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Vanuatu is located within the Pacific Ring of Fire, known for its intense tectonic activity. The country is highly vulnerable to natural disasters, affecting about 12% of the population and causing an average loss of 42.8% of GDP. Internal displacement of population is one of the elements of the strategy to adapt to the consequences of climate change and natural disasters. This article, based on government documents and legislative acts, examines the national policy of the Republic of Vanuatu on climate change and natural disasters, analyzing it to highlight relevant aspects for Ukraine that, after critical reflection and thorough study, should be considered when developing appropriate legislation in Ukraine. It was found that the basis of this policy consists of the following documents: «National Sustainable Development Plan for 2016-2030», «Vanuatu Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy for 2016-2030», «National Adaptation Program of Action», «Disaster Risk Management Act No. 23 of 2019», «Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No. 25 of 2016», «Vanuatu's Revised and Enhanced 1ST Nationally Determined Contribution», «National Policy on Climate Change and Disaster-Induced Displacement». From the perspective of legal support for the rights of displaced persons and the regulation of this process, the most important act is the «National Policy on Climate Change and Disaster-Induced Displacement», which ensures the functioning of institutions involved in planning potential emergencies and combating their consequences, in cooperation with the government of Vanuatu to meet the needs of all affected displaced communities and host communities, including different types of displaced persons: controlled displaced, internal migrants, residents of informal settlements, as well as those threatened with displacement. It is noted that displacement occurs in accordance with international law, with mandatory adherence to fundamental human rights. Considering the limited possibilities for population displacement due to the geomorphological structure of the islands of the Republic of Vanuatu, the efforts of the government of the country are concentrated on disaster prevention and climate change control measures. This is the focus of other important foundational documents of national environmental policy, the analysis of which indicates the construction of a successful system of state management of processes, synergy between the public sector and non-governmental organizations involved, and innovative methods of economic reform. The reviewed documents address a wide range of problems caused by climate change, containing solutions that are undoubtedly useful for legislators, politicians, and executive authorities of many countries, including Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concerns the analysis of the author’s field research in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YNAO) in 2021-2022. Based on the results of a mass survey of the population, recorded interviews and a focus group, various aspects of the ethnicity of the region and the role of the ethnic factor in the cultural and political space of the region are considered. The available information allows us to conclude that today one of the most visible and successful models of regional identity based on the culture of the peoples of the North has been formed in Yamal. However, the changed demographic appearance of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the problems of preserving the culture of the peoples of the North, internal contradictions in the social movement may in the future raise the question of the appropriateness of the chosen model. But its revision is impossible, since orientation to the culture of the peoples of the North is the foundation for the existence of autonomy.

Relying on the theoretical and empirical developments of representatives of the Novosibirsk scientific ethnosociological school on ethnosocial issues, the author updates and develops them in the aspect of the special emphasis of the state national policy on cities. In existing doctrinal documents, which have serious conceptual limitations and gaps on basic issues, there is no such emphasis, although it is cities today that set the dominant trends in the ethnosocial dynamics of society and at the same time concentrate the most pressing problems in the sphere of interethnic relations and national politics. The necessity of developing and implementing in practice an effective integration national policy at different levels of social organization, including its regional and local scale, is substantiated. The implementation of this task is associated with considering the city as an interethnic community, which develops in the course of localised ethnosocial processes and which is proposed to be perceived as a complex object of national policy at the municipal level. In contrast to the term “multi-ethnic community”, which is common in the West, the concept of “inter-ethnic community”, according to the author, reflects not only the presence of a certain set of ethnically marked subjects and the difference in their positions in a specific socio-cultural space, but also a certain level of their interdependence and integration. The contradictory patterns of city functioning under the influence of migration processes, which have projections into modern times, are highlighted. The features of the Concept of sustainable ethno-social development of the multinational community of the city of Novosibirsk, which was developed with the participation of the author and adopted as a regulatory document for the implementation of state ethnic policy in the largest municipal formation in Russia, are recorded. It is concluded that in order to create an effective mechanism for managing the ethnosocial development of the urban interethnic community, as well as municipalities in general, it is necessary to expand the powers of local authorities and create real institutional, legal, administrative, financial and personnel capabilities.

National policies generally are meant to guide the government in decision making towards the achievement of a specific result. In desiring to improve on the environment, the Nigerian government has put in place a number of legislation and formulated policies and guidelines on the environment. However, whether there is a corresponding result is a subject matter of concern for all advocates of the right to protected environment in Nigeria. The article seeks to explore the contribution of the National Policy on the Environment (NPE) and other guidelines for the protection of the environment in Nigeria especially considering that they are mere action plans and policy statements. The article observes that the NPE and the guidelines are very comprehensive, all-embracing and ambitious. However, there is a significant gap between the guidelines, the legislation and their implementation in Nigeria. The article observes that the implementation of the NPE and the relevant guidelines presents enormous challenges as a result of the weak constitutional source from which the guidelines and policies were derived. Besides, the article finds that the objectives of the guidelines and the NPE have not been satisfactorily achieved as a result of a number of other factors which include corruption, lack of partnership with nongovernmental stakeholders, the challenge of overlap among the administrative bodies and failure of the government to provide an effective medium for involving the public in the negotiation of policies and strategies for the protection of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author examines the collisions of the Soviet nation-building which are actively debated in modern historiography. The source base for the research is the published materials, as well as the archival documents of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. There are analyzed some specific historical subjects and the contribution of modern historiography to the understanding of the current problems and the formulation of new ideas and approaches to the analysis of the designated set of issues including the tools of Soviet socio-political engineering, the role and significance of ethnopolitical elites in the creation of the USSR as a complex hierarchical structure. It is concluded that the contradictions in the implementation of ethnonational policy were directly related to the formation of the Soviet federation, which became a concession to the ethnopolitical movements of the early XX century; and managing diversity was the central task of the state as an alternative to previous political systems for culturally complex societies.

