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197 results on '"National Oceanography Centre (NOC)"'

1. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in High-Resolution Models

Author: Paul G. Myers, Arne Biastoch, Sybren Drijfhout, Dmitry Sidorenko, Wilbert Weijer, Joël J.-M. Hirschi, Xiaobiao Xu, Andrew E. Kiss, Paul Spence, Justin Small, Nikolay Koldunov, Sergey Danilov, Doroteaciro Iovino, Takao Kawasaki, Claus W. Böning, Stephen M. Griffies, Anne-Marie Tréguier, Jennifer Mecking, Bernard Barnier, Adam T. Blaker, Alice Marzocchi, LuAnne Thompson, Hiroyasu Hasumi, Dmitry Sein, Thierry Penduff, Ben Moat, Malcolm J. Roberts, Helene T. Hewitt, Klaus Getzlaff, Jean-Marc Molines, Andrew C. Coward, Laboratoire des Écoulements Géophysiques et Industriels [Grenoble] (LEGI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute [Kashiwa-shi] (AORI), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )
Subjects: Atlantic Meridional Overturning, Atlantic hurricane, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, high-resolution modeling, Mesoscale meteorology, Zonal and meridional, mesoscale, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Ocean dynamics, Gulf Stream, Current (stream), Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Climatology, Stream function, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Geology, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) represents the zonally integrated stream function of meridional volume transport in the Atlantic Basin. The AMOC plays an important role in transporting heat meridionally in the climate system. Observations suggest a heat transport by the AMOC of 1.3 PW at 26°N-a latitude which is close to where the Atlantic northward heat transport is thought to reach its maximum. This shapes the climate of the North Atlantic region as we know it today. In recent years there has been significant progress both in our ability to observe the AMOC in nature and to simulate it in numerical models. Most previous modeling investigations of the AMOC and its impact on climate have relied on models with horizontal resolution that does not resolve ocean mesoscale eddies and the dynamics of the Gulf Stream/North Atlantic Current system. As a result of recent increases in computing power, models are now being run that are able to represent mesoscale ocean dynamics and the circulation features that rely on them. The aim of this review is to describe new insights into the AMOC provided by high-resolution models. Furthermore, we will describe how high-resolution model simulations can help resolve outstanding challenges in our understanding of the AMOC.
Published: 2020

2. SEASTAR : a mission to study ocean submesoscale dynamics and small-scale atmosphere-ocean processes in coastal, shelf and polar seas

Author: Gommenginger, Christine, Chapron, Bertrand, Hogg, Andy, Buckingham, Christian, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Eriksson, Leif, Soulat, Francois, Ubelmann, Clement, Ocampo-Torres, Francisco, Nardelli, Bruno Buongiorno, Griffin, David, Lopez-Dekker, Paco, Knudsen, Per, Andersen, Ole, Stenseng, Lars, Stapleton, Neil, Perrie, William, Violante-Carvalho, Nelson, Schulz-Stellenfleth, Johannes, Woolf, Isern-Fontanet, Jordi, Ardhuin, Fabrice, Klein, Patrice, Mouche, Alexis, Pascual, Ananda, Capet, Xavier, Hauser, Daniele, Stoffelen, Morrow, Rosemary, Aouf, Lotfi, Breivik, Oyvind, Lee-Lueng, Johannessen, Johnny A., Aksenov, Yevgeny, Bricheno, Lucy, Hirschi, Joel, Martin, Adrien C. H., Adrian P., Nurser, George, Polton, Jeff, Wolf, Judith, Johnsens, Harald, Soloviev, Alexander, Jacobs, Gregg A., Collard, Groom, Steve, Kudryavtsev, Vladimir, Wilkin, John, Navarro, Victor, Babanin, Alex, Matthew, Siddorn, Saulter, Andrew, Rippeth, Tom, Emery, Bill, Maximenko, Nikolai, Romeiser, Roland, Graber, Hans, Azcarate, Aida Alvera, Hughes, Chris W., Vandemark, Doug, da Silva, Jose, Van Leeuwen, Peter Jan, Naveira-Garabato, Alberto, Gemmrich, Mahadevan, Amala, Marquez, Munro, Yvonne, Doody, Sam, Burbidge, Geoff, National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences [Providence], Brown University, Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Centro de Investigacion Científica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Bologna] (CNR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing [Delft], Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), National Space Institute [Lyngby] (DTU Space), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Planning [Aalborg], Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Ministry of Defence (UK) (MOD), Institut océanographique Bedford - Bedford Oceanographic Institute [Dartmouth, Canada] (IOB), Department or Ocean Engineering [Rio de Janeiro], Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institut für Küstenforschung / Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastruture and Society (EGIS), Heriot-Watt University [Edinburgh] (HWU), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo-France Direction Interrégionale Sud-Est (DIRSE), Météo-France, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), National Oceanographic Centre [Liverpool] (NOC ), Northern Research Institute Tromsø (NORUT), Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), OceanDataLab, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Satellite Oceanography Laboratory [St Petersburg] (SOLab), Russian State Hydrometeorological University [St.Petersburg] (RSHU), Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences [New Brunswick], School of Environmental and Biological Sciences [New Brunswick], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Starlab SLU [Barcelona, Spain], Department of Infrastructure Engineering [Melbourne], Melbourne School of Engineering [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], School of Ocean Sciences [Menai Bridge], Bangor University, Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR), University of Colorado [Boulder], School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research (GHER), Université de Liège, Department of Earth Ocean and Ecological Sciences [Liverpool], University of Liverpool, College of Engineering and Physical Dciences [UNH Durham] (CEPS), University of New Hampshire (UNH), Departamento de Geociencias, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Territorio (DGAOT), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Victoria], University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Airbus Defence and Space Ltd [Portsmouth], Centre for Earth Observation Instrumentation (UK), European Commission, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo France, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, and Universidade do Porto
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, air sea interactions, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mixed layer, Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ), Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Remote Sensing, Wind wave, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Cryosphere, lcsh:Science, Submesocale, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, geography.geographical_feature_category, marginal ice zone, dynamics, Ocean color, Climatology, coastal marginal ice zone, satellite, Air-sea interactions, coastal, Ocean Engineering, submesoscale, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Physics::Geophysics, along-track interferometry, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Continental shelf, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean current, Along-track (AT) interferometry, Sea surface temperature, upper ocean dynamics, 13. Climate action, Polar seas, lcsh:Q, radar
Abstract: 7 pages, 2 figures, High-resolution satellite images of ocean color and sea surface temperature reveal an abundance of ocean fronts, vortices and filaments at scales below 10 km but measurements of ocean surface dynamics at these scales are rare. There is increasing recognition of the role played by small scale ocean processes in ocean-atmosphere coupling, upper-ocean mixing and ocean vertical transports, with advanced numerical models and in situ observations highlighting fundamental changes in dynamics when scales reach 1 km. Numerous scientific publications highlight the global impact of small oceanic scales on marine ecosystems, operational forecasts and long-term climate projections through strong ageostrophic circulations, large vertical ocean velocities and mixed layer re-stratification. Small-scale processes particularly dominate in coastal, shelf and polar seas where they mediate important exchanges between land, ocean, atmosphere and the cryosphere, e.g., freshwater, pollutants. As numerical models continue to evolve toward finer spatial resolution and increasingly complex coupled atmosphere-wave-ice-ocean systems, modern observing capability lags behind, unable to deliver the high-resolution synoptic measurements of total currents, wind vectors and waves needed to advance understanding, develop better parameterizations and improve model validations, forecasts and projections. SEASTAR is a satellite mission concept that proposes to directly address this critical observational gap with synoptic two-dimensional imaging of total ocean surface current vectors and wind vectors at 1 km resolution and coincident directional wave spectra. Based on major recent advances in squinted along-track Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry, SEASTAR is an innovative, mature concept with unique demonstrated capabilities, seeking to proceed toward spaceborne implementation within Europe and beyond, CG and AM received funding from the United Kingdom Centre for Earth Observation Instrumentation SEASTAR+ project (Contract No. RP10G0435A02). PVL was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) CUNDA project 694509 under the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program
Published: 2019

3. Predictability of Decadal Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variations

Author: Florian Sévellec, Bablu Sinha, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), and National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0303 health sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Oceanography, Shutdown of thermohaline circulation, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Predictability, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a large, basin-scale circulation located in the Atlantic Ocean that transports climatically important quantities of heat northward. It can be described schematically as a northward flow in the warm upper ocean and a southward return flow at depth in much colder water. The heat capacity of a layer of 2 m of seawater is equivalent to that of the entire atmosphere; therefore, ocean heat content dominates Earth’s energy storage. For this reason and because of the AMOC’s typically slow decadal variations, the AMOC regulates North Atlantic climate and contributes to the relatively mild climate of Europe. Hence, predicting AMOC variations is crucial for predicting climate variations in regions bordering the North Atlantic. Similar to weather predictions, climate predictions are based on numerical simulations of the climate system. However, providing accurate predictions on such long timescales is far from straightforward. Even in a perfect model approach, where biases between numerical models and reality are ignored, the chaotic nature of AMOC variability (i.e., high sensitivity to initial conditions) is a significant source of uncertainty, limiting its accurate prediction. Predictability studies focus on factors determining our ability to predict the AMOC rather than actual predictions. To this end, processes affecting AMOC predictability can be separated into two categories: processes acting as a source of predictability (periodic harmonic oscillations, for instance) and processes acting as a source of uncertainty (small errors that grow and significantly modify the outcome of numerical simulations). To understand the former category, harmonic modes of variability or precursors of AMOC variations are identified. On the other hand, in a perfect model approach, the sources of uncertainty are characterized by the spread of numerical simulations differentiated by the application of small differences to their initial conditions. Two alternative and complementary frameworks have arisen to investigate this spread. The pragmatic framework corresponds to performing an ensemble of simulations, by imposing a randomly chosen small error on the initial conditions of individual simulations. This allows a probabilistic approach and to statistically characterize the importance of the initial condition by evaluating the spread of the ensemble. The theoretical framework uses stability analysis to identify small perturbations to the initial conditions, which are conducive to significant disruption of the AMOC. Beyond these difficulties in assessing the predictability, decadal prediction systems have been developed and tested through a range of hindcasts. The inherent difficulties of operational forecasts span from developing efficient initialization methods to setting accurate radiative forcing to correcting for model drift and bias, all these improvements being estimated and validated through a range of specifically designed skill metrics.
Published: 2018

4. A global perspective on the trophic geography of sharks

Author: Luis Malpica-Cruz, Diana A. Churchill, Aleksandra Maljković, Oliver N. Shipley, Robert T. Leaf, Michelle D. Staudinger, Tiphaine Chouvelon, Adam Barnett, Alex Aguilar, Jonathan C. P. Reum, Francis Juanes, Tak Cheung Wai, R. J. David Wells, Juerg M. Brunnschweiler, Hassan A. Al-Reasi, Jeffrey D. Plumlee, Philip Matich, Ana Veríssimo, Jeremy J. Kiszka, Katie Quaeck-Davies, David S. Shiffman, Mariah Boyle, Mark G. Meekan, Julien Claes, Anne Lorrain, Dana M. Bethea, Pierre Cresson, Yunkai Li, Ryan Daly, Sebastian A. Klarian, Carlos Polo-Silva, Amy K. Teffer, Alexander Tilley, Maria Valls, Clive N. Trueman, Yannis P. Papastamatiou, Dean L. Courtney, Michael J. Kinney, Paco Bustamante, Nigel E. Hussey, Daniel J. Madigan, Edward J. Brooks, Sarah Magozzi, Ivone Figueiredo, Asunción Borrell, Aaron B. Carlisle, Javier Ciancio, Gui M. Menezes, Gérard Biais, Heidi Pethybridge, Tetsuya Endo, Christopher S. Bird, Kátya G. Abrantes, Ashley J. Frisch, Alex S. J. Wyatt, Frédéric Ménard, Conrad W. Speed, Johannes A. Iitembu, Vincent Raoult, Jeremy J. Vaudo, Leigh de Necker, Yves Cherel, Diana Catarino, Samantha E. M. Munroe, Michael R. Heithaus, Stéphane Caut, Ana Colaço, Michael C. Newman, Andrew Yool, Marc Bouchoucha, Yassir Eden Torres-Rojas, Dorothée Kopp, Joan Holst Hansen, Department of Animal Biology and IRBio, University of Barcelona, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques (LRH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), IFREMER - Laboratoire Provence Azur Corse, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMR 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé - UMR 7372 (CEBC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), EMBIO, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), IPIMAR, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University (FIU), University of Windsor [Ca], Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, China Agricultural University (CAU), Thons tropicaux et écosystèmes pélagiques : taxies, interactions et stratégies d'exploitation (THETIS), Australian Institute of Marine Science [Perth] (AIMS Perth), Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of Southampton, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Universitat de Barcelona, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie Marine et BIOdiversité (EMBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), James Cook University (JCU), Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat - Biodiversity Research Institute [Barcelona, Spain] (IRBio UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Sultan Qaboos Univeristy, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Halieutique Gascogne Sud (HGS), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Provence Azur Corse (LERPAC), LITTORAL (LITTORAL), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Biogéochimie des Contaminants Organiques (LBCO), Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie (BE), Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Boulogne sur mer (LRHBL), Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, predators, Ecosistemes, 01 natural sciences, Food chain, Pesquerías, MIGRATIONS, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Isotope analysis, Trophic level, Marine biology, Carbon Isotopes, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, food web, Life Sciences, Biotic communities, ECOLOGICAL ROLE, Food web, Geography, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ecosystem ecology, Food Chain, Oceans and Seas, CONSERVATION, stable isotopes, sharks, 010603 evolutionary biology, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, OCEAN, Animals, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, POPULATION-STRUCTURE, PREDATORS, Muscle, Skeletal, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, trophic geography, CONSEQUENCES, MOVEMENTS, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Taurons, Pelagic zone, Biologia marina, Phytoplankton, Sharks, PATTERNS, ECOSYSTEM
Abstract: Sharks are a diverse group of mobile predators that forage across varied spatial scales and have the potential to influence food web dynamics. The ecological consequences of recent declines in shark biomass may extend across broader geographic ranges if shark taxa display common behavioural traits. By tracking the original site of photosynthetic fixation of carbon atoms that were ultimately assimilated into muscle tissues of 5,394 sharks from 114 species, we identify globally consistent biogeographic traits in trophic interactions between sharks found in different habitats. We show that populations of shelf-dwelling sharks derive a substantial proportion of their carbon from regional pelagic sources, but contain individuals that forage within additional isotopically diverse local food webs, such as those supported by terrestrial plant sources, benthic production and macrophytes. In contrast, oceanic sharks seem to use carbon derived from between 30° and 50° of latitude. Global-scale compilations of stable isotope data combined with biogeochemical modelling generate hypotheses regarding animal behaviours that can be tested with other methodological approaches., This research was conducted as part of C.S.B.’s Ph.D dissertation, which was funded by the University of Southampton and NERC (NE/L50161X/1), and through a NERC Grant-in-Kind from the Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility (LSMSF; EK267-03/16). We thank A. Bates, D. Sims, F. Neat, R. McGill and J. Newton for their analytical contributions and comments on the manuscripts.
Published: 2018

