-2018B-Q-218 (NIR spectrum). The data and calibration files were obtained from the Gemini Observatory Archive at NSF’s NOIRLab, and processed using the Gemini IRAF package. This work makes use of observations from the Las Cumbres Observatory global telescope network. The Las Cumbres Observatory team is supported by NSF grants AST-1911225 and AST-1911151. We acknowledge ESA Gaia, DPAC and the Photometric Science Alerts Team. MLG and TDK acknowledge support from the DIRAC Institute in the Department of Astronomy at the University of Washington. The DIRAC Institute is supported through generous gifts from the Charles and Lisa Simonyi Fund for Arts and Sciences, and the Washington Research Foundation. MLG and TDK thank Brigitta Sipőcz for assistance with implementing the Bayesian Information Criterion. Time domain research by DJS is supported by NSF grants AST-1821987, 1813466, and 1908972, and by the Heising–Simons Foundation under grant #2020-1864. LG acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) under the 2019 Ramón y Cajal program RYC2019-027683 and from the Spanish MICIU project PID2020-115253GA-I00. XW is supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC grants 12033003 and 11633002), the Scholar Program of Beijing Academy of Science and Technology (DZ:BS202002), and the Tencent XPLORER Prize.

Macrocyclic poly(glycidyl phenyl ether) (pGPE) synthesized via zwitterionic ring opening polymerization is typically contaminated by chains with linear and tadpole architecture. Although mass spectrometry (MS) analysis can readily confirm the presence of the linear byproduct, due to its unique mass, it is unable to differentiate between the cyclic and tadpole structures, which are constitutional isomers produced by backbiting reactions in monomeric or dimeric chains, respectively. To overcome this problem, ultraperformance reversed-phase liquid chromatography interfaced with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was employed. The separation achieved by UPLC revealed that the tadpole isomer elutes before the cyclic structure because of the increased polarity afforded by its distinctive substituents. The ratio of tadpole to cyclic species increased with the degree of polymerization, in agreement with the synthetic method used, as the potential for forming tadpole structures by backbiting is entropically favored in longer polymer chains. Once separated, the two isomers could be independently characterized by tandem mass spectrometry. The macrocyclic and tadpole species exhibit unique fragmentation patterns, including structurally diagnostic fragments for each structure., Support from the National Science Foundation (CHE-1808115 to C. W.) is gratefully acknowledged.

The magnetic properties of cobalt metal nanowires grown by electrodeposition in porous membranes depend largely on the synthesis conditions. Here, we focus on the role of electrolyte additives on the magnetic anisotropy of the electrodeposited nanowires. Through magnetometry and internal field nuclear magnetic resonance (IF NMR) studies, we compared both the magnetic and crystalline structures of 50 and 200 nm diameter Co nanowires synthesized in the presence or absence of organic additives. The spectral characteristics of IF NMR were compared structurally to X-ray diffraction patterns, and the anisotropy of the NMR enhancement factor in ferromagnetic multidomain structures to magnetometry results. While the magnetic behavior of the 50 nm nanowires was dominated, as expected, by shape anisotropy with magnetic domains oriented on axis, the analysis of the 200 nm proved to be more complex. 59Co IF NMR revealed that the determining difference between the samples electrodeposited in the presence or in absence of organic additives was not the dominant crystalline system (fcc or hcp) but the coherent domain sizes and boundaries. In the presence of organic additives, the cobalt crystal domains are smaller and with defective grain boundaries, as revealed by resonances below 210 MHz. This prevented the development in the Co hcp part of the sample of the strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy that was observed in the absence of organic additives. In the presence of organic additives, even in nanowires as wide as 200 nm, the magnetic behavior remained determined by the shape anisotropy with a positive effective magnetic anisotropy and strong anisotropy of the NMR enhancement factor., NMR equipment at ESPCI Paris is funded in part by the Paris Region. This project has received funding from the European Union′s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 754387. Work at Georgetown University has been supported by the US NSF (ECCS-1933527). The acquisition of a Magnetic Property Measurements System (MPMS3) at GU, which was used in this investigation, was supported by the US-NSF (DMR-1828420). Bruno Bresson (ESPCI) is thanked for performing the SEM analysis., With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000917-S).

