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1. Feeding the pyramid builders: Early agriculture at Giza in Egypt

Author: Sheisha, Hader, Kaniewski, David, Marriner, Nick, Djamali, Morteza, Younes, Gamal, Chen, Zhongyuan, El-Qady, Gad, Saleem, Amr, Khater, Carla, Véron, Alain, Anthony, Edward, Abdelmaguid, Mohamed Mustapha, Abouarab, Mohamed A.R., Akacha, Zahra, Ilie, Maria, Morhange, Christophe, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Europôle méditerranéen de l'Arbois, Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Théoriser et modéliser pour aménager (UMR 6049) (ThéMA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Département de Biologie et Géosciences, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3, France, Ain Shams University (ASU), SKLEC-State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research (SKLEC), National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics [Helwan] (NRIAG), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Centre de Recherche en Gestion (CEREGE), Université de Poitiers, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Kafrelsheikh University, Department of Archaeology – Durham University, FSHST-CGMED, Université de Tunis, Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest (UniBuc), Archéologie et Philologie d'Orient et d'Occident (AOROC), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Sciences de l'Antiquité - ENS Paris (DSA ENS-PSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: Livestock breeding, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, giza necropolis, Dynastic Egypt, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Agriculture, Palynology, khufu branch of the Nile
Abstract: International audience; While the exact technical processes employed in the construction of the pyramids are still a subject of ongoing debate, it is widely recognized that the Giza Plateau served as a hub where various trades converged with the common objective of building the necropolis. Of particular importance was the development of a local and sustainable food supply for the thousands of laborers involved in this monumental undertaking. Here, we explore the long-term behavioural mechanisms that led human societies to gradually colonize the Nile swamps at Giza. They developed herding and farming, paving the way for greater human exploitation of the area during the Dynastic Egypt. We show that transhumance tribes, originally from the Eastern Sahara, settled along the Giza Plateau 5200 years ago, primarilyengaging in herding and, more sporadically, agriculture. Giza was transformed into a pastoral landscape, with the development of large swaths of the floodplain, providing societies with permanent access to livestock produce (e.g. proteins, milk, meat and wool). Our palaeoecological data reveal that the initial complex societies at Giza were deeply rooted in transhumance, pastoralism and animal husbandry. These activities played a fundamental role in establishing the foundations of a robust and sustainable food system, while also serving as a crucial logistical support for the subsequent construction of the monumental structures that celebrated the grandeur of pharaonic Egypt.
Published: 2023

2. A fault-based probabilistic seismic hazard model for Lebanon, controlling parameters and hazard levels

Author: Sarah El Kadri, C. Beauval, M. Brax, PY. Bard, M. Vergnolle, Y. Klinger, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), and ANR-10-LABX-0056,OSUG@2020,Innovative strategies for observing and modelling natural systems(2010)
Subjects: Geophysics, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Moment-balanced earthquake recurrence model, Active faults, Building and Construction, Lebanon, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Ground-motions, Civil and Structural Engineering, Seismic hazard assessment
Abstract: The present work develops a comprehensive probabilistic seismic hazard study for Lebanon, a country prone to a high seismic hazard since it is located along the Levant fault system. The historical seismicity has documented devastating earthquakes which have struck this area. Contrarily, the instrumental period is typical of a low-to-moderate seismicity region. The source model built is made of a smoothed seismicity earthquake forecast based on the Lebanese instrumental catalog, combined with a fault model including major and best-characterized faults in the area. Earthquake frequencies on faults are inferred from geological as well as geodetic slip rates. Uncertainties at every step are tracked and a sensitivity study is led to identify which parameters and decisions most influence hazard estimates. The results demonstrate that the choice of the recurrence model, exponential or characteristic, impacts the most the hazard, followed by the uncertainty on the slip rate, on the maximum magnitude that may break faults, and on the minimum magnitude applied to faults. At return periods larger than or equal to 475 years, the hazard in Lebanon is fully controlled by the sources on faults, and the off-fault model has a negligible contribution. We establish a source model logic tree populated with the key parameters, and combine this logic tree with three ground-motion models (GMMs) potentially adapted to the Levant region. A specific study is led in Beirut, located on the hanging-wall of the Mount Lebanon fault to understand where the contributions come from in terms of magnitudes, distances and sources. Running hazard calculations based on the logic tree, distributions of hazard estimates are obtained for selected sites, as well as seismic hazard maps at the scale of the country. Considering the PGA at 475 years of return period, mean hazard values found are larger than 0.3g for sites within a distance of 20 to 30km from the main strand of the Levant Fault, as well as in the coastal region in-between Saida and Tripoli (≥ 0.4g considering the 84 th percentile). The study provides detailed information on the hazard levels to expect in Lebanon, with the associated uncertainties, constituting a solid basis that may help taking decisions in the perspective of future updates of the Lebanese building code.
Published: 2023