5. Generation of the internal pycnocline in the subpolar southern ocean by wintertime sea ice melting

Author: A. Klocker, A. C. Naveira Garabato, F. Roquet, C. de Lavergne, S. R. Rintoul, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies [Hobart] (IMAS), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Marine Sciences [Aegean], University of the Aegean, Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Oceanography
Abstract: The ocean's internal pycnocline is a layer of elevated stratification that separates the well-ventilated upper ocean from the more slowly renewed deep ocean. Despite its pivotal role in organizing ocean circulation, the processes governing the formation of the internal pycnocline remain little understood. Classical theories on pycnocline formation have been couched in terms of temperature and it is not clear how the theory applies in the high-latitude Southern Ocean, where stratification is dominated by salinity. Here we assess the mechanisms generating the internal pycnocline at southern high latitudes through the analysis of a high-resolution, realistic, global sea ice–ocean model. We show evidence suggesting that the internal pycnocline's formation is associated with sea ice-ocean interactions in two distinct ice-covered regions, fringing the Antarctic continental slope and the winter sea-ice edge. In both areas, winter-persistent sea-ice melt creates strong, salinity-based stratification at the base of the winter mixed layer. The resulting sheets of high stratification subsequently descend into the ocean interior at fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and connect seamlessly to the internal pycnocline in areas further north in which pycnocline stratification is determined by temperature. Our findings thus suggest an important role of localized sea ice-ocean interactions in configuring the vertical structure of the Southern Ocean.
Published: 2023

6. The representation of alkalinity and the carbonate pump from CMIP5 to CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for the carbon cycle

Author: Alban Planchat, Lester Kwiatkowski, Laurent Bopp, Olivier Torres, James R. Christian, Momme Butenschön, Tomas Lovato, Roland Séférian, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Olivier Aumont, Michio Watanabe, Akitomo Yamamoto, Andrew Yool, Tatiana Ilyina, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Kristen M. Krumhardt, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, John P. Dunne, Charles Stock, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute [Kashiwa-shi] (AORI), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Meteorological Research Institute (MRI/JMA), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and European Project: 820989,H2020-EU.3.5.1.,COMFORT(2019)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: Ocean alkalinity is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon in surface waters and provides buffering capacity towards the associated acidification. However, unlike dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity is not directly impacted by anthropogenic carbon emissions. Within the context of projections of future ocean carbon uptake and potential ecosystem impacts, especially through Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIPs), the representation of alkalinity and the main driver of its distribution in the ocean interior, the calcium carbonate cycle, have often been overlooked. Here we track the changes from CMIP5 to CMIP6 with respect to the Earth system model (ESM) representation of alkalinity and the carbonate pump which depletes the surface ocean in alkalinity through biological production of calcium carbonate and releases it at depth through export and dissolution. We report an improvement in the representation of alkalinity in CMIP6 ESMs relative to those in CMIP5, with CMIP6 ESMs simulating lower surface alkalinity concentrations, an increased meridional surface gradient and an enhanced global vertical gradient. This improvement can be explained in part by an increase in calcium carbonate (CaCO3) production for some ESMs, which redistributes alkalinity at the surface and strengthens its vertical gradient in the water column. We were able to constrain a particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) export estimate of 44–55 Tmol yr−1 at 100 m for the ESMs to match the observed vertical gradient of alkalinity. Reviewing the representation of the CaCO3 cycle across CMIP5/6, we find a substantial range of parameterizations. While all biogeochemical models currently represent pelagic calcification, they do so implicitly, and they do not represent benthic calcification. In addition, most models simulate marine calcite but not aragonite. In CMIP6, certain model groups have increased the complexity of simulated CaCO3 production, sinking, dissolution and sedimentation. However, this is insufficient to explain the overall improvement in the alkalinity representation, which is therefore likely a result of marine biogeochemistry model tuning or ad hoc parameterizations. Although modellers aim to balance the global alkalinity budget in ESMs in order to limit drift in ocean carbon uptake under pre-industrial conditions, varying assumptions related to the closure of the budget and/or the alkalinity initialization procedure have the potential to influence projections of future carbon uptake. For instance, in many models, carbonate production, dissolution and burial are independent of the seawater saturation state, and when considered, the range of sensitivities is substantial. As such, the future impact of ocean acidification on the carbonate pump, and in turn ocean carbon uptake, is potentially underestimated in current ESMs and is insufficiently constrained.
Published: 2023

7. Tracing the impacts of recent rapid sea ice changes and the A68 megaberg on the surface freshwater balance of the Weddell and Scotia Seas

Author: Michael P. Meredith, E. Povl Abrahamsen, F. Alexander Haumann, Melanie J. Leng, Carol Arrowsmith, Mark Barham, Yvonne L. Firing, Brian A. King, Peter Brown, J. Alexander Brearley, Andrew J. S. Meijers, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Camille Akhoudas, Geraint A. Tarling, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and European Project: 821001,SO-CHIC(2019)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Mathematics, General Engineering, General Physics and Astronomy
Abstract: The Southern Ocean upper-layer freshwater balance exerts a global climatic influence by modulating density stratification and biological productivity, and hence the exchange of heat and carbon between the atmosphere and the ocean interior. It is thus important to understand and quantify the time-varying freshwater inputs, which is challenging from measurements of salinity alone. Here we use seawater oxygen isotopes from samples collected between 2016 and 2021 along a transect spanning the Scotia and northern Weddell Seas to separate the freshwater contributions from sea ice and meteoric sources. The unprecedented retreat of sea ice in 2016 is evidenced as a strong increase in sea ice melt across the northern Weddell Sea, with surface values increasing approximately two percentage points between 2016 and 2018 and column inventories increasing approximately 1 to 2 m. Surface meteoric water concentrations exceeded 4% in early 2021 close to South Georgia due to meltwater from the A68 megaberg; smaller icebergs may influence meteoric water at other times also. Both these inputs highlight the importance of a changing cryosphere for upper-ocean freshening; potential future sea ice retreats and increases in iceberg calving would enhance the impacts of these freshwater sources on the ocean and climate. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities’.
Published: 2023

8. Forcing and impact of the Northern Hemisphere continental snow cover in 1979–2014

Author: Guillaume Gastineau, Claude Frankignoul, Yongqi Gao, Yu-Chiao Liang, Young-Oh Kwon, Annalisa Cherchi, Rohit Ghosh, Elisa Manzini, Daniela Matei, Jennifer Mecking, Lingling Suo, Tian Tian, Shuting Yang, Ying Zhang, Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), National Taïwan University (NTU), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Nansen-Zhu International Research Center (NZC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), ANR-19-JPOC-0003,ROADMAP,The Role of ocean dynamics and Ocean-Atmosphere interactions in Driving cliMAte variations and future Projections of impact-relevant extreme events(2019), and European Project: 727852,Blue-Action(2016)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: The main drivers of the continental Northern Hemisphere snow cover are investigated in the 1979–2014 period. Four observational datasets are used as are two large multi-model ensembles of atmosphere-only simulations with prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice concentration (SIC). A first ensemble uses observed interannually varying SST and SIC conditions for 1979–2014, while a second ensemble is identical except for SIC with a repeated climatological cycle used. SST and external forcing typically explain 10 % to 25 % of the snow cover variance in model simulations, with a dominant forcing from the tropical and North Pacific SST during this period. In terms of the climate influence of the snow cover anomalies, both observations and models show no robust links between the November and April snow cover variability and the atmospheric circulation 1 month later. On the other hand, the first mode of Eurasian snow cover variability in January, with more extended snow over western Eurasia, is found to precede an atmospheric circulation pattern by 1 month, similar to a negative Arctic oscillation (AO). A decomposition of the variability in the model simulations shows that this relationship is mainly due to internal climate variability. Detailed outputs from one of the models indicate that the western Eurasia snow cover anomalies are preceded by a negative AO phase accompanied by a Ural blocking pattern and a stratospheric polar vortex weakening. The link between the AO and the snow cover variability is strongly related to the concomitant role of the stratospheric polar vortex, with the Eurasian snow cover acting as a positive feedback for the AO variability in winter. No robust influence of the SIC variability is found, as the sea ice loss in these simulations only drives an insignificant fraction of the snow cover anomalies, with few agreements among models.
Published: 2022

9. Reproducible and Relocatable Regional Ocean Modelling: Fundamentals and practices

Author: Jeff Polton, James Harle, Jason Holt, Anna Katavouta, Dale Partridge, Jenny Jardine, Sarah Wakelin, Julia Rulent, Anthony Wise, Katherine Hutchinson, David Byrne, Diego Bruciaferri, Enda O'Dea, Michela De Dominicis, Pierre Mathiot, Andrew Coward, Andrew Yool, Julien Palmiéri, Gennadi Lessin, Claudia Gabriela Mayorga-Adame, Valérie Le Guennec, Alex Arnold, Clément Rousset, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Met Office Climate Research Division, United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Institut de gestion des entreprises -USJ (IGE), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth (USJ), Pusan National University, European Project: 821926,IMMERSE(2018), and European Project: 820575,TiPACCs
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, General Medicine
Abstract: In response to an increasing demand for bespoke or tailored regional ocean modelling configurations, we outline fundamental principles and practices that can expedite the process to generate new configurations. The paper develops the principle of reproducibility and advocates adherence by presenting benefits to the community and user. The elements of this principle are reproducible workflows and standardised assessment, with additional effort over existing working practices being balanced against the added value generated. The paper then decomposes the complex build process, for a new regional ocean configuration, into stages and presents guidance, advice and insight for each component. This advice is compiled from across the NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) user community and sets out principles and practises that encompass regional ocean modelling with any model. With detailed and region-specific worked examples in Sects. 3 and 4, the linked companion repositories and DOIs all target NEMOv4. The aim of this review and perspective paper is to broaden the user community skill base and to accelerate development of new configurations in order to increase the time available for exploiting the configurations.
Published: 2022

10. Submarine deposits from pumiceous pyroclastic density currents traveling over water: An outstanding example from offshore Montserrat (IODP 340)

Author: Martin Jutzeler, Sebastian F. L. Watt, James D. L. White, Michael Cassidy, Peter J. Talling, Osamu Ishizuka, Rex N. Taylor, Michael Manga, Alexander A. Proussevitch, A. Le Friant, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Earth and Planetary Science [UC Berkeley] (EPS), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, University of New Hampshire (UNH), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), and University of Tasmania (UTAS)
Subjects: Turbidity current, Explosive eruption, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, Pyroclastic rock, Geology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Submarine eruption, Geophysics, Pyroclastic surge, Pumice, Subaerial, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, 14. Life underwater, Pyroclastic fall, Life Below Water, Geomorphology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: © 2016. Geological Society of America. All right reserved. Pyroclastic density currents have been observed to both enter the sea, and to travel over water for tens of kilometers. Here, we identified a 1.2-m-thick, stratified pumice lapilli-ash cored at Site U1396 offshore Montserrat (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program [IODP] Expedition 340) as being the first deposit to provide evidence that it was formed by submarine deposition from pumice-rich pyroclastic density currents that traveled above the water surface. The age of the submarine deposit is ca. 4 Ma, and its magma source is similar to those for much younger Soufrière Hills deposits, indicating that the island experienced large-magnitude, subaer-ial caldera-forming explosive eruptions much earlier than recorded in land deposits. The deposit's combined sedimentological characteristics are incompatible with deposition from a submarine eruption, pyroclastic fall over water, or a submarine seafloor-hugging turbidity current derived from a subaerial pyroclastic density current that entered water at the shoreline. The stratified pumice lapilli-ash unit can be subdivided into at least three depositional units, with the lowermost one being clast supported. The unit contains grains in five separate size modes and has a >12 phi range. Particles are chiefly sub-rounded pumice clasts, lithic clasts, crystal fragments, and glass shards. Pumice clasts are very poorly segregated from other particle types, and lithic clasts occur throughout the deposit; fine particles are weakly density graded. We interpret the unit to record multiple closely spaced (
Published: 2016

11. A Road Map to IndOOS-2: Better Observations of the Rapidly Warming Indian Ocean

Author: Bernadette M. Sloyan, V. Parvathi, Weiqing Han, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, A. S. Unnikrishnan, Matthieu Lengaigne, H. Annamalai, Yukio Masumoto, Tomoki Tozuka, M. Andres, Jérôme Vialard, Toshiaki Shinoda, Raleigh R. Hood, Mathew Koll Roxy, Ming Feng, Lisan Yu, Aneesh C. Subramanian, Lisa M. Beal, Damien Desbruyères, Peter G. Strutton, Rick Lumpkin, Jerry D. Wiggert, J. Li, Michael J. McPhaden, Tong Lee, M. Ravichandran, Lijing Cheng, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), International CLIVAR Project Office, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), International Pacific Research Center (IPRC), School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM)-University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder] (ATOC), University of Colorado [Boulder], University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), University of Maryland System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Weather forecasting, Tropics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Weather and climate, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Deep sea, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, Ecosystem, Climate model, 14. Life underwater, Road map, computer, Productivity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS), established in 2006, is a multinational network of sustained oceanic measurements that underpin understanding and forecasting of weather and climate for the Indian Ocean region and beyond. Almost one-third of humanity lives around the Indian Ocean, many in countries dependent on fisheries and rain-fed agriculture that are vulnerable to climate variability and extremes. The Indian Ocean alone has absorbed a quarter of the global oceanic heat uptake over the last two decades and the fate of this heat and its impact on future change is unknown. Climate models project accelerating sea level rise, more frequent extremes in monsoon rainfall, and decreasing oceanic productivity. In view of these new scientific challenges, a 3-yr international review of the IndOOS by more than 60 scientific experts now highlights the need for an enhanced observing network that can better meet societal challenges, and provide more reliable forecasts. Here we present core findings from this review, including the need for 1) chemical, biological, and ecosystem measurements alongside physical parameters; 2) expansion into the western tropics to improve understanding of the monsoon circulation; 3) better-resolved upper ocean processes to improve understanding of air–sea coupling and yield better subseasonal to seasonal predictions; and 4) expansion into key coastal regions and the deep ocean to better constrain the basinwide energy budget. These goals will require new agreements and partnerships with and among Indian Ocean rim countries, creating opportunities for them to enhance their monitoring and forecasting capacity as part of IndOOS-2.
Published: 2020