A. Kovács et al., The Cold Spot is a puzzling large-scale feature in the Cosmic Microwave Background temperature maps and its origin has been subject to active debate. As an important foreground structure at low redshift, the Eridanus supervoid was recently detected, but it was subsequently determined that, assuming the standard ΛCDM model, only about 10–20 per cent of the observed temperature depression can be accounted for via its Integrated Sachs–Wolfe imprint. However, R ≳ 100 h−1Mpc supervoids elsewhere in the sky have shown ISW imprints AISW ≈ 5.2 ± 1.6 times stronger than expected from ΛCDM (AISW = 1), which warrants further inspection. Using the Year-3 redMaGiC catalogue of luminous red galaxies from the Dark Energy Survey, here we confirm the detection of the Eridanus supervoid as a significant underdensity in the Cold Spot’s direction at z < 0.2. We also show, with S/N ≳ 5 significance, that the Eridanus supervoid appears as the most prominent large-scale underdensity in the dark matter mass maps that we reconstructed from DES Year-3 gravitational lensing data. While we report no significant anomalies, an interesting aspect is that the amplitude of the lensing signal from the Eridanus supervoid at the Cold Spot centre is about 30 per cent lower than expected from similar peaks found in N-body simulations based on the standard ΛCDM model with parameters Ωm = 0.279 and σ8 = 0.82. Overall, our results confirm the causal relation between these individually rare structures in the cosmic web and in the CMB, motivating more detailed future surveys in the Cold Spot region., AK has been supported by a Juan de la Cierva Incorporación fellowship with project number IJC2018-037730-I, and funding for this project was also available in part through SEV-2015-0548 and AYA2017-89891-P. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The DES data management system is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers AST-1138766 and AST-1536171. The DES participants from Spanish institutions are partially supported by MICINN under grants ESP2017-89838, PGC2018-094773, PGC2018-102021, SEV-2016-0588, SEV-2016-0597, and MDM-2015-0509, some of which include ERDF funds from the European Union. IFAE is partially funded by the CERCA program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. Research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) including ERC grant agreements 240672, 291329, and 306478. We acknowledge support from the Brazilian Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) do e-Universo (CNPq grant 465376/2014-2).

Seed dispersal is key to the persistence and spread of plant populations. Because the majority of plant species rely on animals to disperse their seeds, global change drivers that directly affect animals can cause cascading impacts on plant communities. In this review, we synthesize studies assessing how disperser loss alters plant populations, community patterns, multitrophic interactions, and ecosystem functioning. We argue that the magnitude of risk to plants from disperser loss is shaped by the combination of a plant species’ inherent dependence on seed dispersal and the severity of the hazards faced by their dispersers. Because the factors determining a plant species’ risk of decline due to disperser loss can be related to traits of the plants and dispersers, our framework enables a trait-based understanding of change in plant community composition and ecosystem functioning. We discuss how interactions among plants, among dispersers, and across other trophic levels also mediate plant community responses, and we identify areas for future research to understand and mitigate the consequences of disperser loss on plants globally., This work was supported by the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center’s Postdoctoral Fellowship to E.C.F. under funding received from the National Science Foundation (DBI1639145), the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Fellowship to I.D., and the Spanish Ministry of Science to A.T. (project CGL2017-88122-P).