The article examines the constitutional policy of the Soviet state in relation to the autonomous republic of Volga Germans that existed in 1924–1941 as part of the RSFSR, shows this policy as an integral part of the general national-state policy towards national minorities, to whom the Bolshevik government was granted a certain form of statehood. The characteristic of the two constitutions of the Non–Republic of 1926 and 1937 is given – as octroated, i.e. granted from above and therefore contained as much independence as allowed by the center. The state policy related to the implementation of the content of these constitutions is described. The principle of octroism unified and strictly regulated national life, giving it a rather limited place and thus allowing the authorities to quickly implement the process of integrating peoples into a new socio-political system.

The paper emphasises the need to consider the social, political, and economic contexts within which educational systems operate and use Artificial Intelligence (AI). Focused on Swedish compulsory education, this study explores whether the use of AI envisioned by national authorities and educational technology companies contributes to unfairness. Through qualitative content analysis of Swedish policy documents and educational company reports, the study employs the concept of Relevant Social Groups to assess how diverse stakeholders perceive the risks and benefits of using AI in education regarding fairness. Three distinct groups are identified, each prioritising different forms of “efficiency” as a key value—economic, pedagogical, and accessibility-related. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the intricate interplay between fairness and the use of AI in the Swedish educational system. It also questions the concept of fairness revolving around formal equality of opportunities that separates fairness from the broader context of social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Sciences Studies is the property of Social Sciences Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Free migration plays a significant role in socio-economic development, leading to population changes and labour redistribution across different territories. The redistribution of labour, particularly in relation to natural resources and the environment, is crucial for social development. However, free migration can also impede national defence and security efforts. In the northern mountainous provinces of Vietnam, the free migration of ethnic minorities has adversely affected socio-economic development and national defence security. For many years, this phenomenon has posed significant challenges. This article aims to propose solutions to mitigate the negative impacts of free migration and address both theoretical and practical issues. By employing qualitative and quantitative Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis, the study investigates the detrimental effects of ethnic minority free migration on immigration, emigration, and the migrants themselves in the northern mountainous provinces. Conducted in three provinces using a multi-stage sampling technique, the research involved 300 survey participants, including 150 management personnel and 150 citizens. The findings of this study lead to policy recommendations for local governments, aiming to minimize the negative impacts of free migration and promote sustainable development. By elucidating the drawbacks of free migration in Vietnam, this article contributes to the global discourse on free migration and offers valuable insights into potential solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The national policy of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY), between the two world wars, was formulated under the direct influence of the Comintern and was therefore subject to sudden and radical changes in the foreign policy of the USSR. Thus, in accordance with the foreign policy interests of the first socialist state, the national policy of the CPY ranged from demands for the disintegration of the Yugoslav kingdom to insisting on its constitutional reorganization. Within the federalist concept of the CPY, Vojvodina, as a “historical, geographical, and economic entity,” was also envisaged to have the status of a federal unit, with occasional and conditional acceptance of its autonomous status. Although based on a different ideological matrix, the arguments used by the communists to justify the need for a special constitutional status for Vojvodina were identical to the demands of the Croatian political movement and a segment of the civic opposition in the Vojvodina Front, which the CPY formally supported in the mid-1930s. Despite the fact that autonomist and federalist projects for Vojvodina were not widely supported by either the Serbs or its national minorities for various reasons, Vojvodina became an autonomous province when the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, at the end of World War II, established a federal Yugoslavia in the context of agreements among the interested major powers.

The article is aimed at considering innovative approaches in the formation of the national policy on safety in railway transport and on the training of safety leaders in this strategically important field. Focusing on today's challenges and opportunities, the article aims to identify key areas of development where innovation can improve safety and improve leadership training. It assesses the impact of technological and innovative changes on railway safety. The research also examines mechanisms and methods for introducing innovations into national railway safety policy, focusing on best practices from other countries and analysing the positive outcomes of such implementations. Additionally, it evaluates the competencies and skills required for leaders in the rail safety industry, highlighting key aspects of a leadership approach to solving security problems and developing national strategies. Furthermore, the study aims to develop training programs for security leaders by identifying essential elements and directions for training and creating innovative methods for skill development that address modern requirements and challenges in railway safety. This research provides a roadmap for enhancing railway safety through innovation and effective leadership, proposing actionable solutions and best practices to improve safety standards in the railway sector.