12. Subpolar Southern Ocean Seasonal Variability of the Geostrophic Circulation From Multi-Mission Satellite Altimetry

Author: Matthis Auger, Jean‐Baptiste Sallée, Pierre Prandi, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], and University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
Subjects: Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), seasonal cycle, ocean circulation, Oceanography, Southern Ocean, satellite altimetry, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: International audience; A novel multi-satellite product is used to shed light on the sea surface height seasonal cycle and associated geostrophic circulation in the subpolar Southern Ocean. We find three main modes of variability governing the Sea Level Anomaly seasonal cycle, all of them primarily governed by wind forcing. The main mode of seasonal variability is associated with the seasonality of the main subpolar gyres governed by large-scale wind stress curl, qualitatively consistent with Sverdrup dynamics. The second seasonal mode is related to the Antarctic Slope Current (ASC), governed by the coastal easterlies, with a rapid circumpolar propagation of anomalous sea-level along the continental slope that is dynamically consistent with the so-called Southern Mode. The first two modes induce an acceleration of the gyres and the ASC in winter. The third seasonal mode appears to be driven by sea ice-modulated surface stress and induces an offshore extension of the ASC from autumn to winter.
Published: 2022

13. Sediment reworking by the burrowing polychaete Hediste diversicolor modulated by environmental and biological factors across the temperate North Atlantic. A tribute to Gaston Desrosiers

Author: Patrick Gillet, Ronnie N. Glud, Gary T. Banta, Erik Kristensen, Martin Solan, Renald Belley, Robert C. Aller, Anthony Maire, Jonas S. Gunnarsson, Michael J. Townsend, Franck Gilbert, Philippe Cuny, Lois Calder, Stina Lindqvist, Xavier de Montaudouin, Emma Michaud, Stephen Widdicombe, Judith R. Renz, Luca Giorgio Bellucci, Stefan Hulth, Karl Norling, Philippe Archambault, Jasmin A. Godbold, Susanne P. Eriksson, Stefan Forster, Nils Volkenborn, Georges Stora, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), University of Southern Denmark (SDU), School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences [Stony Brook] (SoMAS), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Roskilde University, Institut des Sciences de la MER de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), Québec-Océan, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Istituto di Scienze Marine [Bologna] (ISMAR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Gothenburg], University of Gothenburg (GU), University of Rostock, Mer, molécules et santé (MMS UCO), Université Catholique de l'Ouest (UCO)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of Southampton, Nordic Centre of Earth Evolution (NORDCEE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences [Stockholm], Stockholm University, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology [Gothenburg], Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Water and Atmosphere [Hamilton] (NIWA), Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS (FRANCE), Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - Toulouse INP (FRANCE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT3 (FRANCE), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Biodiversité et Ecologie, Functional response group, Aquatic Science, Intraspecific variation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Bioturbation, Sediment reworking, Hediste diversicolor, Functional effect group, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, BioturbationSediment reworking, Organic matter, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Nereis, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Biomass (ecology), biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Sediment, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Oceanography, chemistry, Ecosystèmes, 13. Climate action, Benthic zone, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Particle mixing and irrigation of the seabed by benthic fauna (bioturbation) have major impacts on ecosystem functions such as remineralization of organic matter and sediment-water exchange. As a tribute to Prof. Gaston Desrosiers by the Nereis Park association, eighteen laboratories carried out a collaborative experiment to acquire a global snapshot of particle reworking by the polychaete Hediste diversicolor at 16 sites surrounding the Northern Atlantic. Organisms and soft sediments were collected during May – July at different geographical locations and, using a common laboratory protocol, particulate fluorescent tracers (‘luminophores’) were used to quantify particle transport over a 10-day period. Particle mixing was quantified using the maximum penetration depth of tracers (MPD), particle diffusive coefficients (Db), and non-local transport coefficients (r). Non-local coefficients (reflecting centimeter scale transport steps) ranged from 0.4 to 15 yr−1, and were not correlated across sites with any measured biological (biomass, biovolume) or environmental parameters (temperature, grain size, organic matter). Maximum penetration depths (MPD) averaged ~10.7 cm (6.5–14.5 cm), and were similar to the global average bioturbation depth inferred from short-lived radiochemical tracers. MPD was also not correlated with measures of size (individual biomass), but increased with grain size and decreased with temperature. Biodiffusion (Db) correlated inversely with individual biomass (size) and directly with temperature over the environmental range (Q10 ~ 1.7; 5–21 °C). The transport data were comparable in magnitude to rates reported for localized H. diversicolor populations of similar size, and confirmed some but not all correlations between sediment reworking and biological and environmental variables found in previous studies. The results imply that measures of particle reworking activities of a species from a single location can be generally extrapolated to different populations at similar conditions.
Published: 2021

14. Site U1539

Author: G. Winckler, F. Lamy, C.A. Alvarez Zarikian, H.W. Arz, C. Basak, A. Brombacher, O.M. Esper, J.R. Farmer, J. Gottschalk, L.C. Herbert, S. Iwasaki, V.J. Lawson, L. Lembke-Jene, L. Lo, E. Malinverno, E. Michel, J.L. Middleton, S. Moretti, C.M. Moy, A.C. Ravelo, C.R. Riesselman, M. Saavedra-Pellitero, I. Seo, R.K. Singh, R.A. Smith, A.L. Souza, J.S. Stoner, I.M. Venancio, S. Wan, X. Zhao, N. Foucher McColl, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), International Ocean Discovery Program, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), University of Delaware [Newark], National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Geosciences [Princeton], Princeton University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences [Stony Brook] (SoMAS), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers), National Taïwan University (NTU), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), and University of California (UC)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, International Ocean Discovery Program, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, IODP, JOIDES Resolution, Expedition 383
Abstract: International audience; This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Contents 1 Background and objectives 4 Operations 7 Sedimentology 18 Biostratigraphy 32 Paleomagnetism 33 Geochemistry 38 Physical properties 42 Downhole measurements 43 Stratigraphic correlation 52 References
Published: 2021

15. Contourite distribution and bottom currents in the NW Mediterranean Sea: Coupling seafloor geomorphology and hydrodynamic modelling

Author: Romain Pellen, Elda Miramontes, Gwenael Jouet, Antonio Cattaneo, Michael A. Clare, Pierre Garreau, F. Javier Hernández-Molina, Matthieu Caillaud, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IFREMER Nouvelle Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Department of Earth Sciences [Egham], Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Unité de recherche Géosciences Marines (Ifremer) (GM), National Eye Research Centre, NERC: NE/ N012798 /1Australian Education International, Australian Government, AEIEuropean Regional Development Fund, FEDER, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lagons, Ecosystèmes et Aquaculture Durable de Nouvelle Calédonie (LEADNC), and Géosciences Marines (GM)
Subjects: Oceanic circulation, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Contourite, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Bottom shear stress, 01 natural sciences, Seafloor spreading, Sediment drift, Sedimentary depositional environment, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Mediterranean sea, Continental margin, Erosion, 13. Climate action, Ocean gyre, Bathymetry, 14. Life underwater, Geomorphology, Sediment transport, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: International audience; Contourites are common morphological features along continental margins where currents encounter the seafloor. They can provide long-term archives of palaeoceanography, may be prone to sediment instability, and can have a great potential for hydrocarbon exploration. Despite their importance and increasingly recognised ubiquitous occurrence worldwide, the link between oceanographic processes and contourite features is poorly constrained. In particular, it is unclear under which specific conditions sediments are mobilised, modified and deposited by bottom currents. Here, we aim to determine key bottom current characteristics (velocity and bottom shear stress) affecting contourite deposition, by assuming that recent oceanographic regimes may be extended back in time over the past glacial-interglacial cycles, with strong winter circulation assumed similar to glacial conditions and weak summer circulation to interglacials. We present an integrated study from the NW Mediterranean Sea that couples results of the MARS3D hydrodynamic model with high-resolution sedimentological and geophysical data (piston cores, multibeam bathymetry and high resolution seismic data). Near bottom circulation was modelled during winter and summer 2013 as representative of past periods of high and low current intensity, respectively. Model results match well with the extent of contourite depositional systems and their different localised morphologic elements. We deduce that higher intensity events control the formation of erosional features such as moats and abraded surfaces. The heterogeneous distribution of bottom-current intensity on slopes explains the development of different types of contourite drifts. Plastered drifts form in zones of low bottom-current velocities constrained upslope and downslope by higher current velocities. Separated elongated mounded drifts develop where fast bottom-currents decelerate at foot of the slope. In contrast, no mounded contourite morphologies develop when the current velocity is homogeneous across the slope, especially in margins prone to downslope sediment transport processes. In confined basins, gyres may transport sediment in suspension from a margin with a high sediment supply to an adjacent starved margin, favouring the development of fine-grained contourites in the latter. Our results provide new insights into how detailed bottom-circulation modelling and seafloor geomorphological analyses can improve the understanding of palaeoflow-regimes, at least over time spans when the overall paleogeography and the distribution of contourite drifts is comparable to present-day conditions. The approach of coupled hydrodynamic models and geomorphological interpretations proposed here for depositional, erosional and mixed contourite features may be used to understand other areas affected by bottom currents, and for a better conceptual understanding of bottom-current processes and their interactions with the seafloor. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
Published: 2019

16. Observing the Local Emergence of the Southern Ocean Residual‐Mean Circulation

Author: N. Ducousso, Florian Sévellec, A. C. Naveira Garabato, Clément Vic, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, Meridional overturning, mooring measurements, Eulerian circulation, Residual, 01 natural sciences, mesoscale turbulence, Geophysics, Circulation (fluid dynamics), 13. Climate action, Climatology, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14. Life underwater, Southern Ocean, meridional overturning, residual-mean circulation, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The role of mesoscale turbulence in maintaining the mean buoyancy structure and overturning circulation of the Southern Ocean is investigated through a 2‐year‐long, single‐mooring record of measurements in Drake Passage. The buoyancy budget of the area is successively assessed within the Eulerian and the Temporal‐Residual‐Mean frameworks. We find that a regime change occurs on timescales of 1 day to 100 days, characteristic of mesoscale dynamics, whereby the eddy‐induced turbulent horizontal advection balances the vertical buoyancy advection by the mean flow. We use these diagnostics to reconstruct the region's overturning circulation, which is found to entail an equatorward downwelling of Antarctic Intermediate and Bottom Waters and a poleward upwelling of Circumpolar Deep Water. The estimated eddy‐induced flow can be accurately parameterized via the Gent‐McWilliams closure by adopting a diffusivity of ~2,000 m2 s‐1 with a mid‐depth increase to 2,500 m2 s‐1 at 2,100 m, immediately underneath the maximum interior stratification. Plain Language Summary In this study we use a 2‐yr long, high‐resolution (both temporally and vertically) mooring together with a state‐of‐the‐art method (Temporal‐Residual‐Mean framework) to disentangle the role of mesoscale eddy turbulence for sustaining the Meridional Overturning Circulation leeward of the Drake Passage.Because of its role in carbon sequestration and ocean heat uptake the Meridional Overturning Circulation is a key component of the climate system. However, it is driven by a wide range of physical processes from persistent, large‐scale wind to meso‐ and small‐scale turbulence. Hence disentangling how these processes contribute to the maintenance of this climatically relevant ocean circulation is one of the current challenges in physical oceanography. Here we apply a state‐of‐the‐art method (Temporal‐Residual‐Mean framework) and shows the emergence of a balance between mesoscale eddies and Eulerian mean circulation for buoyancy advection. In particular, we demonstrate that the effect mesoscale eddies can be accurately parameterized with a Gent‐McWilliams type diffusivity of ~2,000 m2 s‐1. Beyond this result, this study also provides an observational evidence of the typical large‐scale picture of the Meridional Overturning Circulation and shows its relevance at local scales.
Published: 2019

17. The Mechanisms of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Slowdown Induced by Arctic Sea Ice Decline

Author: Wei Liu, Florian Sévellec, Alexey V. Fedorov, School of Computer [Chine], National University of Defense Technology [China], Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University [New Haven], Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], and University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Arctic sea ice decline, Atmospheric Science, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Slowdown, Meridional overturning circulation, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 6. Clean water, Climate models, The arctic, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Sea ice, Climate model, Thermohaline circulation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: We explore the mechanisms by which Arctic sea ice decline affects the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in a suite of numerical experiments perturbing the Arctic sea ice radiative budget within a fully coupled climate model. The imposed perturbations act to increase the amount of heat available to melt ice, leading to a rapid Arctic sea ice retreat within 5 years after the perturbations are activated. In response, the AMOC gradually weakens over the next ~100 years. The AMOC changes can be explained by the accumulation in the Arctic and subsequent downstream propagation to the North Atlantic of buoyancy anomalies controlled by temperature and salinity. Initially, during the first decade or so, the Arctic sea ice loss results in anomalous positive heat and salinity fluxes in the subpolar North Atlantic, inducing positive temperature and salinity anomalies over the regions of oceanic deep convection. At first, these anomalies largely compensate one another, leading to a minimal change in upper ocean density and deep convection in the North Atlantic. Over the following years, however, more anomalous warm water accumulates in the Arctic and spreads to the North Atlantic. At the same time, freshwater that accumulates from seasonal sea ice melting over most of the upper Arctic Ocean also spreads southward, reaching as far as south of Iceland. These warm and fresh anomalies reduce upper ocean density and suppress oceanic deep convection. The thermal and haline contributions to these buoyancy anomalies, and therefore to the AMOC slowdown during this period, are found to have similar magnitudes. We also find that the related changes in horizontal wind-driven circulation could potentially push freshwater away from the deep convection areas and hence strengthen the AMOC, but this effect is overwhelmed by mean advection.
Published: 2019