3. Climate change threatens olive oil production in the Levant

Author: David Kaniewski, Nick Marriner, Christophe Morhange, Carla Khater, Jean-Frédéric Terral, Guillaume Besnard, Thierry Otto, Frédéric Luce, Quentin Couillebault, Labrini Tsitsou, Majid Pourkerman, Rachid Cheddadi, Travaux et recherches archéologiques sur les cultures, les espaces et les sociétés (TRACES), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Théoriser et modéliser pour aménager (UMR 6049) (ThéMA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), CNRS, Toulouse, France, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Centre Camille Jullian - Histoire et archéologie de la Méditerranée et de l'Afrique du Nord de la protohistoire à la fin de l'Antiquité (CCJ), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences (INIOAS), and MITI CNRS‘Evénements rares’, AQUASANMARCO program
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Plant Science
Abstract: International audience; The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the species best adapted to a Mediterranean-type climate. Nonetheless, the Mediterranean Basin is deemed to be a climate change ‘hotspot’ by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change because future model projections suggest considerable warming and drying. Within this context, new environmental challenges will arise in the coming decades, which will both weaken and threaten olive-growing areas, leading to a loss of productivity and changes in fruit and oil quality. Olive growing, a core of the Mediterranean economy, might soon be under stress. To probe the link between climate and olive trees, we here report 5,400 years of olive tree dynamics from the ancient city of Tyre, Lebanon. We show that optimal fruiting scales closely with temperature. Present-day and palaeo data define an optimal annual average temperature of 16.9 ± 0.3 °C for olive flowering that has existed at least since the Neolithic period. According to our projections, during the second half of the twenty-first century, temperature increases in Lebanon will have detrimental consequences on olive tree growth and olive oil production, especially in the country’s southern regions, which will become too hot for optimal flowering and fruiting. These data provide a template to understand present and future thresholds of olive production under climate change.
Published: 2023

4. Seismic and air monitoring observatory for greater Beirut : a citizen observatory of the 'urban health' of Beirut

Author: Cornou, Cecile, Drapeau, Laurent, El Bakouny, Youssef, Lahoud, Samer, Polikovitch, Alain, Abdallah, Chadi, Abou Chakra, Charbel, Afif, Charbel, Al Bitar, Ahmad, Cartier, Stephane, Fanice, Pascal, Fenianos, Johnny, Guillier, Bertrand, Khater, Carla, Khoury, Gabriel, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth (USJ), CNRS – GDRI 0851, France-Chine Stem cells and Regenerative medicine, National Center For Remote Sensing [CNRS-L], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), UN-HABITAT, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Arts Sciences and Technology University (.) (AUL)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: Already sensitive because of its geology (seismic-tsunamic risk) and its interface between arid and temperate ecosystems, the Mediterranean Basin is being transformed by climate change and major urban pressure on resources and spaces. Lebanon concentrates on a small territory the environmental, climatic, health, social and political crises of the Middle East: shortages and degradation of surface and groundwater quality, air pollution, landscape fragmentation, destruction of ecosystems, erosion of biodiversity, telluric risks and very few mechanisms of information, prevention and protection against these vulnerabilities. Further, Lebanon is sorely lacking in environmental data at sufficient temporal and spatial scales to cover the range of key phenomena and to allow the integration of environmental issues for the country's development. This absence was sadly illustrated during the August 4th, 2020, explosion at the port of Beirut, which hindered the effective management of induced threats to protect the inhabitants. In this degraded context combined with a systemic crisis situation in Lebanon, frugal innovation is more than an option, it is a necessity. Initiated in 2021 within the framework of the O-LIFE lebanese-french research consortium (www.o-life.org), the « Seismic and air monitoring observatory for greater Beirut » (SMOAG) project aims at setting up a citizen observatory of the urban health of Beirut by deploying innovative, connected, low-cost, energy-efficient and robust environmental and seismological instruments. Through co-constructed web services and mobile applications with various stakeholders (citizens, NGOs, decision makers and scientists), the SMOAG citizen observatory will contribute to the information and mobilization of Lebanese citizens and managers by sharing the monitoring of key indicators associated with air quality, heat islands and building stability, essential issues for a sustainable Beirut.The first phase of the project was dedicated to the development of a low-cost environmental sensor enabling pollution and urban weather measurements (particle matters, SO2, CO, O3, N02, solar radiation, wind speed, temperature, humidity, rainfall) and to the development of all the software infrastructure, from data acquisition to the synoptic indicators accessible via web and mobile application, while following the standards of the Sensor Web Enablement and Sensor Observation System of the OGC and to the FAIR principles (Easy to find, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable). A website and Android/IOS applications for the restitution of data and indicators and a dashboard allowing real time access to data have been developed. Environmental and low-cost seismological stations (Raspberry Shake) have been already deployed in Beirut, most of them hosted by Lebanese citizens. These instrumental and open data access efforts were completed by participatory workshops with various stakeholders to improve the ergonomy of the web and application interfaces and to define roadmap for the implantation of future stations, consistently with most vulnerable populations identified by NGOs and the current knowledge on the air pollution and heat islands in Beirut.
Published: 2023