Abstract Background The South Korean government has been actively involved in plans to combat dementia, implementing a series of national strategies and plans since 2008. In July 2014, eligibility for mandatory long-term care insurance (LTCI) was extended to people with dementia enabling access to appropriate long-term care including the cognitive function training program and home nursing service. This study aimed to investigate changes in treatment patterns for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) between July 2011 and June 2017 which spanned the 2014 revision. Methods This multicenter, retrospective, observational study of patients with newly diagnosed AD analyzed electronic medical records from 17 general hospitals across South Korea. Based on their time of AD diagnosis, subjects were categorized into Cohort 1 (1 July 2011 to 30 June 2014) and Cohort 2 (1 July 2014 to 30 June 2017). Results Subjects (N=3,997) divided into Cohorts 1 (n=1,998) and 2 (n=1,999), were mostly female (66.4%) with a mean age of 84.4 years. Cohort 1 subjects were significantly older (P

Library and Information Policy (LIP) remains essential yet underutilized, despite decades of discourse. This paper reviews its evolution and current status, highlighting the need for a distinct focus on libraries within national information frameworks. Analyzing policy issues and establishment processes, it identifies gaps and emphasizes the importance of context-specific approaches. Global efforts are examined, showcasing diverse approaches. The paper advocates for renewed attention to comprehensive LIP frameworks that recognize libraries' unique roles and address contemporary challenges.

Research objectives: consider the activities of the Trade Unions of the Crimean ASSR in the interwar period in the context of national policy. Research materials: authentic editions of the 1920–30s, documents of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea. Results and novelty of the research: the national policy of the Crimean ASSR was carried out, among other things, through the activities of the Crimean Council of Trade Unions (KSPS), which was an intermediary between the national peasantry and the VKPB. The korenization policy made changes to the KSPS itself, introducing a certain percentage of Crimean Tatars and representatives of other peoples into its structure. Trade unions have made a significant contribution to the eradication of illiteracy, school construction, and vocational education.

In the twentieth century, the Soviet Union went through a complex process of revolution, rise, crisis, reform and disintegration, which is strongly influenced by its national policy. Despite successful governance experience of the USSR, national problems, in particular ethnic contradictions, accompany the entire history of the Soviet Union and have become one of the most important factors in its collapse, which demonstrates serious shortcomings in the national policy of the USSR. All this means that rethinking the national policy of the Union state in order to learn lessons is of urgent importance both for modern Russia and for other multinational states.