18. Future intensification of extreme Aleutian low events and their climate impacts

Author: Stephanie A. Henson, K. Giamalaki, Davide Faranda, Adrian Martin, Hachem Kassem, Claudie Beaulieu, Ocean Sciences Department, University of California [USA], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UCSC), University of California-University of California, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Funding for K.G. and C.B. was partially provided by Marie Curie FP7 Reintegration Grants within the SeventhEuropean Community Framework (Grant No. 631466-TROPHYZ).
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, Energy flux, Structural basin, 01 natural sciences, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Precipitation, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Climatic variables, Sea surface temperature, Ocean sciences, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, Air temperature, Environmental science, Medicine, Weather patterns, Climate sciences
Abstract: Extreme Aleutian Low (AL) events have been associated with major ecosystem reorganisations and unusual weather patterns in the Pacific region, with serious socio-economic consequences. Yet, their future evolution and impacts on atmosphere–ocean interactions remain uncertain. Here, a large ensemble of historical and future runs from the Community Earth System Model is used to investigate the evolution of AL extremes. The frequency and persistence of AL extremes are quantified and their connection with climatic variables is examined. AL extremes become more frequent and persistent under the RCP8.5 scenario, associated with changes in precipitation and air temperature patterns over North America. Future changes in AL extremes also increase the variability of the sea surface temperature and net heat fluxes in the Kuroshio Extension, the most significant heat and energy flux region of the basin. The increased frequency and persistence of future AL extremes may potentially cause substantial changes in fisheries and ecosystems of the entire Pacific region as a knock-on effect.
Published: 2021

19. EXTENSION OF ARGO IN SHALLOW COASTAL AREAS AND EXPANSION OF THE REGIONAL COMMUNITIES (EURO-ARGO RISE PROJECT)

Author: Giulio Notarstefano, Dimitris Kassis, Atanas Palazov, Laura Tuomi, Waldemar Walczowski, Birgit Klein, Matthew Donnelly, Romain Cancouët, National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics (OGS), Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Oceanology of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (IO-BAS), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency of Germany (BSH), British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), EuroArgo ERIC, Shom, Ifremer, and EuroGOOS AISBL
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, shallow-coastal areas, Argo float, Euro-Argo RISE, ice-covered areas
Abstract: International audience; The recent technological advances of the autonomous oceanographic monitoring platforms has allowed observations of unknown regions and dynamic processes that play a key role in the physical environment and marine ecosystem functioning. Under this context Euro-Argo RISE project aims towards the investigation of Argo extension in shallow coastal areas of European marginal seas (Black Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea) as well as the seasonally ice-covered areas of the high latitudes (Arctic Ocean). Different fl oat confi gurations are tested whilst the development and implementation of operational systems to control the platforms are performed. Test deployments under Euro-Argo RISE have provided indications for the best settings, the optimization of fl oat missions and the improvement of the life expectancy and the sampling effi ciency in shallow coastal areas. In addition, guidelines and best practices for operating fl oats in seasonally ice-covered areas are provided. The reinforcement and expansion of the Argo infrastructure at a regional scale is performed by approaching the regional research community (also through the organization of workshops and political events) with the aim of: promoting Argo data, cooperation at sea, collaboration in technical activities, sharing best practice, knowledge and expertise.
Published: 2021

20. Contribution of Thermohaline Staircases to Deep Water Mass Modifications in the Western Mediterranean Sea From Microstructure Observations

Author: Ferron, Bruno, Bouruet-Aubertot, Pascale, Schroeder, Katrin, Bryden, Harry L., Cuypers, Yannis, Borghini, Mireno, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), INSU-MISTRALS (Mediterranean Integrated STudies at Regional and Local Scales) program, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through grant ANR-JC05_50690, European Project: 654410,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,JERICO-NEXT(2015), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
Subjects: salt-fingering, double-diffusion, Science, microstructure, staircases, turbulence, Mediterranean basin, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5, upwelling, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, mixing
Abstract: International audience; Recent observations from profiles of temperature and salinity in the Algerian Sea showed that salt finger mixing can significantly warm and salinify the deep waters within a period of 2 years, thereby contributing to the erosion of deep water properties formed during winter convection episodes. In this study, heat, salt, and buoyancy fluxes associated with thermohaline staircases are estimated using microstructure observations from four locations of the Western Mediterranean Sea: The Tyrrhenian Sea, the Algerian Sea, the Sardino-Balearic Sea, and the Ligurian Sea. Those fluxes are compared to the rare estimates found in the Mediterranean Sea. Microstructure data show that the temperature variance dissipation rate is one to three orders of magnitude larger in the strong steps that separate weakly stratified layers than in the layers, while the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate remains usually weak both in steps and layers. In the steps, the turbulent eddy diffusivity of salt is on average twice as large as that of temperature. The buoyancy flux ratio decreases with the density ratio. It is found that staircases induce a downward heat transfer rate of 46 to 103 × 109 W over the whole western basin, and a downward salt transfer rate of 4.5 to 10.3 × 103 kg s–1 between 1000 and 2000 m. This heat convergence is 2–5 times as large as the western Mediterranean geothermal heat flux in this depth range. Over the whole western basin, heat and salt convergences from salt-fingering staircases are 50% to 100% of those generated by mechanical mixing. Finally, it is found that heat and salt convergences from geothermal heating, salt-fingering and mechanical mixing can balance a deep water upwelling of 0.4 × 106 m3 s–1.
Published: 2021

21. Expedition 383 summary

Author: Elisa Malinverno, E. Michel, N. Foucher McColl, J. Gottschalk, J.S. Stoner, Mariem Saavedra-Pellitero, V.J. Lawson, L. Lo, S. Moretti, Shiming Wan, Shinya Iwasaki, L.C. Herbert, Gisela Winckler, Igor Martins Venancio, C. A. Alvarez Zarikian, Xiaojian Zhao, Ana Christina Ravelo, C. Basak, Jennifer L. Middleton, Frank Lamy, Christopher M. Moy, A.L. Souza, R.A. Smith, Jesse Farmer, L. Lembke-Jene, Anieke Brombacher, Christina R. Riesselman, Helge W Arz, Oliver Esper, I. Seo, Raj K. Singh, Lamy, F., Winckler, G., Alvarez Zarikian, C.A., and the Expedition 383 Scientists, Winckler, G, Lamy, F, Alvarez Zarikian, C, Arz, H, Basak, C, Brombacher, A, Esper, O, Farmer, J, Gottschalk, J, Herbert, L, Iwasaki, S, Lawson, V, Lembke-Jene, L, Lo, L, Malinverno, E, Michel, E, Middleton, J, Moretti, S, Moy, C, Ravelo, A, Riesselman, C, Saavedra-Pellitero, M, Seo, I, Singh, R, Smith, R, Souza, A, Stoner, J, Venancio, I, Wan, S, Zhao, X, Foucher McColl, N, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), International Ocean Discovery Program, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), University of Delaware [Newark], National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Geosciences [Princeton], Princeton University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences [Stony Brook] (SoMAS), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers), National Taïwan University (NTU), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC), University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneshwar, University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), State University of Rio de Janeiro, Oregon State University (OSU), Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies [São Paulo] (CPTEC), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), National Insitute of Polar Research [Japan], National Institute of Polar Research [Tokyo] (NiPR), and Universidad Andrés Bello [Santiago] (UNAB)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, International Ocean Discovery Program, GEO/02 - GEOLOGIA STRATIGRAFICA E SEDIMENTOLOGICA, International Ocean Discovery Program, IODP, JOIDES Resolution, Expedition 383, Dynamics of the Pacific Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Site U1539, Site U1540, Site U1541, Site U1542, Site U1543, Site U1544, Southern Ocean, South Pacific, Chilean margin, paleoceanography, Antarctic Circumpolar Current, oceanic fronts, Circumpolar Deep Water, Antarctic Intermediate Water, marine carbon cycle, dust, biological productivity, iron fertilization, southern westerly winds, Patagonian ice sheet, West Antarctic ice sheet, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, GEO/01 - PALEONTOLOGIA E PALEOECOLOGIA, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Geology, IODP, JOIDES Resolution, Expedition 383
Abstract: The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), the world’s strongest zonal current system, connects all three major ocean basins of the global ocean and therefore integrates and responds to global climate variability. Its flow is largely driven by strong westerly winds and is constricted to its narrowest extent in the Drake Passage. Fresh and cold Pacific surface and intermediate water flowing through the Drake Passage (cold-water route) and warm Indian Ocean water masses flowing through the Agulhas region (warm-water route) are critical for the South Atlantic contribution to Meridional Overturning Circulation changes. Furthermore, physical and biological processes associated with the ACC affect the strength of the ocean carbon pump and therefore are critical to feedbacks linking atmospheric CO2 concentrations, ocean circulation, and climate/cryosphere on a global scale. In contrast to the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the ACC, and with the exception of drill cores from the Antarctic continental margin and off New Zealand, there are no deep-sea drilling paleoceanographic records from the Pacific sector of the ACC. To advance our understanding of Miocene to Holocene atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere dynamics in the Pacific and their implications for regional and global climate and atmospheric CO2, International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 383 recovered sedimentary sequences at (1) three sites in the central South Pacific (CSP) (U1539, U1540, and U1541), (2) two sites at the Chilean margin (U1542 and U1544), and (3) one site from the pelagic eastern South Pacific (U1543) close to the entrance to the Drake Passage. Because of persistently stormy conditions and the resulting bad weather avoidance, we were not successful in recovering the originally planned Proposed Site CSP-3A in the Polar Frontal Zone of the CSP. The drilled sediments at Sites U1541 and U1543 reach back to the late Miocene, and those at Site U1540 reach back to the early Pliocene. High sedimentation rate sequences reaching back to the early Pleistocene (Site U1539) and the late Pleistocene (Sites U1542 and U1544) were recovered in both the CSP and at the Chilean margin. Taken together, the sites represent a depth transect from ~1100 m at Chilean margin Site U1542 to ~4070 m at CSP Site U1539 and allow investigation of changes in the vertical structure of the ACC, a key issue for understanding the role of the Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle. The sites are located at latitudes and water depths where sediments will allow the application of a wide range of siliciclastic-, carbonate-, and opal-based proxies to address our objectives of reconstructing, with unprecedented stratigraphic detail, surface to deep-ocean variations and their relation to atmosphere and cryosphere changes.
Published: 2021

22. Social-ecological outcomes of agricultural intensification

Author: Brendan Coolsaet, Ole Mertz, Casey M. Ryan, Phil Franks, Esteve Corbera, Janet Fisher, Neil Dawson, Unai Pascual, Adrian Martin, Laura Vang Rasmussen, European School of Political and Social Sciences / École Européenne de Sciences Politiques et Sociales (ESPOL), Institut Catholique de Lille (ICL), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Université catholique de Lille (UCL), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), and University
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Natural resource economics, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Geography, Planning and Development, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Provisioning, [SHS.SCIPO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science, Urban Studies, Agrarian society, Agricultural intensification, 030104 developmental biology, Sustainability, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Business, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Food Science
Abstract: Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 Land-use intensification in agrarian landscapes is seen as a key strategy to simultaneously feed humanity and use ecosystems sustainably, but the conditions that support positive social-ecological outcomes remain poorly documented. We address this knowledge gap by synthesizing research that analyses how agricultural intensification affects both ecosystem services and human well-being in low- and middle-income countries. Overall, we find that agricultural intensification is rarely found to lead to simultaneous positive ecosystem service and well-being outcomes. This is particularly the case when ecosystem services other than food provisioning are taken into consideration.
Published: 2021

23. Internal wave-driven mixing: governing processes and consequences for climate

Author: Jennifer A. MacKinnon, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Jody M. Klymak, Caitlin B. Whalen, Casimir de Lavergne, K. L. Sheen, Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), University of Washington [Seattle], Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), School of Earth and Ocean Sciences [Victoria] (SEOS), University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), and Centre for Geography and Environmental Science (CGES)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Work (thermodynamics), Turbulent mixing, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, Turbulence, Energy transfer, Geophysics, Internal wave, Physical oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Physics::Geophysics, Geostrophic current, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Mixing (physics), Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: International audience; Turbulent mixing from breaking oceanic internal waves drives a vertical transport of water, heat and other climatically important tracers in the ocean, thereby playing an important role in shaping the circulation and distributions of heat and carbon within the climate system. However, linking internal wave-driven mixing to its impacts on climate poses a formidable challenge, since it requires understanding of the complex life cycle of internal waves — including generation, propagation and breaking into turbulence — and knowledge of the spatio-temporal variability of these processes in the diverse, rapidly evolving oceanic environment. In this Review, we trace the energy pathways from tides, winds and geostrophic currents to internal wave mixing, connecting this mixing with the global climate system. Additionally, we discuss avenues for future work, including understanding energy transfer processes within the internal wave field, how internal waves can be modified by background currents and how internal wave mixing is integrated within the global climate system.
Published: 2020

24. Evidences of human impact on megabenthic assemblages of bathyal sediments in the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean)

Author: Suzanne Conlon, Eulàlia Gràcia, Martina Pierdomenico, Jordi Grinyó, Claudio Lo Iacono, Guillem Corbera, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des environnements benthiques (LECOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNR Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse [Pisa] (IGG-CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), and National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Marine litter, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Bathyal zone, Soft sediments, Mediterranean sea, Marine debris, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Trawling, Continental shelf, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 15. Life on land, Bottom trawling, Geography, Vulnerable marine ecosystems, 13. Climate action, Benthic zone, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Megabenthos
Abstract: 13 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, Megabenthic assemblages in deep-sea sedimentary environments receive far less attention than those occurring on rocky environments, despite they have been widely impacted by destructive trawling activities, mainly due to their association with important commercial species. ROV dives conducted on bathyal muds of the Alboran Sea continental slope (western Mediterranean) were used to characterize megabenthic assemblages, as well as assess their response to trawling and benthic litter. We identified a multispecific assemblage, dominated by the isidid Isidella elongata, and two monospecific assemblages composed by the sea-pens Funiculina quadrangularis and Kophobelemnon stelliferum. These assemblages are defined as vulnerable marine ecosystems by international institutions. Trawled areas exhibit significant low densities of habitat-forming species and a striking impoverishment of habitat complexity and diversity. Plastic debris and lost fishing gears were the most abundant components of the marine litter. This study highlights the destructive effects of human activities on bathyal muds, emphasizing the need for urgent conservation measures, The data for this study were collected during the Spanish national project SHAKE (CGL2011-3005-C02-02) funded by the Spanish Ministery of Economy, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)
Published: 2020

25. A Persistent Deep Anticyclonic Vortex in the Rockall Trough Sustained by Anticyclonic Vortices Shed From the Slope Current and Wintertime Convection