We characterize the selection cuts and clustering properties of a magnitude-limited sample of bright galaxies that is part of the Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) using the ninth data release of the Legacy Imaging Surveys (DR9). We describe changes in the DR9 selection compared to the DR8 one and we also compare the DR9 selection in three distinct regions: BASS/MzLS in the north Galactic Cap (NGC), DECaLS in the NGC, and DECaLS in the south Galactic Cap (SGC). We investigate the systematics associated with the selection and assess its completeness by matching the BGS targets with the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey. We measure the angular clustering for the overall bright sample (rmag ≤ 19.5) and as function of apparent magnitude and colour. This enables to determine the clustering strength r0 and slope γ by fitting a power-law model that can be used to generate accurate mock catalogues for this tracer. We use a counts-in-cells technique to explore higher order statistics and cross-correlations with external spectroscopic data sets in order to check the evolution of the clustering with redshift and the redshift distribution of the BGS targets using clustering redshifts. While this work validates the properties of the BGS bright targets, the final target selection pipeline and clustering properties of the entire DESI BGS will be fully characterized and validated with the spectroscopic data of Survey Validation. © 2021 The Author(s)., PZ, OR-M, SC, PN, and CB acknowledge support from the Science Technology Facilities Council through ST/P000541/1 andST/T000244/1. OR-M is supported by the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) through grant No. 297228/440775 and funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 734374. JM gratefully acknowledges support from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics under Award Number DESC0020086 and from the National Science Foundation under grant AST-1616414. Authors want to thank the GAMA collaboration for early access to GAMA DR4 data for this work. Some of the results in this paper have been derived using the healpy and HEALPIX package. We acknowledge the usage of the HyperLeda database (http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr).This work also made extensive use of the NASA Astrophysics Data System and of the astro-ph preprint archive at arXiv.org. This work used the DiRAC@Durham facility managed by the Institute for Computational Cosmology on behalf of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility (www.dirac.ac.uk). The equipment was funded by BEIS capital funding via STFC capital grants ST/K00042X/1, ST/P002293/1, and ST/R002371/1, Durham University and STFC operations grant ST/R000832/1. DiRAC is part of the National e-Infrastructure. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC). NERSC is a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. This research is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH1123, and by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract; additional support for DESI is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under Contract No. AST-0950945 to the NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory; the Science and Technologies Facilities Council of the United Kingdom; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA); the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico; the Ministry of Economy of Spain, and by the DESI Member Institutions. The authors are honored to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du’ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O’odham Nation., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

This is an Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Cluster substructure and ram pressure stripping in individual galaxies are among the primary pieces of evidence for the ongoing growth of galaxy clusters as they accrete galaxies and groups from their surroundings. We present a multiwavelength study of the center of the Hydra I galaxy cluster, including exquisite new MeerKAT H I and DECam Hα imaging which reveal conclusive evidence for ram pressure stripping in NGC 3312, NGC 3314a, and NGC 3314b through compressed H I contours, well-defined H I tails, and ongoing star formation in the stripped gas. In particular, we quantify the stripped material in NGC 3312, and NGC 3314a, which makes up between 8% and 35% of the gas still in the disk, is forming stars at ∼0.5 M⊙ yr−1, and extends ∼30−60 kpc from the main disk. The estimated stellar mass in the tails is an order of magnitude less than the H I mass. A fourth “ring” galaxy at the same velocity does not show signs of ram pressure in H I. In addition, we used the H I and stellar morphologies, combined with a Beta model of the hot intracluster medium, to constrain the real distances of the galaxies to the cluster center, and we used the chance alignment of NGC 3314b behind NGC 3314a to break the degeneracy between whether the galaxies are in front or in back of the cluster. The drag seen in the H I tails supports our preferred scenario that NGC 3312 and NGC 3314a are moving toward us as part of a foreground substructure which has already passed its pericenter and is on “out fall” from the cluster. The high surviving H I content of the galaxies may suggest that the substructure or intragroup medium can protect them from the harshest effects of ram pressure, or that the galaxies are in fact on more tangential orbits. © The Authors 2022., K.M.H. acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” awarded to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709) from the coordination of the participation in SKA-SPAIN, funded by the Ministry of Science and innovation (MICIN) and grant RTI2018-096228-B-C31 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE). R.K. gratefully acknowledges partial funding support from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under project 80NSSC18K1498, and from the National Science Foundation under grants No. 1852136 and 2150222. H.C. is supported by Key Research Project of Zhejiang Lab. (No. 2021PE0AC03); the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation through SARChI’s South African SKA Fellowship within the SARAO Research Chair held by RC Kraan-Korteweg. J.S.G. thanks the University of Wisconsin College of Letters and Science for partial support of this work. The MeerKAT telescope is operated by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, which is a facility of the National Research Foundation, an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation. Part of the data published here have been reduced using the CARACal pipeline, partially supported by ERC Starting grant number 679629 “FORNAX”, MAECI Grant Number ZA18GR02, DST-NRF Grant Number 113121 as part of the ISARP Joint Research Scheme, and BMBF project 05A17PC2 for D-MeerKAT, and partially supported by the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation. Information about CARACal can be obtained online under the URL: https://caracal.readthedocs.io/en/latest. This work made use of the CARTA (Cube Analysis and Rendering Tool for Astronomy) software (DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3377984 – https://cartavis.github.io). We acknowledge the use of the Ilifu cloud computing facility – www.ilifu.ac.za, a partnership between the University of Cape Town, the University of the Western Cape, the University of Stellenbosch, Sol Plaatje University, the Cape Peninsula University of Technology and the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory. The Ilifu facility is supported by contributions from the Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy (IDIA – a partnership between the University of Cape Town, the University of Pretoria, the University of the Western Cape and the South African Radio astronomy Observatory), the Computational Biology division at UCT and the Data Intensive Research Initiative of South Africa (DIRISA).