5. Landslides induced by the 2017 Mw7.3 Sarpol Zahab earthquake (Iran)

Author: Aya Cheaib, Pascal Lacroix, Swann Zerathe, Denis Jongmans, Najmeh Ajorlou, Marie-Pierre Doin, James Hollingsworth, Chadi Abdallah, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences [Zanjan] (IASBS), and National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Abstract: International audience; Landslides are the main secondary effects of earthquakes in mountainous areas. The spatial distribution of these landslides is controlled by the local seismic ground motion and the local slope stability. While gravitational instabilities in arid and semi-arid environments are understudied, we document the landslides triggered by the Sarpol Zahab earthquake (November 12, 2017, Mw7.3, Iran/Iraq border), the largest event ever recorded in the semi-arid Zagros Mountains. An original earthquake-induced landslide inventory was derived, encompassing landslides of various sizes and velocities (from rapid disrupted rockfalls to slow-moving coherent landslides). This inventory confirms the low level of triggered landslides in semi-arid environments. It also displays clear differences in the spatial and volumetric distributions of earthquake-induced landslides, having 386 rockfalls of limited size triggered around the epicenter, and 9 giant (areas of ca. 106 m2) active and ancient deep-seated landslides coseismically accelerated at locations up to 180 km from the epicenter. This unusual distant triggering is discussed and interpreted as an interaction between the earthquake source properties and the local geological conditions, emphasizing the key role of seismic ground motion variability at short spatial scales in triggering landslides. Finally, the study documents the kinematics of slow-moving ancient landslides accelerated by earthquakes, and opens up new perspectives for studying landslide triggering over short (~ 1–10 years) and long-time (~ 1000–10,000 years) periods.
Published: 2022

6. Surface circulation properties in the Eastern Mediterranean emphasized using machine learning methods

Author: Georges Baaklini, Roy El Hourany, Milad Fakhri, Julien Brajard, Leila Issa, Gina Fifani, Laurent Moriter, Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord]), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics [Lebanese American University] (CSM/SAS/LAU), Lebanese American University (LAU), and Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], General Medicine
Abstract: The Eastern Mediterranean surface circulation is highly energetic, composed of structures interacting stochastically. However, some main features are still debated, and the behavior of some fine-scale dynamics and their role in shaping the general circulation is yet unknown. In the following paper, we use an unsupervised neural network clustering method to analyze the long-term variability of the different mesoscale structures. We decompose 26 years of altimetric data into clusters reflecting different circulation patterns of weak and strong flows with either strain or vortex-dominated velocities. The vortex-dominated cluster is more persistent in the western part of the basin, which is more active than the eastern part due to the strong flow along the coast, interacting with the extended bathymetry and engendering continuous instabilities. The cluster that reflects a weak flow dominated the middle of the basin, including the Mid-Mediterranean Jet (MMJ) pathway. However, the temporal analysis shows a frequent and intermittent occurrence of a strong flow in the middle of the basin, which could explain the previous contradictory assessment of MMJ existence using in-situ observations. Moreover, we prove that the Levantine Sea is becoming more and more energetic as the activity of the main mesoscale features is showing a positive trend.
Published: 2022