Author: Jonathan Gula, Mathieu Le Corre, Yves Reecht, Loïc Houpert, Angelina Smilenova, National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB), Interdisciplinary Graduate School for the Blue planet, ANR-17-EURE-0015,ISBlue,Interdisciplinary Graduate School for the Blue planet(2017), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Convection, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, topographic effects, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Instability, Rockall Trough, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, mesoscale eddy, Trough (meteorology), water masses mixing, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, potential vorticity transformations, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010505 oceanography, Geophysics, eddy merger, Vortex, instability, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Anticyclone, Geology
Abstract: International audience; The presence of a persistent surface anticyclone centered at approximately 55°N, 12°W in the Rockall Trough, northeast North Atlantic, has been previously noted in satellite altimetry data. Here, we show that this surface anticyclone is the imprint of a deep, persistent, non-stationary anticyclonic vortex. Using wintertime 2007 and 2011 ship-board data, we describe the anticyclone's vertical structure for the first time and find that the anticyclone core is partly made of warm and salty Mediterranean Overflow Water. The anticyclone has a radius of ~40 km, it stretches down to 2,000 m, with a velocity maximum around 500 m. To analyze the anticyclone's generating mechanism, we use a mesoscale-resolving (~2 km) simulation, which produces a realistic pattern of the Rockall Trough anticyclone. The simulation indicates that the anticyclone is locally formed and sustained by two types of processes: wintertime convection and merger with anticyclonic vortices shed from the slope current flowing poleward along the eastern Rockall Trough slope. Intense negative vorticity filaments are generated along the Rockall Trough south-eastern slope, and they encapsulate Mediterranean Overflow Water as they detach and grow into anticyclonic vortices. These Mediterranean Overflow Water-rich vortices are advected into the trough, consequently merging with the Rockall Trough anticyclone and sustaining it. We suggest that the Rockall Trough anticyclone impacts regional intermediate water masses modifications, heat and salt budgets locally, and further afield into the neighboring subpolar northeast North Atlantic.
Published: 2020

26. The Seasonal Cycle of Mean Sea Level in the North East Atlantic Ocean

Author: Marta Payo-Payo, Xavier Bertin, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), and Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mean sea level, 01 natural sciences, steric effects, Hindcast, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, 010505 oceanography, Continental shelf, Storm, Inlet, Water level, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Tide gauge, North East Atlantic Ocean, Beach morphodynamics, Geology
Abstract: Payo-Payo, M. and Bertin, X., 2020. The seasonal cycle of mean sea level in the North East Atlantic Ocean. In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 1515-1519. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The analysis of long-term tide gauge data collected in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean reveals that the seasonal cycle of mean sea level (hereafter MSL) exhibits amplitudes of up to 0.4 m. The position of MSL is of fundamental importance for many issues such as storm-induced flooding or the morphodynamics of shallow inlets, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We characterize the seasonal cycle based on field observations complemented with a numerical hindcast. We analyzed long-term series (2000-2010) of in-situ tide gauge data along the coasts of Portugal, Spain and France. The combined analysis of field observation and model results revealed that atmospheric pressure, wind and steric effect are the main contributors to the seasonal cycle of MSL along North East Atlantic Ocean coastlines. We find a coherent signal over the region: the cycle peaks around November and has its minimum in February. Monthly mean sea level rises slowly and falls quickly. The different features between north and south mirror the different forcing mechanisms acting in each area. To the north, the seasonal cycle of MSL is more irregular and controlled by atmospheric forcing because this region is on the track of low-pressure storms, especially during winter. To the south, the steric effect plays an important role mostly due to the persistence of high pressure and a narrow continental shelf. Our results suggest that for a given storm, the water level and subsequent flooding damage will be higher if it occurs at the end of the autumn than at the end of the winter, which suggest that the seasonal cycle of MSL should be represented in flooding modeling systems.
Published: 2020

27. A parameterization of local and remote tidal mixing

Author: Bruno Ferron, Yannis Cuypers, Clément Vic, C. de Lavergne, Amy F. Waterhouse, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Toshiyuki Hibiya, Fabien Roquet, Gurvan Madec, Caitlin B. Whalen, Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Marine Sciences [Gothenburg], University of Gothenburg (GU), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), University of Washington [Seattle], Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Department of Earth and Planetary Science [Tokyo], The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), European Project: 821001,SO-CHIC(2019), Graduate School of Science [Tokyo], The University of Tokyo (UTokyo)-The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)
Subjects: energy dissipation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tidal Waves, ocean mixing, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, lcsh:Oceanography, Environmental Chemistry, lcsh:GC1-1581, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Physical geography, Mixing (physics), Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Global and Planetary Change, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010505 oceanography, Internal tide, Ocean current, Geophysics, Internal wave, Dissipation, internal tides, parameterization, 13. Climate action, Surface wave, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, lcsh:GB3-5030, Oceanic basin, Geology
Abstract: Vertical mixing is often regarded as the Achilles' heel of ocean models. In particular, few models include a comprehensive and energy‐constrained parameterization of mixing by internal ocean tides. Here, we present an energy‐conserving mixing scheme which accounts for the local breaking of high‐mode internal tides and the distant dissipation of low‐mode internal tides. The scheme relies on four static two‐dimensional maps of internal tide dissipation, constructed using mode‐by‐mode Lagrangian tracking of energy beams from sources to sinks. Each map is associated with a distinct dissipative process and a corresponding vertical structure. Applied to an observational climatology of stratification, the scheme produces a global three‐dimensional map of dissipation which compares well with available microstructure observations and with upper‐ocean finestructure mixing estimates. This relative agreement, both in magnitude and spatial structure across ocean basins, suggests that internal tides underpin most of observed dissipation in the ocean interior at the global scale. The proposed parameterization is therefore expected to improve understanding, mapping and modelling of ocean mixing Plain Language Summary When tidal ocean currents flow over bumpy seafloor, they generate internal tidal waves. Internal waves are the subsurface analogue of surface waves that break on beaches. Like surface waves, internal tidal waves often become unstable and break into turbulence. This turbulence is a primary cause of mixing between stacked ocean layers—a key process regulating ocean currents and biology and a key ingredient of computer models of the global ocean. In this article, a three‐dimensional global map of mixing induced by internal tidal waves is presented. This map incorporates a large variety of energy pathways from the generation of tidal waves to turbulence, accounting for the conservation of energy. The map is compared to available observations of turbulence across the globe and found to reproduce with good fidelity the main patterns identified in observations. This relatively good agreement suggests that internal tidal waves are the main source of turbulence in the subsurface ocean, and implies that the map may serve a range of applications. In particular, the three‐dimensional map provides an efficient and realistic means to represent mixing by internal tidal waves in global ocean models.
Published: 2020

28. Ecological variables for deep-ocean monitoring must include microbiota and meiofauna for effective conservation

Author: Ann Vanreusel, Jyotsna Sharma, Virginia P. Edgcomb, Ellen Pape, Jeroen Ingels, Lara Macheriotou, William B. Homoky, Martin V. Sørensen, Hartmut Arndt, Andrew J. Gooday, Nuria Sánchez, John R. Dolan, Jan Pawlowski, Daniela Zeppilli, Daniel Leduc, Clare Woulds, Alexandra Schoenle, Francesca Pasotti, Pedro Martínez Arbizu, Sabine Gollner, Michaela Schratzberger, Florida State University [Panama City], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg am Meer, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), University of Leeds, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of Geneva [Switzerland], Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), University Hospital of Cologne [Cologne], IFREMER- Département Etude des Ecosystèmes Profonds (DEEP/LEP), and Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 0303 health sciences, SEA, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Meiobenthos, media_common.quotation_subject, Microbiota, Oceans and Seas, DIVERSITY, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, Deep sea, 03 medical and health sciences, Geography, 13. Climate action, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, Diversity (politics), media_common
Abstract: The deep sea (>200 m depth) encompasses >95% of the world’s ocean volume and represents the largest and least explored biome on Earth (
Published: 2020

29. The Sensitivity of Southeast Pacific Heat Distribution to Local and Remote Changes in Ocean Properties

Author: Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Gael Forget, Emma Boland, Daniel C. Jones, Andrew J. S. Meijers, Simon A. Josey, Emily Shuckburgh, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Shuckburgh, Emily [0000-0001-9206-3444], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Inverse methods, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Heat distribution, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology|Oceanography, law.invention, Interannual variability, law, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, South Pacific Ocean, Sensitivity (control systems), 14. Life underwater, Southern Ocean, Inverse method, bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology|Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 010505 oceanography, Advection, Ocean models, fungi, EarthArXiv|Physical Sciences and Mathematics, 13. Climate action, Ventilation (architecture), Environmental science, Thermocline
Abstract: The Southern Ocean features regionally varying ventilation pathways that transport heat and carbon from the surface ocean to the interior thermocline on timescales of decades to centuries, but the factors that control the distribution of heat along these pathways are not well understood. In this study, we use a global ocean state estimate (ECCOv4) to (1) define the recently ventilated interior Pacific (RVP) using numerical passive tracer experiments over a 10‐year period and (2) use an adjoint approach to calculate the sensitivities of the RVP heat content (RVPh) to changes in net heat flux and wind stress. We find that RVPh is most sensitive to local heat flux and wind stress anomalies north of the sea surface height contours that delineate the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, with especially high sensitivities over the South Pacific Gyre. Surprisingly, RVPh is not especially sensitive to changes at higher latitudes. We perform a set of step response experiments over the South Pacific Gyre, the subduction region, and the high‐latitude Southern Ocean. In consistency with the adjoint sensitivity fields, RVPh is most sensitive to wind stress curl over the subtropical gyre, which alter isopycnal heave, and it is only weakly sensitive to changes at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that despite the localized nature of mode water subduction hot spots, changes in basin‐scale pressure gradients are an important controlling factor on RVPh. Because basin‐scale wind stress is expected to change in the coming decades to centuries, our results may have implications for climate, via the atmosphere/ocean partitioning of heat.
Published: 2020

30. Water mass analysis along 22 °N in the subtropical North Atlantic for the JC150 cruise (GEOTRACES, GApr08)

Author: Maeve C. Lohan, Yann Drillet, François Lacan, Neil J. Wyatt, Joanne Hopkins, Lise Artigue, E. Malcolm S. Woodward, Simon Jan van Gennip, Claire Mahaffey, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Southampton, School of Environmental Sciences [Liverpool], University of Liverpool, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Water mass, Antarctic Intermediate Water, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, Geotraces, Lagrangian particle tracking experiment, subtropical North Atlantic, Labrador Sea Water, JC150, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Bottom water, Antarctic Bottom Water, GEOTRACES, Circumpolar deep water, 14. Life underwater, Hydrography, Geology, Optimum multiparameter analysis (OMPA), [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; This study presents a water mass analysis along the JC150 section in the subtropical North Atlantic, based on hydrographic and nutrient data, by combining an extended optimum multiparameter analysis (OMPA) with a Lagrangian particle tracking experiment (LPTE). This combination, which was proposed for the first time, aided in better constraining the OMPA end-member choice and providing information about their trajectories. It also enabled tracing the water mass origins in surface layers, which cannot be achieved with an OMPA. The surface layers were occupied by a shallow type of Eastern South Atlantic Central Water (ESACW) with traces of the Amazon plume in the west. Western North Atlantic Central Water dominates from 100 to 500 m, while the 13 °C-ESACW contribution occurs marginally deeper (500–900 m). At approximately 700 m, Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) dominates the west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), while Mediterranean Water dominates the east with a small but non-negligible contribution down to 3500 m. Below AAIW, Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) is observed throughout section (900–1250 m). Labrador Sea Water (LSW) is found centered at 1500 m, where the LPTE highlights an eastern LSW route from the eastern North Atlantic to the eastern subtropical Atlantic, which was not previously reported. North East Atlantic Deep Water (encompassing a contribution of Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water) is centered at ~2500 m, while North West Atlantic Bottom Water (NWABW, encompassing a contribution of Denmark Strait Overflow Water) is principally localized in the west of the MAR in the range of 3500–5000 m. NWABW is also present in significant proportions (>25%) in the east of the MAR, suggesting a crossing of the MAR possibly through the Kane fracture zone. This feature has not been investigated so far. Finally, Antarctic Bottom Water is present in deep waters throughout the section, mainly in the west of the MAR. Source waters have been characterized from GEOTRACES sections, which enables estimations of trace elements and isotope transport within water masses in the subtropical North Atlantic.
Published: 2020

31. Fundamental questions and applications of sclerochronology: Community-defined research priorities

Author: Kotaro Shirai, Melita Peharda, Bernd R. Schöne, Carin Andersson, Tamara Trofimova, Elizabeth Tray, John R. Morrongiello, Bryan A. Black, C. Fred T. Andrus, Peter Grønkjær, Clive N. Trueman, Daniel Killam, Andrew L. Johnson, Amy L. Prendergast, Bronwyn M. Gillanders, Stella J. Alexandroff, Elizabeth M. Harper, Julien Thébault, Steven E. Campana, Meghan Burchell, Madelyn J. Mette, David J. Reynolds, Kristine L. DeLong, Niels De Winter, Michael L. Carroll, Paul G. Butler, James D. Scourse, NORCE Norwegian Research Center, School of Ocean Sciences [Menai Bridge], Bangor University, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, University of Iceland [Reykjavik], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), University of Derby [United Kingdom], School of BioSciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Institute of Geosciences [Mainz], Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), University of Alabama [Tuscaloosa] (UA), Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Memorial University of Newfoundland [St. John's], Akvaplan-Niva [Tromsø], Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Louisiana State University (LSU), School of Biological Sciences [Adelaïde], University of Adelaide, Aarhus University [Aarhus], biosphere 2, School of Geography [Melbourne], Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute [Kashiwa-shi] (AORI), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry [Utrecht], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Stratigraphy and paleontology, Stratigraphy & paleontology, Earth Sciences, Chemistry, Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), Memorial University of Newfoundland = Université Memorial de Terre-Neuve [St. John's, Canada] (MUN), Biosphere 2 [University of Arizona], and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Future studies, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology (disciplines), Data management, sub-04, mercenaria-mercenaria, Climate science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Field (computer science), metabolic carbon contribution, Sclerochronology, sea-surface temperature, Sociology, Horizon scanning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, growth-patterns, business.industry, oxygen isotopes, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Research needs, stable-isotopes, Data science, water bivalve shells, climate-driven synchrony, high-resolution sr/ca, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], DISCOVERY, great-barrier-reef, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business
Abstract: WOS:000582677500029; International audience; Horizon scanning is an increasingly common strategy to identify key research needs and frame future agendas in science. Here, we present the results of the first such exercise for the field of sclerochronology, thereby providing an overview of persistent and emergent research questions that should be addressed by future studies. Through online correspondence following the 5th International Sclerochronology Conference in 2019, participants submitted and rated questions that addressed either knowledge gaps or promising applications of sclerochronology. An initial list of 130 questions was compiled based on contributions of conference attendees and reviewed by expert panels formed during the conference. Herein, we present and discuss the 50 questions rated to be of the highest priority, determined through an online survey distributed to sclerochronology community members post the conference. The final list (1) includes important questions related to mechanisms of biological control over biomineralization, (2) highlights state of the art applications of sclerochronological methods and data for solving long-standing questions in other fields such as climate science and ecology, and (3) emphasizes the need for common standards for data management and analysis. Although research priorities are continually reassessed, our list provides a roadmap that can be used to motivate research efforts and advance sclerochronology toward new, and more powerful, applications.
Published: 2020