Background and Objectives Palau is facing a rapidly aging population and developing a comprehensive national aging policy to address the growing needs of older adults, but more research is needed to understand their circumstances and needs in relation to healthy aging. This study aims to investigate these factors and contribute to developing the National Policy on Care for the Aging. Research Design and Methods The study adopted a participatory action research design and included focus groups with older adults, public consultations, and stakeholder interviews, providing insights into the needs of an aging population and how to address them. Thematic analysis was conducted to understand the experiences and needs of older adults and possible system changes to address these needs. Results This study identified the need to recognize cultural changes and optimize social and physical environments to improve the health and well-being of older adults. Older adults are valued in Palauan society, but harmful stereotypes and mistreatment of older adults exist. To address those needs and challenges, our stakeholders proposed a range of services, programs, and policies across sectors to create a healthy-enabling environment. Our findings also highlight the importance of health systems proactively reaching individuals and families to address lifelong health needs. Discussion and Implications Our results show the vital role of various sectors in fostering healthy aging and the importance of environmental and cultural perspectives in creating an age-friendly society, which can be an inspiration for other Pacific Island countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The South Korean government has been actively involved in plans to combat dementia, implementing a series of national strategies and plans since 2008. In July 2014, eligibility for mandatory long-term care insurance (LTCI) was extended to people with dementia enabling access to appropriate long-term care including the cognitive function training program and home nursing service. This study aimed to investigate changes in treatment patterns for Alzheimer's disease (AD) between July 2011 and June 2017 which spanned the 2014 revision. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective, observational study of patients with newly diagnosed AD analyzed electronic medical records from 17 general hospitals across South Korea. Based on their time of AD diagnosis, subjects were categorized into Cohort 1 (1 July 2011 to 30 June 2014) and Cohort 2 (1 July 2014 to 30 June 2017). Results: Subjects (N=3,997) divided into Cohorts 1 (n=1,998) and 2 (n=1,999), were mostly female (66.4%) with a mean age of 84.4 years. Cohort 1 subjects were significantly older (P<0.0001) and had a lower number of comorbidities (P=0.002) compared with Cohort 2. Mean Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores in Cohorts 1 and 2 at the time of AD diagnosis or start of initial treatment were 16.9 and 17.1, respectively (P=0.2790). At 1 year, mean MMSE scores in Cohorts 1 and 2 increased to 17.9 and 17.4, respectively (P=0.1524). Donepezil was the most frequently administered medication overall (75.0%), with comparable rates between cohorts. Rates of medication persistence were ≥98% for acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or memantine therapy. Discontinuation and switch treatment rates were significantly lower (49.7% vs. 58.0%; P<0.0001), and mean duration of initial treatment significantly longer, in Cohort 2 vs. 1 (349.3 vs. 300.2 days; P<0.0001). Conclusions: Comparison of cohorts before and after revision of the national LTCI system for dementia patients found no significant difference in mean MMSE scores at the time of AD diagnosis or start of initial treatment. The reduction in the proportion of patients who discontinued or changed their initial treatment, and the significant increase in mean duration of treatment, were observed following revision of the LTCI policy which enabled increased patient access to long-term care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigación Agraria is the property of Investigacion Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Justicia (0124-7441) is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Remembering is positioned as a phenomenon that makes it possible to consolidate, preserve, and in the future-to reproduce the past experience of humanity and its repeated application in human life. The author demonstrates socially significant types of memory: historical memory, which preserves historical truth and even projects a historical need; social memory, which marks the values, findings, worldview institutions and guidelines of a social group as a certain symbolic capital; cultural memory, which includes the socalled “communicative tradition” of generations; the philosophical concept of memory, in which the processes of thinking, cognition and the spiritual essence of a person are reproduced. On this basis, it is proposed to develop memory as a semiotic device through which law as such and general human rights are formed, as well as the historical heritage of the nation and, accordingly, the nationstate. thus, it is about the importance of using the psychological method of memorization in the creation of law as a result of human thinking and understanding its impact on legal awareness and legal behavior; about demonstrating the influence of socio-cultural features and their ability to provide their own psychological strength of the history of the people; on proving that norms of behavior (in particular, rights) are born in the psyche of a person, are the result of his mental activity, and, accordingly, form the content, essence, meaning of the national legal policy with the reproduction of certain signals, signs, codes, messages intended for transmission, processing and storage (memorization) of various information of the people and the nation. That is, the position is substantiated that legal signs (archetypes, universals, symbols and other semiotic elements) are designed to preserve the national peculiarity and originality of legal culture, to form legal traditions as the basis of the legal policy of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Library and Information Policy (LIP) remains essential yet underutilized, despite decades of discourse. This paper reviews its evolution and current status, highlighting the need for a distinct focus on libraries within national information frameworks. Analyzing policy issues and establishment processes, it identifies gaps and emphasizes the importance of context-specific approaches. Global efforts are examined, showcasing diverse approaches. The paper advocates for renewed attention to comprehensive LIP frameworks that recognize libraries' unique roles and address contemporary challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique experience of land reform in China holds significant implications for other nations in urgent need of liberating and developing their productivity, providing valuable insights and lessons. This study conducted a micro-level analysis of land reform in China, the United States, and India, focusing on the implications for other nations. Surveys were conducted on 459 households in 12 townships in Zhejiang and Sichuan provinces, China. A random sampling approach was employed, selecting 5 sample counties (cities, districts) across Jinhua, Shaoxing, and Chengdu. Within each county (city, district), 2–3 townships were randomly selected, and 2–3 villages were chosen from each township. Subsequently, 10–20 households were randomly surveyed in each village. Statistical analysis using descriptive statistics and the Logistic model revealed robust results with p values below 0.05 for key variables. China’s new urbanization strategy highlights the necessity of reforming the rural homestead system, particularly as higher urbanization rates prompt farmers to withdraw from and transfer their homesteads worldwide. Tailored homestead policies that consider regional disparities in urbanization levels are crucial. A micro-level survey underscores the impact of urbanization, household head identity, and age on farmers’ decisions regarding homestead exit and transfer. Addressing external pressures, efforts should prioritize the revitalization of rural areas and the promotion of sustainable development. This includes enhancing small and medium-sized cities, fostering on-site urbanization, and creating nearby employment opportunities for farmers. However, the effectiveness of these measures varies across regions and is influenced by local levels of marketization. Internally, there is a need to bolster skill training and vocational education for farmers. In summary, the policy recommendations stemming from the micro-level survey in this study offer valuable insights for land reform strategies and sustainable development initiatives, spanning from individual farmers to national policies. They also contribute to a deeper understanding for policymakers, providing a novel analytical perspective.

Changes in global precipitation would affect Indonesia to improve its water resource management system. As most watersheds are in a critical stage nowadays, it is urgent to develop a new plan and policy on water conservation that integrates the most important parameters reasonably. It has the purpose of ensuring that water resources are available for all activities and purposes within the area, especially for future periods. Integrated Water Resources Conservation Management is one of the promising approaches that is being mainly developed, particularly through the participation of all stakeholders. This participation brings equal responsibility to protect and sustainably manage the water resources, which might differ from one area to another in Indonesia. This study shows that it is important to bring up local wisdom practices on water conservation management. These could help overcome the problems related to water management in different locations in Indonesia and encourage all the stakeholders to take responsibility. All the inputs from the stakeholders are very helpful to identify the strategy at the national level, and thus it would minimize the misinterpretation between local and national levels in terms of regulation or policy. Furthermore, the approach strategies provided in this paper could improve the water national policy in Indonesia and minimize the negative potential impacts due to the lack of precipitation in the upcoming years.

The article presents the analysis of socio-economic and political ideas reflected in the pages of the newspaper Novoe Vremya in the late 1860s – early 1870s, when A.K. Kirkor, a Vilna intellectual, representative of the pro-Russian-oriented public of Northwestern Krai, was its publisher and editor. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of Kirkor’s political views on the problems of governing the region in the critical era of the Great Reforms in the 1860s–70s, as well as to the assessment of the main governmental transformations in the editorials of Novoe Vremya and the newspaper’s attempts to influence the public opinion on that issue in the period between 1868 and 1871. The position of the editorial board of the newspaper and its publisher and editor Kirkor in characterizing the socio-economic transformations of the post-reform period could be characterized by ideological syncretism, which was based on a combination of liberal and class conservative values and was mainly determined by the political and socio-cultural situation in Northwestern Krai in the second half of the 1860s. It is concluded that within the framework of the newspaper’s work, Kirkor provided his recommendations of a local expert and thus sought to adjust the national policy in the region, pointing to more flexible methods of its Russification, which would take into account the needs and requirements of both the local social elite and the non-dominant ethnic groups of the region.