If neutrinos are their own antiparticles the otherwise-forbidden nuclear reaction known as neutrinoless double beta decay can occur. The very long lifetime expected for these exceptional events makes its detection a daunting task. In order to conduct an almost background-free experiment, the NEXT collaboration is investigating novel synthetic molecular sensors that may capture the Ba dication produced in the decay of certain Xe isotopes in a high-pressure gas experiment. The use of such molecular detectors immobilized on surfaces must be explored in the ultra-dry environment of a xenon gas chamber. Here, using a combination of highly sensitive surface science techniques in ultra-high vacuum, we demonstrate the possibility of employing the so-called Fluorescent Bicolor Indicator as the molecular component of the sensor. We unravel the ion capture process for these molecular indicators immobilized on a surface and explain the origin of the emission fluorescence shift associated to the ion trapping., This material is based upon work supported by the following agencies and institutions: the European Research Council (ERC) under ERC-2020-SyG 951281; the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 of Spain and ERDF A way of making Europe under grants PID2020-114252GB-I00, PID2019-107338RB-C63, PID2019-104772GB-I00, PID2019-111281GB-I00, and RTI2018-095979, the Severo Ochoa Program grant CEX2018-000867-S; the Basque Government (GV/EJ) under grants IT-1553-22, IT-1591-22. The NEXT Collaboration acknowledges support from the following agencies and institutions: the European Union’s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 (2014-2020) under Grant Agreement No. 957202-HIDDEN; the MCIN/AEI of Spain and ERDF A way of making Europe under grants RTI2018-095979 and PID2021-125475NB, the Severo Ochoa Program grant CEX2018-000867-S and the Ramón y Cajal program grant RYC-2015-18820; the Generalitat Valenciana of Spain under grants PROMETEO/2021/087 and CIDEGENT/2019/049; the Department of Education of the Basque Government of Spain under the predoctoral training program non-doctoral research personnel; the Portuguese FCT under project UID/FIS/04559/2020 to fund the activities of LIBPhys-UC; the Pazy Foundation (Israel) under grants 877040 and 877041; the US Department of Energy under contracts number DE-AC02-06CH11357 (Argonne National Laboratory), DE-AC02-07CH11359 (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), DE-FG02-13ER42020 (Texas A&M), DE-SC0019054 (Texas Arlington) and DE-SC0019223 (Texas Arlington); the US National Science Foundation under award number NSF CHE 2004111; the Robert A Welch Foundation under award number Y-2031-20200401. Finally, we are grateful to the Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc for hosting and supporting the NEXT experiment.