7. High-rate GNSS Reflectometry Estimates for Airborne Soil-moisture Detection

Author: Serge Reboul, Hamza Issa, Jens Wickert, Maximilian Semmling, Georges Stienne, Mohamad Raad, Ghaleb Faour, Laboratoire d'Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d'Opale (LISIC), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Lebanese International University (LIU), and Department Geodesy and Remote Sensing [Potsdam]
Subjects: High rate, Environmental science, Water content, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Remote sensing, GNSS reflectometry
Abstract: Soil moisture remote sensing on a global scale has been an active area of research over the past few decades due to its essential role in agriculture and in the prediction of some natural disasters. In this regard, GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is proven as an efficient tool for the measurement of soil moisture content using remote sensing techniques. GNSS-R is a bi-static radar technique that uses the L-band GNSS signals as sources of opportunity to characterize Earth's surface, due to the fact that the reflected signals are often affected by the properties of the reflecting surface. In the context of this work, it is important to detect and fastly reach the area of interest (reflecting surface) for which the soil moisture content shall be monitored. A GNSS-R setup onboard a gyrocopter meets all the requirements of our application. This paper is dedicated to the study of airborne GNSS-R techniques for soil moisture monitoring using a low-altitude airborne carrier with a high rate (1ms for GPS C/A) carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0) observations. To cope with the rapid displacement of the satellites footprints along the receiver trajectory, high rate (1000 Hz rate) C/N0 observations are processed. For this purpose, real flight experimentation has taken place on October 19, 2020 for 45 min. During the flight, the gyrocopter maintained a low-altitude of approximately 315m above the ground with an average speed of 95 km/h. Based on that, the size of the major axis of the first Fresnel zones that constitute the detected footprints ranged between 1,316m for a minimum elevation angle of 3° and 15m for a maximum elevation angle of 75°. Concerning the temporal resolution of the application, the raw data were sampled at a frequency of 25MHz and the C/N0 estimates were realized at a rate of 1000Hz.During the flight, an average of 9 GPS satellites have been detected of which 4 GPS satellite signals were extensively analyzed to observe the reflectivity corresponding to land, beach, and sea reflections. After analyzing the Delay Doppler Maps which provides an image of the scattering cross-section in terms of time and frequency and consequently tracking the corresponding signals, the 1ms C/N0 estimations were derived using the in-phase components of the signals as observations. The reflected signals are then linked to the footprints of the satellites and thus to the reflecting surfaces from which each processed signal has reflected using the GPS time, attitude, and position provided by onboard sensors and the GPS time extracted from the digitized GNSS signals. The ultimate aim of this study is to obtain reflectivity measurements from high rate C/N0 observations in order to provide a soil moisture mapping of the studied area, where we notice that the signals reflected from the beach had the best reflectivity followed by sea then land reflections.
Published: 2022

8. Guiding Conservation for Mountain Tree Species in Lebanon

Author: Rachid Cheddadi, Carla Khater, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), National Center For Remote Sensing [CNRS-L], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), and Vulpes
Subjects: climate change, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, conservation index, Forestry, protected areas, biodiversity conservation, mountains, Lebanon, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology
Abstract: International audience; The objective of this study is to contribute to the conservation of upland tree species in the face of climate change. We used a conservation index to prioritize the areas and populations of three conifer species in the mountains of Lebanon. This conservation index integrates (1) mountain topography to identify areas that could provide a suitable microclimate, (2) genetic diversity to assess the adaptive capacity of populations in these mountain areas, and (3) a hypothetical climate change scenario that could affect this Mediterranean region. The idea of this index is to prioritize protected areas based on a match between the relevance of the area to be protected and the populations that need local and long-term protection. The stronger the match, the higher the priority of the area to be protected. We applied this conservation index to 36 populations of 15 fir, 15 cedar, and 6 juniper. These populations were genotyped by different authors whose published data we used. The results show that 10 populations of the 3 species have a very high index and 9 others have a lower but still high index, indicating a high conservation priority. These 19 populations occur in 5 different areas that we delineated and that form a network along the Lebanon Mountains. We hypothesize that the conservation of these 19 populations across the Lebanon Mountains could contribute to the longterm sustainability of the 3 species in the face of a 2 °C increase in mean seasonal temperature and a 20% decrease in seasonal precipitation compared to the current climate.
Published: 2022