This study analyzes the establishment and development of higher education in the first autonomous region within the People’s Republic of China (PRC). After the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) in 1947, the regional leadership made efforts to develop the education sector. Improving literacy rates was a strategic goal for the development of the region and the entire country. The preparation of highly qualified personnel was also crucial for the accelerated development of the state. The novelty of this study lies in the utilization of original sources on the history of education in the PRC during its initial stages of construction. The author concludes that the establishment of the first higher education institution, the Pedagogical Institute of IMAR, met the needs of the region and stimulated the development of the entire educational system. In the early years of educational development in IMAR, special attention was given to the study of the Mongolian language and script, as well as the bilingual implementation of educational programs. This was necessary for the development of intercultural interaction and ideological consolidation among the population of IMAR.

Undoubtedly, the surest ground-breaking for solid foundation of Early Childhood Music Education hinged on systematically organised and strategically coordinated musical activities at the early stage of education. Unfortunately, despite music being a predominantly evident driving force at this level of education, many institutions still manifest ‘jé lé ó sin mi (‘let the house have peace’) mentality by demonstrating ‘cosmetic’ approach towards educational development of children under their care in general and music education in particular. Hence, this paper advocates for a pedagogical approach towards developing and improving Early Childhood Music Education. Being a descriptive research, participant observation and oral interview techniques were used as instruments of data collection to harvest direct information from the ten (10) randomly selected schools in Ilorin, Kwara State. This was complemented by Fayol’s Administrative Management theory to foreground the study. Findings revealed that most activities at this starting point of education are musical, but no single qualified music teacher was employed either as full-time or part-time to coordinate the activities. Consequently, singing out of tune, screaming and singing off-beat often characterised the children’s performances. Likewise, government only pays lip-service to this fragile stage by leaving the establishment and administration of this delicate organisation solely in the hands of the private sector. The study, however, recommends that Society of Music Educators of Nigeria (SOMEN) should consider generating a memo on the need to employ qualified Early Childhood Music educators, who will ensure balanced music education through a pragmatic pedagogical approach, as suggested and explained in this paper.