32. An experiment to test satellite radar interferometry-observed geodetic ties to remotely monitor vertical land motion at tide gauges

Author: Amy Parker, Chris W. Hughes, Simon D. P. Williams, Philip L. Woodworth, Will Featherstone, Guy Wöppelmann, Mick Filmer, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Perth], Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), School of Environmental Sciences [Liverpool], University of Liverpool, LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - UMRi 7266 (LIENSs), Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)
Subjects: Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Levelling, Geodetic datum, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Geodesy, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Interferometric synthetic aperture radar, Satellite, Tide gauge, Altimeter, Terrestrial reference frame, Sea level, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The nature and linearity of vertical land motion (VLM) impacting the global sea level record from tide gauges is not well known, but remains of importance to understand long-term changes to sea level. Local surveys are required to directly measure VLM at tide gauges relative to a global reference frame, but this is limited by the lack of differential VLM measurements between tide gauges and continuously operating GPS (cGPS) stations that are not co-located, i.e., fixed to the tide gauge structure. We present results from an experiment using satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) scenes acquired from the TerraSAR-X satellite mission to test whether InSAR could replace repeat geodetic levelling as a ‘geodetic tie’ between cGPS stations and tide gauges. Comparisons are made among TerraSAR-X (TSX), cGPS and tide gauge minus altimetry VLM estimates for the Hillarys and Fremantle tide gauges (Perth, Western Australia), which are used as test sites for this method. The results suggest agreement between differential TSX and altimetry minus tide gauge VLM rates, but systematic offsets among the absolute/geocentric rates where the TSX is referenced to IGS08 at the PERT cGPS. The TerraSAR-X VLM at the Fremantle tide gauge for the period 7 October 2012 to 7 October 2017 is +0.45 ± 0.40 mm/yr (referenced to IGS08 at PERT cGPS), although this should be treated cautiously over this short period, and because VLM at Fremantle and Hillarys appears to be non-linear over time. We infer from this that the uncertainties in TerraSAR-X differential VLM rates are comparable to those from the highest quality repeat levelling, although the uncertainty approaches 1 mm/yr if the reference point uncertainty of the TSX and cGPS is considered when transformed to a terrestrial reference frame.
Published: 2020

33. Predicting Geographic Ranges of Marine Animal Populations Using Stable Isotopes: A Case Study of Great Hammerhead Sharks in Eastern Australia

Author: Victor M. Peddemors, David J. Booth, Clive N. Trueman, Lydie I. E. Couturier, Matt K. Broadhurst, Kelsey M. Kingsbury, Vincent Raoult, Ivan Nagelkerken, Troy F. Gaston, Bronwyn M. Gillanders, Jane E. Williamson, School of Environmental and Life Sciences - SELS (Callaghan, Australia), University of Newcastle [Callaghan, Australia] (UoN), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), School of Biological Sciences [Adelaïde], University of Adelaide, National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University (SCU), Macquarie University [Sydney], School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), University of Sydney Institute of Marine Science (USIMS), The University of Sydney, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This research was part-funded through a grant from the Sea World Research and Rescue Foundation (SWRRFI) to VR, VP, TG, and JW, and from the NSW Department of Primary Industries. The sampling and stable isotope analysis of the zooplanktivorous fish samples was supported by an Australian Research Council Discovery grant (DP170101722) to IN, DB, and BG. Manta ray sampling and isotopic analyses were funded by the Australian Research Council Linkage Grant (LP110100712), Earthwatch Institute Australia, Sea World Research and Rescue Foundation Inc., Lady Elliot Island Eco Resort and Manta Lodge and Scuba Centre in Australia., University of Newcastle [Australia] (UoN), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, Isoscapes, stable isotopes, Ocean Engineering, manta rays, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, sharks, isoscape, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, Temporal scales, Water Science and Technology, Apex predator, Global and Planetary Change, biology, Stable isotope ratio, Sphyrna, Ecology, species distribution model, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 0405 Oceanography, 0602 Ecology, Pelagic zone, Great hammerhead, habitat range population distributions, tracking, biology.organism_classification, Geography, Productivity (ecology), [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], lcsh:Q, movement, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: © Copyright © 2020 Raoult, Trueman, Kingsbury, Gillanders, Broadhurst, Williamson, Nagelkerken, Booth, Peddemors, Couturier and Gaston. Determining the geographic range of widely dispersed or migratory marine organisms is notoriously difficult, often requiring considerable costs and typically extensive tagging or exploration programs. While these approaches are accurate and can reveal important information on the species, they are usually conducted on only a small number of individuals and can take years to produce relevant results, so alternative approaches may be preferable. The presence of latitudinal gradients in stable carbon isotope compositions of marine phytoplankton offers a means to quickly determine likely geographic population ranges of species that rely on productivity from these resources. Across sufficiently large spatial and temporal scales, the stable carbon isotopes of large coastal or pelagic marine species should reflect broad geographic patterns of resource use, and could be used to infer geographic ranges of marine populations. Using two methods, one based on a global mechanistic model and the other on targeted low-cost latitudinal sampling of fishes, we demonstrate and compare these stable isotope approaches to determine the core population geography of an apex predator, the great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran). Both methods indicated similar geographic ranges and suggested that S. mokarran recorded in south-eastern Australia are likely to be from more northern Australian waters. These approaches could be replicated in other areas where coastlines span predictable geographic gradients in isotope values and be used to determine the core population geography of highly mobile species to inform management decisions.
Published: 2020

34. Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO2 on the north-west European shelf

Author: Evin McGovern, Abdirahman M Omar, Brian M. Stewart, Wilhelm Petersen, Helen S. Findlay, Thanos Gkritzalis, Matthew P. Humphreys, André Cattrijsse, Nathalie Lefèvre, Philip D. Nightingale, Tobias Steinhoff, Jonathan Sharples, Susan E. Hartman, Yoana G. Voynova, David A. Pearce, Arne Körtzinger, Steven van Heuven, Truls Johannessen, Meike Becker, Jean-Philippe Gac, Richard Sanders, Bertrand Chapron, Vassilis Kitidis, Tom Hull, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Pamela Walsham, Peter E. Land, Antoine Grouazel, Denis Diverrès, Naomi Greenwood, Caroline Kivimäe, Mario Hoppema, Mark Warren, Are Olsen, Ute Schuster, Yann Bozec, Ian Ashton, Ian Brown, Siv K. Lauvset, Triona McGrath, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), University of Exeter, University of Oxford, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Lowestoft] (CEFAS), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Isotope Research [Groningen] (CIO), University of Groningen [Groningen], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Austral, Boréal et Carbone (ABC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Instrumentation, Moyens analytiques, Observatoires en Géophysique et Océanographie (IMAGO), Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 264879,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,CARBOCHANGE(2011), European Project: 654410,H2020,H2020-INFRAIA-2014-2015,JERICO-NEXT(2015), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, University of Oxford [Oxford], Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Isotope Research
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, FLUXES, PCO(2), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Medicine, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Sink (geography), Carbon cycle, CONTINENTAL-SHELF, CARBON-DIOXIDE, chemistry.chemical_compound, OCEAN, Dissolved organic carbon, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, TEMPERATURE, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, geography, CLIMATE-CHANGE, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Continental shelf, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:R, Pelagic zone, TRENDS, AIR-SEA EXCHANGE, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Carbon dioxide, DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER, Environmental science, lcsh:Q
Abstract: Shelf seas play an important role in the global carbon cycle, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and exporting carbon (C) to the open ocean and sediments. The magnitude of these processes is poorly constrained, because observations are typically interpolated over multiple years. Here, we used 298500 observations of CO2 fugacity (fCO2) from a single year (2015), to estimate the net influx of atmospheric CO2 as 26.2 ± 4.7 Tg C yr−1 over the open NW European shelf. CO2 influx from the atmosphere was dominated by influx during winter as a consequence of high winds, despite a smaller, thermally-driven, air-sea fCO2 gradient compared to the larger, biologically-driven summer gradient. In order to understand this climate regulation service, we constructed a carbon-budget supplemented by data from the literature, where the NW European shelf is treated as a box with carbon entering and leaving the box. This budget showed that net C-burial was a small sink of 1.3 ± 3.1 Tg C yr−1, while CO2 efflux from estuaries to the atmosphere, removed the majority of river C-inputs. In contrast, the input from the Baltic Sea likely contributes to net export via the continental shelf pump and advection (34.4 ± 6.0 Tg C yr−1).
Published: 2019

35. The Contribution of Surface and Submesoscale Processes to Turbulence in the Open Ocean Surface Boundary Layer

Author: Buckingham, Christian, Lucas, Natasha, Belcher, Stephen, Rippeth, Tom, Grant, Alan, Le Sommer, Julien, Ajayi, Adekunle Opeoluwa, Naveira Garabato, Alberto, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, turbulence, submesoscale, dissipation, parameterization, lcsh:Oceanography, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], surface, mixing, lcsh:GC1-1581, lcsh:GB3-5030, lcsh:Physical geography, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The ocean surface boundary layer is a critical interface across which momentum, heat, and trace gases are exchanged between the oceans and atmosphere. Surface processes (winds, waves, and buoyancy forcing) are known to contribute significantly to fluxes within this layer. Recently, studies have suggested that submesoscale processes, which occur at small scales (0.1–10 km, hours to days) and therefore are not yet represented in most ocean models, may play critical roles in these turbulent exchanges. While observational support for such phenomena has been demonstrated in the vicinity of strong current systems and littoral regions, relatively few observations exist in the open‐ocean environment to warrant representation in Earth system models. We use novel observations and simulations to quantify the contributions of surface and submesoscale processes to turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation in the open‐ocean surface boundary layer. Our observations are derived from moorings in the North Atlantic, December 2012 to April 2013, and are complemented by atmospheric reanalysis. We develop a conceptual framework for dissipation rates due to surface and submesoscale processes. Using this framework and comparing with observed dissipation rates, we find that surface processes dominate TKE dissipation. A parameterization for symmetric instability is consistent with this result. We next employ simulations from an ocean front‐resolving model to reestablish that dissipation due to surface processes exceeds that of submesoscale processes by 1–2 orders of magnitude. Together, these results suggest submesoscale processes do not dramatically modify vertical TKE budgets, though such dynamics may be climatically important owing to their ability to remove energy from the ocean.
Published: 2019

36. Heat Distribution in the Southeast Pacific Is Only Weakly Sensitive to High‐Latitude Heat Flux and Wind Stress

Author: Gael Forget, Emily Shuckburgh, Emma Boland, Andrew J. S. Meijers, Simon A. Josey, Daniel C. Jones, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Isopycnal, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Wind stress, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Sea-surface height, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Geophysics, Heat flux, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Ocean gyre, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Mode water, 14. Life underwater, Thermocline, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, South Pacific Gyre
Abstract: International audience; The Southern Ocean features regionally varying ventilation pathways that transport heat and carbon from the surface ocean to the interior thermocline on timescales of decades to centuries, but the factors that control the distribution of heat along these pathways are not well understood. In this study, we use a global ocean state estimate (ECCOv4) to (1) define the recently ventilated interior Pacific (RVP) using numerical passive tracer experiments over a 10-year period and (2) use an adjoint approach to calculate the sensitivities of the RVP heat content (RVPh) to changes in net heat flux and wind stress. We find that RVPh is most sensitive to local heat flux and wind stress anomalies north of the sea surface height contours that delineate the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, with especially high sensitivities over the South Pacific Gyre. Surprisingly, RVPh is not especially sensitive to changes at higher latitudes. We perform a set of step response experiments over the South Pacific Gyre, the subduction region, and the high-latitude Southern Ocean. In consistency with the adjoint sensitivity fields, RVPh is most sensitive to wind stress curl over the subtropical gyre, which alter isopycnal heave, and it is only weakly sensitive to changes at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that despite the localized nature of mode water subduction hot spots, changes in basin-scale pressure gradients are an important controlling factor on RVPh. Because basin-scale wind stress is expected to change in the coming decades to centuries, our results may have implications for climate, via the atmosphere/ocean partitioning of heat.
Published: 2019

37. A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018-2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend

Author: Florian Sévellec, Sybren Drijfhout, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Sub Physical Oceanography, Marine and Atmospheric Research, and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Chemistry(all), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Climate change, Global warming hiatus, Physics and Astronomy(all), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Biochemistry, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Precipitation, lcsh:Science, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, Global temperature, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), Global warming, Probabilistic logic, General Chemistry, Term (time), Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
Abstract: In a changing climate, there is an ever-increasing societal demand for accurate and reliable interannual predictions. Accurate and reliable interannual predictions of global temperatures are key for determining the regional climate change impacts that scale with global temperature, such as precipitation extremes, severe droughts, or intense hurricane activity, for instance. However, the chaotic nature of the climate system limits prediction accuracy on such timescales. Here we develop a novel method to predict global-mean surface air temperature and sea surface temperature, based on transfer operators, which allows, by-design, probabilistic forecasts. The prediction accuracy is equivalent to operational forecasts and its reliability is high. The post-1998 global warming hiatus is well predicted. For 2018–2022, the probabilistic forecast indicates a warmer than normal period, with respect to the forced trend. This will temporarily reinforce the long-term global warming trend. The coming warm period is associated with an increased likelihood of intense to extreme temperatures. The important numerical efficiency of the method (a few hundredths of a second on a laptop) opens the possibility for real-time probabilistic predictions carried out on personal mobile devices., Accurate near-term predictions of global temperatures are required to determine some of the key impacts of climate change. Here the authors develop a novel probabilistic forecast system that shows anomalously warm temperatures for the next years with increased risk of extreme warming.
Published: 2018