15 pags., 6 figs., 1 tab., With advances in X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) has enabled the static and dynamic structure determination for challenging proteins such as membrane protein complexes. In SFX with XFELs, the crystals are typically destroyed after interacting with a single XFEL pulse. Therefore, thousands of new crystals must be sequentially introduced into the X-ray beam to collect full data sets. Because of the serial nature of any SFX experiment, up to 99% of the sample delivered to the X-ray beam during its "off-time" between X-ray pulses is wasted due to the intrinsic pulsed nature of all current XFELs. To solve this major problem of large and often limiting sample consumption, we report on improvements of a revolutionary sample-saving method that is compatible with all current XFELs. We previously reported 3D-printed injection devices coupled with gas dynamic virtual nozzles (GDVNs) capable of generating samples containing droplets segmented by an immiscible oil phase for jetting crystal-laden droplets into the path of an XFEL. Here, we have further improved the device design by including metal electrodes inducing electrowetting effects for improved control over droplet generation frequency to stimulate the droplet release to matching the XFEL repetition rate by employing an electrical feedback mechanism. We report the improvements in this electrically triggered segmented flow approach for sample conservation in comparison with a continuous GDVN injection using the microcrystals of lysozyme and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase and report the segmented flow approach for sample injection applied at the Macromolecular Femtosecond Crystallography instrument at the Linear Coherent Light Source for the first time., Financial support from the STC Program of the National Science Foundation through BioXFEL under agreement no. 1231306, NSF ABI Innovations award no. 1565180, and the National Institutes of Health award no. R01GM095583 is gratefully acknowledged. The use of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, is generously supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under contract no. DE-AC02-76SF00515. The HERA system for in-helium experiments at MFX was developed by Bruce Doak and funded by the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research. This work was also supported by The Center for Structural Dynamics in Biology, NIH grant P41GM139687.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)., In the past few years, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has provided the first-ever event horizon-scale images of the supermassive black holes (BHs) M87∗ and Sagittarius A∗ (Sgr A∗ ). The next-generation EHT project is an extension of the EHT array that promises larger angular resolution and higher sensitivity to the dim, extended flux around the central ring-like structure, possibly connecting the accretion flow and the jet. The ngEHT Analysis Challenges aim to understand the science extractability from synthetic images and movies to inform the ngEHT array design and analysis algorithm development. In this work, we compare the accretion flow structure and dynamics in numerical fluid simulations that specifically target M87∗ and Sgr A∗, and were used to construct the source models in the challenge set. We consider (1) a steady-state axisymmetric radiatively inefficient accretion flow model with a time-dependent shearing hotspot, (2) two time-dependent single fluid general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations from the H-AMR code, (3) a two-temperature GRMHD simulation from the BHAC code, and (4) a two-temperature radiative GRMHD simulation from the KORAL code. We find that the different models exhibit remarkably similar temporal and spatial properties, except for the electron temperature, since radiative losses substantially cool down electrons near the BH and the jet sheath, signaling the importance of radiative cooling even for slowly accreting BHs such as M87∗. We restrict ourselves to standard torus accretion flows, and leave larger explorations of alternate accretion models to future work. © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland., We thank the National Science Foundation (AST-1716536, AST-1935980 and AST-2034306) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF-10423) for financially supporting this work. This work was supported in part by the Black Hole Initiative, which is funded by grants from the John Templeton Foundation (JTF-61497) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF-8273) to Harvard University. K.C. is also supported in part by the Black Hole PIRE program (NSF grant OISE-1743747). R.E. acknowledges the support by the Institute for Theory and Computation at the Center for Astrophysics as well as grant numbers 21-atp21-0077, NSF AST-1816420, and HST-GO-16173.001-A for very generous supports. H.M. received financial support for this research from the International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne. This research is supported by the DFG research grant “Jet physics on horizon scales and beyond” (Grant No. FR 4069/2-1), the ERC synergy grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (Grant No. 610058), and ERC advanced grant “JETSET: Launching, propagation and emission of relativistic jets from binary mergers and across mass scales” (Grant No. 884631). J.K. acknowledges funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany´s Excellence Strategy—EXC 2094—390783311. Y.M. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12273022) and the Shanghai pilot program of international scientists for basic research (No. 22JC1410600)., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).