Youth suicide is a significant public health problem in Low-and middle-income countries (LMIC), including India. It is a distinct phenomenon with various bio-psycho-social determinants. Despite this, comprehensive literature on this topic is lacking from India. Thus, the current paper aimed to review the available literature on youth-suicide from India and other LMIC, discusses the contentious issues, including potential solutions for the possible roadblocks, and provides recommendations for the national suicide-prevention policy and strategy (NSPPS) in the Indian context. We found that the magnitude of youth suicide in India is substantial with the distinct bio-psycho-social determinants. Although, youth-specific suicide prevention and therapeutic intervention do exist; its feasibility and effectivity in the Indian context are yet to be established. The is an urgent need for the NSPPS; experiences from other LMIC should be incorporated while framing such policies. More research is required from India in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores a major conflict area, namely, national and the EU's immigration policy and investigates how the influx of migrants (mostly from the Middle East and North Africa - MENA region) into the EU has been used as a policy conflict ground. The article assesses the policy responses to (im)migration in Germany and Italy between 2015- 2019 as the changes made redirected the policy for future migration crisis. The aim of the article is to underline that the migration crisis of the EU spiraled into Members States' migration and populism crisis and into the challenges of the implementation of common EU migration policies and national policies. This is achieved by the analyses of administrative measures adopted in the most argued areas like asylum procedure, return policy and integration The paper argues that these crisis management measures were mostly restrictive, and not only aimed to handle the crisis but exposed a phenomenon: they not only intended to thwart the continuous growth of migration and populism but were in parts even favored by populists in the sense that they had the intention to curb immigration, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer screening can play an important role in early detection, improving treatment outcomes and reducing morbidity and mortality. Breast and cervical cancers belong to the most common gynaecological cancers group. Countries provide different screening programmes on its eligible population basis centred on different health care policies. This scientific study aims to assess and understand the health inequalities in the member countries of the European Board & College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (EBCOG) as regards screening programmes of gynaecological cancer, with a special focus on breast and cervical cancers' screening strategies. A descriptive questionnaire-based study was conducted, addressed to EBCOG member countries. Ninety-one percent of the countries have an organized national or regional screening programme for cervical cancer. Of these, 45% of countries use both cytology and testing for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) as screening test, 31% use cytology exclusively and 17% only perform HPV testing. Considerable differences were found regarding the interval of screening test: there are countries performing HPV detection triennially, while others perform only conventional cytology every 5 years. Sixty-nine percent of countries included in this study begin screening for cervical cancer in women aged 25 to 29 years, four of them using HPV detection as the screening test. Six countries begin cervical cancer screening before the age of 25. As regards vaccination against HPV, almost all countries have implemented national HPV vaccination programme, except in Poland and Turkey. The 9-valent HPV vaccine is the most frequently offered (77% of countries) and the majority vaccination programmes include both girls and boys. As regards breast cancer screening, all thirty-two countries have an implemented screening programme. All countries perform mammography as the screening test, 62.5% of them begin in women aged 50 to 54, with a 2-yearly interval in the majority. In five countries, screening programmes are performed biennially, starting between 45 and 49 years old. Seven countries start in women aged 41 to 44. There are discrepancies around gynaecological cancer screenings provision among EBCOG member countries. It is important to establish European recommendations about screening for gynaecological cancers, in order to standardize the access to equitable better health care in gynaecological cancers within Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to discuss the management aspect of artificial intelligence development policy by the national regulators of the 27 European Union (EU) member states. The solutions formulated by three of them—Germany, France (as a pioneers), and Poland—are analyzed in depth. The obtained results allow us to conclude that out of 27 EU countries, only one has not yet prepared its strategic project on artificial intelligence (AI) development, while among the existing policies one can find significant differences in the approach to the matter of strategic management. The research methods used are content analysis and comparative analysis of selected source documents. In the course of the deliberations presented, key legal acts concerning the areas of AI and modern technologies are cited. The presented work formulates a starting point for further research and directions of changes in the management of AI development policy. The attention of subsequent researchers should focus on the possibility of a detailed analysis of other documents published by EU member states, a comparison of policies of other countries across the world, and even an attempt to examine the global dimension of AI strategies. The article addresses the problem of creating law only following, rather than preceding, the emergence of technological changes, the lack of systemic regulation of AI tools and mechanisms, as well as the absence of integrated forms of international cooperation with a strategic and long-term dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kyrgyz Republic, as a developing country with a socialist past, has great opportunities for further economic development. An important factor to consider is the growth of the manufacturing industry, which highlights the significance of analyzing this sector within the country. This study centers on the potential contribution of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), of which Kyrgyzstan is a constituent, towards the advancement of this industry. The research aimed to evaluate the current manufacturing capacity of the Kyrgyz Republic in the industrial sector and to comprehend the influence of the EAEU on industry growth. The main methods that were used during the writing of the research were analysis, forecasting, abstraction, and historical analysis. The work analyzed the industrial sector of Kyrgyzstan within the framework of its integration into the EAEU. The research assessed the historical background of Kyrgyzstan’s accession to the EAEU and the subsequent harmonization of national legislation with the provisions and requirements of the union. In addition, data comparing the industrial production and growth rates of Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, and Kazakhstan have been presented, highlighting notable trends and differences. The work examines specific components of the manufacturing industry of the Kyrgyz Republic, the manufacture of food, beverages, and tobacco products; rubber and plastic manufacture, and non-metallic mineral goods; manufacturing of basic metals and metal products (excluding machinery and equipment); and supply of electricity, gas, steam, and conditioned air. It also talks about the manufacturing sector's importance in Kyrgyzstan, current trends, and possible future improvements, and it enables the assessment of the country's involvement in the EAEU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The article considers some aspects of the national-state building of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the USSR. It highlights the ways of realization of the policy of the Soviet power in this matter. Its positive achievements, as well as contradictions and omissions in the implementation process are represented. The research aims at giving the complex analysis and the objective assessment of the national-state building processes of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the USSR. Materials and Methods. The article summarized legislative documents and materials contained in the works of Soviet and contemporary authors on this problem. Such methods of research as comparative, historical, genetic, legal, descriptive, logical were used to achieve the goal. It also employed the method of actualization which allowed to connect the development of modern processes with the historical experience of the past. Results and Discussion. The research traced the dynamics and certain tendencies of the realization of the national policy towards the Finno-Ugric peoples in the USSR. The analysis of the national-state building processes among them allowed concluding about the significance of the Soviet stage in their development, despite some contradictions, mistakes and omissions in the actions of the Soviet leadership. Underestimation of the national problems of the ethnic groups within the USSR, along with many other unsolved problems in the economy, politics, spiritual and social spheres, accumulated in the State, eventually led to its collapse, which led to problems in geopolitics. Conclusion. Considering all aspects of nation-state building in the USSR made it possible to conclude on the significance and value of creating national administrative-territorial formations among Finno-Ugric peoples, whose continuations are the present-day national subjects of the Russian Federation. The conclusion was made that the established foundations of the nation-state structure of the Russian Federation should be preserved as an important factor in the preservation and development of Finno-Ugric peoples.

The author identifies the Russian architectural heritage in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China in the process of intercultural and interethnic interaction of the Russian Diaspora with the peoples of the province. In this regard, the subject of the study is the preserved monuments of Russian culture - residential buildings, temples, cemeteries. The structure of the study is determined by the need to explore the mutual influence of the culture of the Russian diaspora and those of local peoples on the example of architectural structures. The research is based on modern literature, as well as documents of Russian archives: materials deposited in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Military Historical Archive. Most of them have not been introduced into scientific use before. The author identifies the features of intercultural and interethnic interaction of representatives of the Russian diaspora with local peoples for a long time and depending on the political situation in the region. It is noted that at the stage of the formation of the Russian Diaspora in the XUAR there were difficulties in the relations between Russians and representatives of local ethnic groups. At the same time, the local culture had a serious impact on the development of the Russian diaspora. There is noted the rather competent policy of the Chinese and Russian authorities at the present stage to support the culture of Russians in Xinjiang, although the author does not exclude difficulties in its further preservation. Therefore, according to the author, there is a need for further close interaction between the Chinese and Russian authorities in order to determine new courses of cooperation in this direction.