38. The impacts of oceanic deep temperature perturbations in the North Atlantic on decadal climate variability and predictability

Author: Florian Sévellec, Juliette Mignot, Agathe Germe, Alexey V. Fedorov, Sébastien Nguyen, Didier Swingedouw, Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Yale University [New Haven], Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), French national programme LEFE/INSU (DECLIC) Natural and Environmental Research Council UK (DYNAMOC) NE/M005097/1 Natural and Environmental Research Council UK (SMURPHS) NE/N005767/1 French national programme LEFE/INSU US DOE Office of Science DE-SC0016538 NSF AGS-1613318, European Project: 308378,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2012-two-stage,SPECS(2012), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)
Subjects: Ocean observations, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, North Atlantic variability, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Magnitude (mathematics), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Linear, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Linear optimal perturbations, 14. Life underwater, Precipitation, Predictability, Argo, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, IPSL-CM5A, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, overturning circulation, optimal perturbations, Initial condition uncertainties, Decadal climate predictability, Ocean general circulation model, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Common spatial pattern, Environmental science, Atlantic meridional
Abstract: International audience; Decadal climate predictability in the North Atlantic is largely related to ocean low frequency variability, whose sensitivity to initial conditions is not very well understood. Recently, three-dimensional oceanic temperature anomalies optimally perturbing the North Atlantic Mean Temperature (NAMT) have been computed via an optimization procedure using a linear adjoint to a realistic ocean general circulation model. The spatial pattern of the identified perturbations, localized in the North Atlantic, has the largest magnitude between 1000 and 4000 m depth. In the present study, the impacts of these perturbations on NAMT, on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and on climate in general are investigated in a global coupled model that uses the same ocean model as was used to compute the three-dimensional optimal perturbations. In the coupled model, these perturbations induce AMOC and NAMT anomalies peaking after 5 and 10 years, respectively, generally consistent with the ocean-only linear predictions. To further understand their impact, their magnitude was varied in a broad range. For initial perturbations with a magnitude comparable to the internal variability of the coupled model, the model response exhibits a strong signature in sea surface temperature and precipitation over North America and the Sahel region. The existence and impacts of these ocean perturbations have important implications for decadal prediction: they can be seen either as a source of predictability or uncertainty, depending on whether the current observing system can detect them or not. In fact, comparing the magnitude of the imposed perturbations with the uncertainty of available ocean observations such as Argo data or ocean state estimates suggests that only the largest perturbations used in this study could be detectable. This highlights the importance for decadal climate prediction of accurate ocean density initialisation in the North Atlantic at intermediate and greater depths.
Published: 2017
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39. OceanGliders: A Component of the Integrated GOOS

Author: Pierre Testor, Brad de Young, Daniel L. Rudnick, Scott Glenn, Daniel Hayes, Craig M. Lee, Charitha Pattiaratchi, Katherine Hill, Emma Heslop, Victor Turpin, Pekka Alenius, Carlos Barrera, John A. Barth, Nicholas Beaird, Guislain Bécu, Anthony Bosse, François Bourrin, J. Alexander Brearley, Yi Chao, Sue Chen, Jacopo Chiggiato, Laurent Coppola, Richard Crout, James Cummings, Beth Curry, Ruth Curry, Richard Davis, Kruti Desai, Steve DiMarco, Catherine Edwards, Sophie Fielding, Ilker Fer, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Hezi Gildor, Gustavo Goni, Dimitri Gutierrez, Peter Haugan, David Hebert, Joleen Heiderich, Stephanie Henson, Karen Heywood, Patrick Hogan, Loïc Houpert, Sik Huh, Mark E. Inall, Masso Ishii, Shin-ichi Ito, Sachihiko Itoh, Sen Jan, Jan Kaiser, Johannes Karstensen, Barbara Kirkpatrick, Jody Klymak, Josh Kohut, Gerd Krahmann, Marjolaine Krug, Sam McClatchie, Frédéric Marin, Elena Mauri, Avichal Mehra, Michael P. Meredith, Thomas Meunier, Travis Miles, Julio M. Morell, Laurent Mortier, Sarah Nicholson, Joanne O'Callaghan, Diarmuid O'Conchubhair, Peter Oke, Enric Pallàs-Sanz, Matthew Palmer, JongJin Park, Leonidas Perivoliotis, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Ruth Perry, Bastien Queste, Luc Rainville, Eric Rehm, Moninya Roughan, Nicholas Rome, Tetjana Ross, Simon Ruiz, Grace Saba, Amandine Schaeffer, Martha Schönau, Katrin Schroeder, Yugo Shimizu, Bernadette M. Sloyan, David Smeed, Derrick Snowden, Yumi Song, Sebastian Swart, Miguel Tenreiro, Andrew Thompson, Joaquin Tintore, Robert E. Todd, Cesar Toro, Hugh Venables, Taku Wagawa, Stephanie Waterman, Roy A. Watlington, Doug Wilson, Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Environmental Science and Engineering [Guangzhou] (SESE), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], Council for Scientific and Industrial Research [Cape Town] (CSIR), Ministery of Science and Technology, Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research [Pretoria] (CSIR), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship [Brisbane], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia, Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), and Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Ocean observations, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, Underwater glider, Best practice, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Oseanografi: 452 [VDP], gliders, boundary currents, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, autonomous oceanic, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Oceanography: 452 [VDP], platforms, storms, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, Dissemination, in situ ocean observing systems, water transformation, ocean data management, autonomous oceanic platforms, GOOS, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Data collection, 010505 oceanography, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Ocean current, Glider, Data access, Geography, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, business
Abstract: The OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders contributes to the international efforts of the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) for Climate, Ocean Health, and Operational Services. It brings together marine scientists and engineers operating gliders around the world: (1) to observe the long-term physical, biogeochemical, and biological ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant for societal applications; and, (2) to contribute to the GOOS through real-time and delayed mode data dissemination. The OceanGliders program is distributed across national and regional observing systems and significantly contributes to integrated, multi-scale and multi-platform sampling strategies. OceanGliders shares best practices, requirements, and scientific knowledge needed for glider operations, data collection and analysis. It also monitors global glider activity and supports the dissemination of glider data through regional and global databases, in real-time and delayed modes, facilitating data access to the wider community. OceanGliders currently supports national, regional and global initiatives to maintain and expand the capabilities and application of gliders to meet key global challenges such as improved measurement of ocean boundary currents, water transformation and storm forecast.
Published: 2019
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40. Stabilization of dense Antarctic water supply to the Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation

Author: Andrew J. S. Meijers, E. Povl Abrahamsen, K. L. Sheen, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Arnold L. Gordon, Yvonne L. Firing, Jean-Baptiste Sallée, Kurt L. Polzin, Bruce A. Huber, Brian A. King, Michael P. Meredith, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), University of Exeter, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Throughflow, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, Heat distribution, Water supply, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, Scotia sea, Abyssal zone, 03 medical and health sciences, Antarctic Bottom Water, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Circulation (currency), 14. Life underwater, business, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Sea level, Geology, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The lower limb of the Atlantic overturning circulation is resupplied by the sinking of dense Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) that forms via intense air–sea–ice interactions next to Antarctica, especially in the Weddell Sea1. In the last three decades, AABW has warmed, freshened and declined in volume across the Atlantic Ocean and elsewhere2–7, suggesting an ongoing major reorganization of oceanic overturning8,9. However, the future contributions of AABW to the Atlantic overturning circulation are unclear. Here, using observations of AABW in the Scotia Sea, the most direct pathway from the Weddell Sea to the Atlantic Ocean, we show a recent cessation in the decline of the AABW supply to the Atlantic overturning circulation. The strongest decline was observed in the volume of the densest layers in the AABW throughflow from the early 1990s to 2014; since then, it has stabilized and partially recovered. We link these changes to variability in the densest classes of abyssal waters upstream. Our findings indicate that the previously observed decline in the supply of dense water to the Atlantic Ocean abyss may be stabilizing or reversing and thus call for a reassessment of Antarctic influences on overturning circulation, sea level, planetary-scale heat distribution and global climate2,3,8.
Published: 2019

41. The Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP): A Platform for Integrated Multidisciplinary Ocean Science

Author: Jae Hak Lee, Shinya Kouketsu, Emmanuel Boss, Mario Hoppema, Edmo J. D. Campos, Leif G. Anderson, Julia M. Hummon, Toste Tanhua, Evin McGovern, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Gregory C. Johnson, Martin Kramp, Isabelle J. Ansorge, Elaine L. McDonagh, Bernadette M. Sloyan, Lynne D. Talley, Katsuro Katsumata, Caroline Cusack, Akihiko Murata, Michael Williams, Masao Ishii, Herlé Mercier, Emil Jeansson, Rik Wanninkhof, Eleanor O’Rourke, Steve Diggs, Fiz F. Pérez, Australian Government, Irish Government, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US), National Science Foundation (US), European Commission, National capability funding (UK), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Australia), Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division (US), CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia, NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Oceanography and Geochemistry Research Department (OGRD), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)-Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Department of Oceanography [Cape Town], University of Cape Town, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swansea University, Dept Med Biochem & Microbio, Uppsala University, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), and Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ship-based observations, lcsh:QH1-199.5, GO-SHIP, essential ocean variables, Ocean Engineering, Aquatic Science, Physical oceanography, contemporaneous ocean observations, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, global ocean change and variability, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Argo, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Sustainable development, Global and Planetary Change, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean current, Essential climate variables, Biogeochemistry, Essential ocean variables, health, essential climate variables, multidisciplinary ocean research, 13. Climate action, Ocean color, Sustainability, lcsh:Q, Hydrography
Abstract: 21 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, The Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) provides a globally coordinated network and oversight of 55 sustained decadal repeat hydrographic reference lines. GO-SHIP is part of the global ocean/climate observing systems (GOOS/GCOS) for study of physical oceanography, the ocean carbon, oxygen and nutrient cycles, and marine biogeochemistry. GO-SHIP enables assessment of the ocean sequestration of heat and carbon, changing ocean circulation and ventilation patterns, and their effects on ocean health and Earth’s climate. Rapid quality control and open data release along with incorporation of the GO-SHIP effort in the Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) in situ Observing Programs Support Center (JCOMMOPS) have increased the profile of, and participation in, the program and led to increased data use for a range of efforts. In addition to scientific discovery, GO-SHIP provides climate quality observations for ongoing calibration of measurements from existing and new autonomous platforms. This includes biogeochemical observations for the nascent array of biogeochemical (BGC)-Argo floats; temperature and salinity for Deep Argo; and salinity for the core Argo array. GO-SHIP provides the relevant suite of global, full depth, high quality observations and co-located deployment opportunities that, for the foreseeable future, remain crucial to maintenance and evolution of Argo’s unique contribution to climate science. The evolution of GO-SHIP from a program primarily focused on physical climate to increased emphasis on ocean health and sustainability has put an emphasis on the addition of essential ocean variables for biology and ecosystems in the program measurement suite. In conjunction with novel automated measurement systems, ocean color, particulate matter, and phytoplankton enumeration are being explored as GO-SHIP variables. The addition of biological and ecosystem measurements will enable GO-SHIP to determine trends and variability in these key indicators of ocean health. The active and adaptive community has sustained the network, quality and relevance of the global repeat hydrography effort through societally important scientific results, increased exposure, and interoperability with new efforts and opportunities within the community. Here we provide key recommendations for the continuation and growth of GO-SHIP in the next decade., BS was supported by the Australian Government Department of the Environment and CSIRO through the National Environmental Science Program and CSIROs Decadal Climate Forecasting Project. RW and GJ were supported by the NOAA office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, including the Ocean Observations and Monitoring Division (OOMD), funding reference #100007298. PMEL Contribution Number 4864. LT was supported by the United States NSF Ocean Sciences OCE_1437015. TT and CC were supported by the EU Horizon 2020 grant agreement 633211, AtlantOS. ElM was supported by the United Kingdom NERC National Capability ORCHESTRA (NE/N018095/1) and CLASS (NE/R015953/1) projects. EO’R, EMcG, and CC were supported under the Marine Research Programme of the Irish Government.
Published: 2019

42. Realistic measurement uncertainties for marine macronutrient measurements conducted using gas segmented flow and Lab-on-Chip techniques

Author: Antony J. Birchill, Matthew C. Mowlem, G. Clinton-Bailey, Edward Mawji, Eric P. Achterberg, T. Cariou, Rudolf Hanz, Crow White, Paul J. Worsfold, Simon J. Ussher, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Station biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Plymouth, and Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR)
Subjects: Measurement uncertainty, Flow (psychology), Macronutrient, Lab-on-Chip, Phosphate, 02 engineering and technology, Nitrate, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, law.invention, law, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Intercomparison, 14. Life underwater, Process engineering, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Chemistry, business.industry, 010401 analytical chemistry, Lab-on-a-chip, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Certified reference materials, 13. Climate action, Segmented flow, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Highlights • Accounting for systematic bias is required for a realistic analytical uncertainty • Gas segmented flow techniques achieved a combined uncertainties of 1-4 % • Lab-on-Chip nitrate + nitrite analysers achieved a combined uncertainties < 5% Abstract Accurate and precise measurements of marine macronutrient concentrations are fundamental to our understanding of biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Quantifying the measurement uncertainty associated with macronutrient measurements remains a challenge. Large systematic biases (up to 10 %) have been identified between datasets, restricting the ability of marine biogeochemists to distinguish between the effects of environmental processes and analytical uncertainty. In this study we combine the routine analyses of certified reference materials (CRMs) with the application of a simple statistical technique to quantify the combined (random + systematic) measurement uncertainty associated with marine macronutrient measurements using gas segmented flow techniques. We demonstrate that it is realistic to achieve combined uncertainties of ~1-4 % for nitrate + nitrite (ΣNOx), phosphate (PO43-) and silicic acid (Si(OH)4) measurements. This approach requires only the routine analyses of CRMs (i.e. it does not require inter-comparison exercises). As CRMs for marine macronutrients are now commercially available, it is advocated that this simple approach can improve the comparability of marine macronutrient datasets and therefore should be adopted as ‘best practice’. Novel autonomous Lab-on-Chip (LoC) technology is currently maturing to a point where it will soon become part of the marine chemist’s standard analytical toolkit used to determine marine macronutrient concentrations. Therefore, it is critical that a complete understanding of the measurement uncertainty of data produced by LoC analysers is achieved. In this study we analysed CRMs using 7 different LoC ΣNOx analysers to estimate a combined measurement uncertainty of < 5%. This demonstrates that with high quality manufacturing and laboratory practices, LoC analysers routinely produce high quality measurements of marine macronutrient concentrations.
Published: 2019