Neutron stars are known to show accelerated spin-up of their rotational frequency called a glitch. Highly magnetized rotating neutron stars (pulsars) are frequently observed by radio telescopes (and in other frequencies), where the glitch is observed as irregular arrival times of pulses which are otherwise very regular. A glitch in an isolated neutron star can excite the fundamental (f)-mode oscillations which can lead to gravitational wave generation. This gravitational wave signal associated with stellar fluid oscillations has a damping time of 10–200 ms and occurs at the frequency range between 2.2–2.8 kHz for the equation of state and mass range considered in this work, which is within the detectable range of the current generation of ground-based detectors. Electromagnetic observations of pulsars (and hence pulsar glitches) require the pulsar to be oriented so that the jet is pointed toward the detector, but this is not a requirement for gravitational wave emission which is more isotropic and not jetlike. Hence, gravitational wave observations have the potential to uncover nearby neutron stars where the jet is not pointed towards the Earth. In this work, we study the prospects of finding glitching neutron stars using a generic all-sky search for short-duration gravitational wave transients. The analysis covers the high-frequency range from 1–4 kHz of LIGO–Virgo detectors for signals up to a few seconds. We set upper limits for the third observing run of the LIGO–Virgo detectors and present the prospects for upcoming observing runs of LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, and LIGO India. We find the detectable glitch size will be around 10−5 Hz for the fifth observing run for pulsars with spin frequencies and distances comparable to the Vela pulsar. We also present the prospects of localizing the direction in the sky of these sources with gravitational waves alone, which can facilitate electromagnetic follow-up. We find that for the five detector configuration, the localization capability for a glitch size of 10−5 Hz is around 132 deg2 at 1σ confidence for 50% of events with distance and spin frequency as that of Vela., D.L. acknowledges support from Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Grant No. 200020182047. S.T. is supported by Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Ambizione Grant No. PZ00P2202204. M.D. acknowledges the support from the Amaldi Research Center funded by the MIUR program ‘Dipartimento di Eccellenza’ (CUP:B81I18001170001) and the Sapienza School for Advanced Studies (SSAS). D.K. is supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Ref. BEAGAL 18/00148) and cofinanced by the Universitat de les Illes Balears, and acknowledges support by European Union FEDER funds, the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, and Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación Grants No. PID2019–106416 GB-I00/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033, No. RED2018-102661-T, No. RED2018102573-E, the European Union NextGenerationEU funds (PRTR-C17.I1); the Comunitat Autònoma de les Illes Balears through the Direcció General de Política Universit`aria i Recerca with funds from the Tourist Stay Tax Law ITS 2017-006 (No. PRD2018/24, No. PDR2020/ 11); the Conselleria de Fons Europeus, Universitat i Cultura del Govern de les Illes Balears; the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2019/071); and EU COST Actions CA18108 and CA17137. This research has made use of data obtained from the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center [80], a service of LIGO Laboratory, the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration. The authors are grateful for computational resources provided by the LIGO Lab (CIT) and supported by National Science Foundation Grants No. PHY-0757058 and No. PHY0823459. T

7 páginas.- 4 figuras.- 32 referencias.- Supplementary materials: science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq4062 Materials and Methods Figs. S1 to S19 Tables S1 to S28 References (33–269) MDAR Reproducibility Checklist Movie S1.- Grazing represents the most extensive use of land worldwide. Yet its impacts on ecosystem services remain uncertain because pervasive interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil properties, and biodiversity may occur but have never been addressed simultaneously. Using a standardized survey at 98 sites across six continents, we show that interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil, and biodiversity are critical to explain the delivery of fundamental ecosystem services across drylands worldwide. Increasing grazing pressure reduced ecosystem service delivery in warmer and speciespoor drylands, whereas positive effects of grazing were observed in colder and species-rich areas. Considering interactions between grazing and local abiotic and biotic factors is key for understanding the fate of dryland ecosystems under climate change and increasing human pressure. Copyright © 2022 the authors, Grazing represents the most extensive use of land worldwide. Yet its impacts on ecosystem services remain uncertain because pervasive interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil properties, and biodiversity may occur but have never been addressed simultaneously. Using a standardized survey at 98 sites across six continents, we show that interactions between grazing pressure, climate, soil, and biodiversity are critical to explain the delivery of fundamental ecosystem services across drylands worldwide. Increasing grazing pressure reduced ecosystem service delivery in warmer and species-poor drylands, whereas positive effects of grazing were observed in colder and species-rich areas. Considering interactions between grazing and local abiotic and biotic factors is key for understanding the fate of dryland ecosystems under climate change and increasing human pressure. Copyright © 2022 the authors, Funding: This research was funded by the European Research Council [ERC grant agreement 647038 (BIODESERT)] and Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/ 041). F.T.M. acknowledges support from a Rei Jaume I Award, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and the Synthesis Center (sDiv) of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle–Jena–Leipzig (iDiv). C.A.G., S.C., and N.E. acknowledge support from iDiv and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG– FZT 118, 202548816; Flexpool proposal 34600850). Y.L.B.