Copyright of Journal of History / Habaršy Tarihi Seriâsy is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The text discusses national and cultural policies in the AVNOJ Yugoslavia, with particular attention to socialist Yugoslavism as a social phenomenon. The Yugoslav communist authorities presented socialist Yugoslavism as a supranational category and as a unifying factor within the Yugoslav Federation, emphasizing that it should not negate the national and cultural identity of the nations and national minorities. However, the complexity of interethnic and interrepublic relations in the federation contributed to different interpretations and definitions, and often, its misuse. This, in turn, served as one of the triggers for deepening and exacerbating interethnic and interrepublic differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reliable information about national pet dog populations is an important contributor to informed decision-making, both by governments and national dog welfare organisations. In some countries, there is an improved understanding of aspects of the national pet dog population, but as yet limited published information is available in Ireland. The current study reviews the utility of existing data to inform our understanding of recent changes to the pet dog population in Ireland, including both biological and organisational processes. Results: Based on national data on dog licencing and microchipping registration, pet dog numbers have remained relatively stable in recent years (ie prior to the COVID-19 pandemic). Since 2015, there has been a substantial decrease in the number of dogs managed through dog control centres. Although the completeness of the data are likely variable, there appears to be substantial, and increasing, number of dogs moving from Ireland to other countries, including UK, Sweden, Italy, Germany and Singapore. We also note an increase (albeit much smaller) in the number of dogs being moved into Ireland. Conclusions: This study highlights the challenges faced when using existing national data to gain insights into the dog population of Ireland. The linking of existing national databases (individual dog identification, dog licencing, dog control statistics) has the potential to improve both the representativeness and accuracy of information about the Irish pet dog population. In the next phases of our work, we will focus on the work of dog welfare organisations, given both the increased role played by these organisations and the substantial public funding that has been committed in this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the national policy of the Soviet state in the second half of the 20th century and its impact on social and political life in Uzbekistan. It also tried to analyze the content of the deportation policy of the mosque towards the Meskhetian Turks, the resettlement process, and the efforts of the Meskhetian Turks to return to their homeland in various aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors consider the integration of the concept of sustainability in the member countries of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). The concept of sustainable development is viewed through the prism of economic, social and environmental approaches. The subject of the study is the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the BSEC countries. The purpose of the research is to study the integration of the goals and indicators of sustainable development in the national policies of the BSEC countries. The relevance lies in the international community's growing attention to forming a vector for balanced socio-economic development, taking into account current social, demographic and environmental factors. The scientific novelty lies in the analysis of the advancement of the concept of sustainable development in the BSEC countries, as well as the level of integration of the SDGs in the national policies of states. As part of the study, the authors used the methods of institutional analysis, system analysis, analysis of statistical data and official documents. Based on the results of the analysis, it was revealed that despite the high level of integration of the SDGs within the framework of the BSEC, not all goals and indicators of sustainable development formed by the United Nations (UN) are tracked in countries. The authors concluded that the national characteristics of the economy, the social sphere and the environmental situation push states to adapt individual indicators to national specifics.

Historical origins of the current Ukrainian crisis is a complex topic since it covers a thousand-year history and includes the main issues of the past and present of the people living on the East European Plain. The preparation of an anthology of archival documents in support of Vladimir Putin's well-known article «On the historical unity of Russians and Ukrainians» is being completed. Andrei Artizov, Head of the Federal Archival Agency, shares some of the results of the joint work of scientists and historians-archivists in this article.

In the article, the author draws parallels between the content of the union treaty on the formation of the USSR and the Soviet language policy of the 1920-1930s. In particular, the “commonly used” Turkic language mentioned in the treaty is considered. The author examines it in the context of the social movement proclaimed by I. Gasprinsky in the late 19th - early 20th centuries for the unity of the Turkic Muslim peoples in their movement towards progress. The pioneers in the development and introduction of the Latin alphabet were representatives of the Azerbaijan SSR, who were among the first to propose such projects of the alphabet reform. Its important element was the unification of the alphabet. In this regard, the author considers the projects for creating a single unified alphabet for the Turkic peoples of the USSR; it was the Azerbaijani version of the Latinized alphabet that was supposed to be the basis for it. This situation gave the leaders of Soviet Azerbaijan the opportunity to lead the process of cultural transformation among the Turkic peoples of the USSR. The article also considers the organizational efforts of the initiators of the idea of latinization to create a unified structure for managing the process of latinization in the USSR, as well as some aspects of their struggle with supporters of a different direction of cultural reforms among the Turks who proposed simplifying the Arabic alphabet.