43. Loop Current variability as trigger of coherent Gulf Stream transport anomalies

Author: Adam T. Blaker, Andrew C. Coward, Pat Hyder, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Gurvan Madec, Arne Biastoch, Ixetl Garcia, Filippa Fransner, Bablu Sinha, Claus W. Böning, Bernard Barnier, Joël J.-M. Hirschi, Thierry Penduff, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), University of Bergen (UiB), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Ocean dynamics, Ocean circulation, Mesoscale processes, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 010505 oceanography, Ocean current, food and beverages, humanities, Boundary current, Gulf Stream, Loop (topology), Current (stream), Boundary currents, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Geology, geographic locations
Abstract: Satellite observations and output from a high-resolution ocean model are used to investigate how the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico affects the Gulf Stream transport through the Florida Straits. We find that the expansion (contraction) of the Loop Current leads to lower (higher) transports through the Straits of Florida. The associated surface velocity anomalies are coherent from the southwestern tip of Florida to Cape Hatteras. A simple continuity-based argument can be used to explain the link between the Loop Current and the downstream Gulf Stream transport: as the Loop Current lengthens (shortens) its path in the Gulf of Mexico, the flow out of the Gulf decreases (increases). Anomalies in the surface velocity field are first seen to the southwest of Florida and within 4 weeks propagate through the Florida Straits up to Cape Hatteras and into the Gulf Stream Extension. In both the observations and the model this propagation can be seen as pulses in the surface velocities. We estimate that the Loop Current variability can be linked to a variability of several Sverdrups (1Sv = 106 m3 s−1) through the Florida Straits. The exact timing of the Loop Current variability is largely unpredictable beyond a few weeks and its variability is therefore likely a major contributor to the chaotic/intrinsic variability of the Gulf Stream. However, the time lag between the Loop Current and the flow downstream of the Gulf of Mexico means that if a lengthening/shortening of the Loop Current is observed this introduces some predictability in the downstream flow for a few weeks.
Published: 2019
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44. Radiogenic isotopes document the start of subduction in the Western Pacific

Author: Hongyan Li, Mark K. Reagan, Julie Prytulak, John W. Shervais, Jeffrey G. Ryan, Julian A. Pearce, Marguerite Godard, Rex N. Taylor, Maria Kirchenbaur, Guangzhou University, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Universität zu Köln, Utah State University (USU), University of South Florida [Tampa] (USF), Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Iowa [Iowa City], and Cardiff University
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mantle wedge, radiogenic isotopes, International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), subduction initiation, forearc basalts, Geochemistry and Petrology, Oceanic crust, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Subduction, Geodynamics, International Ocean Discovery Program, Expedition 352, Plate tectonics, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, boninites, Magmatism, Geology
Abstract: International audience; Subduction initiation is one of the least understood aspects of plate tectonics. In an effort to obtain the first in situ magmatic record of subduction initiation, the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 352 drilled at four sites in the inner trench wall of the Bonin Trench to recover 1.22 km of oceanic upper crust accreted within a few m.y. of subduction initiation. The two sites nearer to the trench (U1440 and U1441) yielded axial and off-axis fore-arc basalts (FAB), while those c. 15 km further from the trench (U1439 and U1442) yielded axial low-silica boninites and high-Mg andesites overlain by off-axis high-silica boninites. This study uses Hf–Nd–Sr–Pb isotope analyses from c. 50 stratigraphically representative core samples to trace the evolution of the mantle source during the brief period of FAB-through-boninite magmatism immediately following subduction initiation. Results show that: 1) the FAB have high εHf relative to εNd and were derived from variably depleted mantle of ‘Indian’ provenance with no detectable subduction input; 2) the axial boninites follow mixing trends between a residual FAB mantle source and a subduction component derived from shallow (amphibolite facies) melting of oceanic crust of ‘Pacific’ provenance; and 3) the off-axis boninites define mixing trends between a hybrid mantle wedge (residual mantle + slab melt) and an additional subduction component with lower εNd and higher 207Pb/204Pb that requires a significant contribution from pelagic sediment. This incoming of pelagic sediments may signify a change from an accretionary to non-accretionary margin as subduction evolves. The results thus indicate a rapidly evolving system in terms of geodynamics, magma genesis and crustal accretion immediately following subduction initiation.
Published: 2019

45. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: Observed Transport and Variability

Author: Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Isabelle J. Ansorge, Johanna Baehr, Harry L. Bryden, Maria Paz Chidichimo, Stuart A. Cunningham, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Shenfu Dong, Kathleen A. Donohue, Shane Elipot, Patrick Heimbach, N. Penny Holliday, Rebecca Hummels, Laura C. Jackson, Johannes Karstensen, Matthias Lankhorst, Isabela A. Le Bras, M. Susan Lozier, Elaine L. McDonagh, Christopher S. Meinen, Herlé Mercier, Bengamin I. Moat, Renellys C. Perez, Christopher G. Piecuch, Monika Rhein, Meric A. Srokosz, Kevin E. Trenberth, Sheldon Bacon, Gael Forget, Gustavo Goni, Dagmar Kieke, Jannes Koelling, Tarron Lamont, Gerard D. McCarthy, Christian Mertens, Uwe Send, David A. Smeed, Sabrina Speich, Marcel van den Berg, Denis Volkov, Chris Wilson, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Department of Oceanography [Cape Town], University of Cape Town, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Istituto di Scienze Marine [La Spezia] (CNR-ISMAR-SP), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Centre for Applied Internet Research (CAIR), Wrexham Glyndŵr University, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), and University of California-University of California
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, observing systems, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ocean Engineering, Zonal and meridional, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Deep sea, moorings, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, Sea level, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, circulation variability, carbon storage, meridional overturning circulation, Sea surface temperature, thermohaline circulation, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Thermohaline circulation, Climate model, ocean heat transport, Ocean heat content, Hydrography
Abstract: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) extends from the Southern Ocean to the northern North Atlantic, transporting heat northwards throughout the South and North Atlantic, and sinking carbon and nutrients into the deep ocean. Climate models indicate that changes to the AMOC both herald and drive climate shifts. Intensive trans-basin AMOC observational systems have been put in place to continuously monitor meridional volume transport variability, and in some cases, heat, freshwater and carbon transport. These observational programs have been used to diagnose the magnitude and origins of transport variability, and to investigate impacts of variability on essential climate variables such as sea surface temperature, ocean heat content and coastal sea level. AMOC observing approaches vary between the different systems, ranging from trans-basin arrays (OSNAP, RAPID 26◦N, 11◦S, SAMBA 34.5◦S) to arrays concentrating on western boundaries (e.g., RAPID WAVE, MOVE 16◦N). In this paper, we outline the different approaches (aims, strengths and limitations) and summarize the key results to date. We also discuss alternate approaches for capturing AMOC variability including direct estimates (e.g., using sea level, bottom pressure, and hydrography from autonomous profiling floats), indirect estimates applying budgetary approaches, state estimates or ocean reanalyses, and proxies. Based on the existing observations and their results, and the potential of new observational and formal synthesis approaches, we make suggestions as to how to evaluate a comprehensive, future-proof observational network of the AMOC to deepen our understanding of the AMOC and its role in global climate.
Published: 2019

46. Deep-ocean mixing driven by small-scale internal tides

Author: Gordon R. Stephenson, Maarten C. Buijsman, Casimir de Lavergne, J. A. Mattias Green, Zhongxiang Zhao, Amy F. Waterhouse, Alberto C. Naveira Garabato, Angélique Melet, Clément Vic, Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), School of Ocean Sciences [Menai Bridge], Bangor University, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), University of Washington [Seattle], Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of Southern Mississippi (USM), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California-University of California, Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, Deep sea, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, Mixing (physics), Mechanical energy, Multidisciplinary, Physical oceanography, Internal tide, General Chemistry, Internal wave, Dissipation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Current (stream), 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, Satellite, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Turbulent mixing in the ocean is key to regulate the transport of heat, freshwater and biogeochemical tracers, with strong implications for Earth’s climate. In the deep ocean, tides supply much of the mechanical energy required to sustain mixing via the generation of internal waves, known as internal tides, whose fate—the relative importance of their local versus remote breaking into turbulence—remains uncertain. Here, we combine a semi-analytical model of internal tide generation with satellite and in situ measurements to show that from an energetic viewpoint, small-scale internal tides, hitherto overlooked, account for the bulk (>50%) of global internal tide generation, breaking and mixing. Furthermore, we unveil the pronounced geographical variations of their energy proportion, ignored by current parameterisations of mixing in climate-scale models. Based on these results, we propose a physically consistent, observationally supported approach to accurately represent the dissipation of small-scale internal tides and their induced mixing in climate-scale models., The geography of deep-ocean mixing driven by internal tides is poorly constrained in ocean models. Here the authors unveil the global variability of energetic small-scale internal tides, combining an analytical model with satellite and in situ observations, paving the way to future parameterisations.
Published: 2019

47. Toward global maps of internal tide energy sinks

Author: Jonas Nycander, Clément Vic, Fabien Roquet, C. de Lavergne, Saeed Falahat, Gurvan Madec, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Department of Marine Sciences [Gothenburg], University of Gothenburg (GU), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010505 oceanography, Turbulence, Energy dissipation, Internal tide, Stratification (water), Global Map, Parameterization, Geophysics, Internal wave, Dissipation, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Physics::Geophysics, Normal mode, Computer Science (miscellaneous), Dissipative system, Internal tides, Ocean mixing, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Internal tides power much of the observed small-scale turbulence in the ocean interior. To represent mixing induced by this turbulence in ocean climate models, the cascade of internal tide energy to dissipation scales must be understood and mapped. Here, we present a framework for estimating the geography of internal tide energy sinks. The mapping relies on the following ingredients: (i) a global observational climatology of stratification; (ii) maps of the generation of M 2 , S 2 and K 1 internal tides decomposed into vertical normal modes; (iii) simplified representations of the dissipation of low-mode internal tides due to wave-wave interactions, scattering by small-scale topography, interaction with critical slopes and shoaling; (iv) Lagrangian tracking of low-mode energy beams through observed stratification, including refraction and reflection. We thus obtain a global map of the column-integrated energy dissipation for each of the four considered dissipative processes, each of the three tidal constituents and each of the first five modes. Modes ≥6 are inferred to dissipate within the local water column at the employed half-degree horizontal resolution. Combining all processes, modes and constituents, we construct a map of the total internal tide energy dissipation, which compares well with observational inferences of internal wave energy dissipation. This result suggests that tides largely shape observed spatial contrasts of dissipation, and that the framework has potential in improving understanding and modelling of ocean mixing. However, sensitivity to poorly constrained parameters and simplifying assumptions entering the parameterized energy sinks calls for additional investigation. The attenuation of low-mode internal tides by wave-wave interactions needs particular attention.
Published: 2019

48. Southern Europe climate oscillations at marine isotope stage 5a

Author: Chung, Yun-Chuan, Hu, Hsun-Ming, Mii, Horng-Sheng, Michel, Véronique, Valensi, Patricia, Jiang, Xiuyang, Shen, Chuan-Chou, Grant, Katharine, High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Culture et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], and University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC)
Subjects: Europe, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], oscillations, marine, isotope, stage, climate, Southern, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: Southern Europe climate oscillations at marine isotope stage 5a
Published: 2019

49. Insights into decadal North Atlantic sea surface temperature and ocean heat content variability from an eddy-permitting coupled climate model

Author: Florian Sévellec, Pablo Ortega, Adrian L. New, Simon A. Josey, Naomi P. Holliday, Bablu Sinha, Ben Moat, Gerard McCarthy, Jon Robson, Joël J.-M. Hirschi, National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Heat budget, Atmosphere-ocean interaction, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, balance, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Surface temperature, Sea surface temperature, Fluxes, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Climatology, Environmental science, Energy budget, Climate model, 14. Life underwater, Ocean heat content, Climate variability, Ocean mixed layer, Heat budgets, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: An ocean mixed layer heat budget methodology is used to investigate the physical processes determining subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean heat content (OHC) variability on decadal to multidecadal time scales using the state-of-the-art climate model HadGEM3-GC2. New elements include development of an equation for evolution of anomalous SST for interannual and longer time scales in a form analogous to that for OHC, parameterization of the diffusive heat flux at the base of the mixed layer, and analysis of a composite Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) event. Contributions to OHC and SST variability from two sources are evaluated: 1) net ocean–atmosphere heat flux and 2) all other processes, including advection, diffusion, and entrainment for SST. Anomalies in OHC tendency propagate anticlockwise around the SPNA on multidecadal time scales with a clear relationship to the phase of the AMOC. AMOC anomalies lead SST tendencies, which in turn lead OHC tendencies in both the eastern and western SPNA. OHC and SST variations in the SPNA on decadal time scales are dominated by AMOC variability because it controls variability of advection, which is shown to be the dominant term in the OHC budget. Lags between OHC and SST are traced to differences between the advection term for OHC and the advection–entrainment term for SST. The new results have implications for interpretation of variations in Atlantic heat uptake in the CMIP6 climate model assessment.
Published: 2019

50. The intra-seasonal dynamics of the mixed layer pump in the subpolar

Author: Lacour, L., Briggs, N., Claustre, Hervé, Ardyna, M., Dall'Olmo, G., Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Stanford University, Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), and Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: International audience; The detrainment of organic matter from the mixed layer, a process known as the mixed layer pump (ML pump), has long been overlooked in carbon export budgets. Recently, the ML pump has been investigated at seasonal scale and appeared to contribute significantly to particulate organic carbon export to the mesopelagic zone, especially at high latitudes where seasonal variations of the mixed layer depth are large. However, the dynamics of the ML pump at intraseasonal scales remains poorly known, mainly because the lack of observational tools suited to studying such dynamics. In the present study, using a dense network of autonomous profiling floats equipped with bio‐optical sensors, we captured widespread episodic ML pump‐driven export events, during the winter and early spring period, in a large part of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean. The intraseasonal dynamics of the ML pump exports fresh organic material to depth (basin‐scale average up to 55 mg C·m−2·day−1), providing a significant source of energy to the mesopelagic food web before the spring bloom period. This mechanism may sustain the seasonal development of overwintering organisms such as copepods with potential impact on the characteristics of the forthcoming spring phytoplankton bloom through predator‐prey interactions.
Published: 2019

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