-P. was supported by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship (MSCA-IF) within the European Program Horizon 2020 (DRYFUN Project 656035). N.G. was supported by CAP 20-25 (16-IDEX-0001) and the AgreenSkills+ fellowship program, which has received funding from the EU’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement N° FP7-609398 (AgreenSkills+ contract). B.B. and B.E. were supported by the Taylor Family–Asia Foundation Endowed Chair in Ecology and Conservation Biology. J.D., A.Ro., and H.C. acknowledge support from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (IF/00950/ 2014 and 2020.03670.CEECIND, SFRH/BDP/108913/2015, and in the scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4-6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, July 19, respectively), as well as from the MCTES, FSE, UE, and the CFE (UIDB/04004/2020) research unit financed by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC). C.P. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (ref. AGL201675762-R, AEI/FEDER, UE, and PID2020-116578RB-I00, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 101000224. E.V. was funded by the 2017 program for attracting and retaining talent of Comunidad de Madrid (no. 2017‐T2/ AMB‐5406). M.A.B. acknowledges support from the School of Forestry and College of the Environment, Forestry and Natural Sciences of Northern Arizona University. E.H.-S. acknowledges support from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (SEP-CB-2015-01-251388, PN 2017-5036 and PRONAII 319059). F.M.H. acknowledges support from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq - PCI/INMA) of the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI, processes number 302381/2020-1). H.L.T. acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) (DEB 0953864). A.N. and M.K. acknowledge support from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/130274/2017, CEECIND/02453/2018/CP1534/CT0001, PTDC/ASP-SIL/7743/2020 and UIDB/00329/2020). A.A.C. acknowledges support from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. J.E.K. and T.P.M. acknowledge the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant no. 114412). F.J. and N.B. acknowledge support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the SPACES projects OPTIMASS (FKZ: 01LL1302A) and ORYCS (FKZ:01LL1804A). A.Li. and A.S.K.F. acknowledge support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the SPACES projects Limpopo Living Landscapes (FKZ: 01LL1304D) and SALLnet (FKZ: 01LL1802C). L.W. acknowledges support from the US NSF (EAR 1554894). L.H.F. acknowledges support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Industrial Research Chair Program in Ecosystem Reclamation. S.C.R. acknowledges support from the US Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area and the US Bureau of Land Management. G.M.W. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council. L.v.d.B. and K.T. acknowledge support from the German Research Foundation (DFG) priority research program SPP-1803 “EarthShape: Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” (TI 338/14-1). M.D.-B. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the I+D+i project PID2020-115813RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. M.D.-B. is also supported by a project of the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andalucía (FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 Objetivo temático “01 - Refuerzo de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación”) associated with the research project P20_00879 (ANDABIOMA). P.J.R. and A.J.M. acknowledge support from Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional through the FEDER Andalucía operative program, FEDER-UJA 1261180 project. A.F. thanks ANID PIA/BASAL FB210006 and Millennium Science Initiative Program NCN2021-050. A.J. acknowledges support from the Bavarian Research Alliance Germany (BayIntAn_UBT_2017_61). C.B. acknowledges the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41971131). Biodiversity and ecosystem function research in the B.K.S. laboratory is funded by the Australian Research Council (DP210102081). Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this paper is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. H.S. is supported by a María Zambrano fellowship funded by the Ministry of Universities and European Union-Next Generation plan. G.P. and C.V.L. acknowledge support from Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (PI 40-C-873 and 654). V.R. acknowledges support from the Regional Government of Extremadura (Spain) through a “Talento” fellowship (TA18022). M.F. acknowledges support from the Department of Range and Watershed Management, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Participation of recent graduates in collecting field data at four sites in Namibia was supported by a capacity building grant to Gobabeb–Namib Research Institute by the Environmental Investment Fund in Namibia.