To date, there is a critical gap in our understanding of coach licensure and training requirements for school-based coaches across the United States. The current study categorizes the policy landscape for school-based coaches by examining public documents that outline state-specific (N = 51) coach training requirements. In addition, authors engaged in an in-depth curriculum and cost analysis of required coach trainings in the state of Ohio to better understand training topics, costs, time commitments, and state-specific compliance criteria guiding coach education. Findings indicated most states (n = 49, 96%) require training for coaches; however, governing bodies, training topics, and coach-specific training (i.e., assistant, volunteer, and middle school) varied significantly by state. Moreover, our curriculum and cost analysis revealed that licensure processes are costly and time-intensive, and training content predominantly focused on physical health and safety with less emphasis on social–emotional health and youth development. Findings have important education, practice, and policy implications for informing a national coach training agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of the Russian Empire to the Caucasus in the late 18th and 19th centuries implied the development and application of national policies in the newly conquered regions. National policy was heterogeneous. An official treaty was signed with the nations who had statehood in the conquered regions. This was a transitional phase, since later state institutions have been eliminated, and this state was transformed into an ordinary administrativepolitical unit of the empire. Stateless nations were obliged to swear allegiance to the Russian throne. In the Caucasian region, Russia emphasized the religious factor, because the emphasis on the ethnic factor could subsequently lead to the rise of nationalist sentiments. Ethnonational criteria were taken into account, but actually did not prevent social mobility. Nevertheless, the national policy of the Russian Empire contributed to the rise of national sentiments among relatively developed nations such as the Armenians, Poles, Georgians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Relations & International Law Journal / Seriâ Meždunarodnye Otnošeniâ & Meždunarodnoe Pravo is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study uses material flow analysis to investigate the amounts and pathways of municipal plastic waste (MPW) in Thailand. The aim is to understand the country's situation and investigate the effects of Thailand's Roadmap on Plastic Waste Management 2018 –2030, which sets a goal for recycling 'target plastic waste' at 100% by 2027. The analysis was conducted using waste statistics between 2008 and 2020 and waste forecasts. Two scenarios of plastic waste management, the business-as-usual, and the national roadmap, were constructed for 2025 and 2030. In 2030, the annual MPW generation is projected to reach 2.19 Mt. Under the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, the recycling and utilisation rate will be 32.3% of waste generated. About 30.3% of waste generated will not be treated properly and possibly leaked into the open environment. Under the roadmap scenario, the recycling and utilisation rate will increase to 98.4%, while 1.6% of waste generated will not be treated properly. The recycling rate for target plastic waste in 2027 could only reach 67.1% because plastic waste is required as fuel for waste incinerators and industries. With the roadmap fully implemented, certain effects can be foreseen for waste-to-energy and plastic industries. Findings from this study stress on the importance of holistic policy planning, efficient prioritising and allocating of waste as a resource, and cooperation from all sectors for sustainable plastic waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Biological invasions represent one of the main threats to biodiversity and a recognized economic burden worldwide; the issue has been included in the conservation agenda such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Brazil is a signatory country of the CBD; however, the number of alien species records in its territory is continuously rising. To evaluate the invasive alien species (IAS) policy in Brazil, we reviewed the legislation delineating historical trends to identify potential gaps and avenues for improvement. We consulted several websites using keywords related to invasions in order to track legal instruments such as laws, decrees and regulations. We classified the documents regarding their main aims with regard to IAS, taxon and environment of interest. We found 85 legal instruments in force related to IAS published in the federal sphere up to October 2021, with decrees being the most common type. Most documents were classified as 'control' and 'prevention' and were related to all taxa and environments. Two species (wild boar Sus scrofa and golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei) have more specific legislation, probably due to their conspicuous economic impacts. We discuss policy gaps and their implications for the efficient management and prevention of new IAS introductions to the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to analyze the circumstances, content, and consequences of criticism of the russification policy in the Ukrainian SSR by the Canadian left -wings. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, system approach, scientific objectivity, interdisciplinarity, and critical approach to sources. The system-structural method allowed the ordering of the processed array of source materials. The use of special historical methods (problem-chronological, historical-comparative, historical-systemic) made it possible to identify causal relationships and to organize historical facts in their integrity and historical connection. The scientific novelty of the work is that, based on archival materials and published documents, the ideological contradictions and significance of the Ukrainian issue in the activities of the left-wings of Canada were explored. It has been established that violations of the national rights of Ukrainians in the Ukrainian SSR provoked intra-party debate and caused a crisis in the environment of the Canadian Communists. Conclusions. On the basis of various sources, the circumstances, content, and consequences of criticism of the russification policy in the Ukrainian SSR by Canadian left -wings are revealed (in particular, the visit of a delegation of Canadian Communists in 1967 to study the "Soviet experience of solving the national question". The visit was inspired by a group of Canadian Communists of Ukrainian descent, members of the Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, who were concerned about information about the oppression of the Ukrainian language and the creation of artificial barriers for immigrants to visit their homes. It was found that the catalyst for concern was the expulsion in 1965 from the Ukrainian SSR of a Canadian communist of Ukrainian descent, Ivan Kolasky, accused of collecting "harmful materials". As a result, the Soviet side did not prevent the visit of the delegation of the Canadian Communist Party (albeit in every possible way), as this would have led to the assumption that it had something to hide. It was proved that special working conditions were provided for the Canadian delegation, but this did not aff ect the overall assessment of what was happening in the Ukrainian SSR. The information gathered confirmed the threatening situation with human rights violations, arrests of dissidents, and a policy of russification. Probably, the Soviet side was certain that the "friendly opinion of comrades" would not cross the "red lines" of party criticism, but it happened other wise. Aft er returning to Canada, the plenum of the local Communist Party approved the "Kyiv Report", which criticized the national policy in the Ukrainian SSR (russification) and violations of civil rights. Despite Moscow's later rejection of pressure from the report, public criticism damaged the Soviet system's reputation and debunked propaganda cliches about the "successful resolution of the national question" in the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]