9. Seasonal and interannual variability of the pelagic ecosystem and of the organic carbon budget in the Rhodes Gyre (Eastern Mediterranean): influence of winter mixing

Author: Joelle Habib, Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Milad Fakhri, Patrick Marsaleix, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Pascal Conan, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Alexandre Mignot, Laurent Mortier, Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), OSU Stations marines (STAMAR), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mercator Ocean International [Toulouse], Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]
Abstract: The Rhodes Gyre is a cyclonic persistent feature of the general circulation of the Levantine Basin in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Although it is located in the most oligotrophic basin of the Mediterranean Sea, it is a relatively high primary production area due to strong winter nutrient supply associated with the formation of Levantine Intermediate Water. In this study, a 3D coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model (SYMPHONIE/Eco3M-S) was used to characterize the seasonal and interannual variability of the Rhodes Gyre’s ecosystem and to estimate an annual organic carbon budget over the 2013–2020 period. Comparisons of model outputs with satellite data and compiled in situ data from cruises and BioGeoChemical-Argo floats revealed the ability of the model to reconstruct the main seasonal and spatial biogeochemical dynamics of the Levantine Basin. The model results indicated that during the winter mixing period, phytoplankton first progressively grow sustained by nutrient supply. Then, short episodes of convection driven by heat loss and wind events, favoring nutrient injections, organic carbon export, and inducing light limitation on primary production, alternate with short episodes of phytoplankton growth. The estimate of the annual organic carbon budget indicated that the Rhodes Gyre is an autotrophic area with a positive net community production in the upper layer (0–150 m) amounting to 31.2 ± 6.9 g C m-2 year-1. Net community production in the upper layer is almost balanced over the seven-year period by physical transfers, (1) via downward export (16.8 ± 6.2 g C m-2 year-1) and (2) through lateral transport towards the surrounding regions (14.1 ± 2.1 g C m-2 year-1). The intermediate layer (150–400 m) also appears to be a source of organic carbon for the surrounding Levantine Sea (7.5 ± 2.8 g C m-2 year-1) mostly through the subduction of Levantine Intermediate Water following winter mixing. The Rhodes Gyre shows high interannual variability with enhanced primary production, net community production, and exports during years marked by intense heat losses and deep mixed layers. However, annual primary production appears to be only partially driven by winter vertical mixing. Based on our results, we can speculate that future increase of temperature and stratification could strongly impact the carbon fluxes in this region.
Published: 2022

10. Liquid–(Liquid)–Vapor Equilibrium of Solvents (P-Xylene, Methyl Hexadecanoate, and Methyl Oleate), Binary Systems (Water + Solvents), and Ternary Systems (Water + Methyl Hexadecanoate + Model Molecule of Tar) Issued from the Biomass Gasification Process

Author: Georgio Bassil, Jacques Jose, Maria Aoun, Joseph Saab, Christelle Goutaudier, Ilham Mokbel, Université Libano-canadienne, Lebanese Atomic Energy Comission [CNRS-L] (LAEC-CNRS), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Equipe Thermodynamique Equilibre Phases & Anal Avance (Equipe ThEAA), Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik (USEK), Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (LMI), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: General Chemical Engineering, Biomass, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, Vapor pressure, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Enthalpy, 020401 chemical engineering, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Molecule, Organic chemistry, 0204 chemical engineering, Tar, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, General Chemistry, Molecules, p-Xylene, Alkyls, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Scientific method, Solvents, Biomass gasification, Ternary operation, Syngas
Abstract: International audience; As the most promising biomass utilization method, biomass gasification is gaining attention as a route for biomass energy production, but the syngas generated from the process contains unacceptable levels of tar. The syngas in reality leads to a liquid–liquid–vapor equilibrium. This syngas becomes saturated with water steam, solvent, and trace of volatile tar. The aim of this work is to study the liquid–(liquid)–vapor equilibrium of extracting solvents (P-xylene, methyl hexadecanoate, and methyl oleate), binary systems (water + solvents), and ternary systems (water + methyl hexadecanoate + model molecule of tar) and to determine the vapor pressure for those systems from 303.15 to 453.15 K. Vaporization enthalpies of each solvent at 298.15 K are also calculated and compared to the literature. The obtained data were correlated using the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model for the liquid phase combined with the perfect gas equation for the vapor phase.
Published: 2020

11. Airborne GNSS Reflectometry for Water Body Detection

Author: ISSA, HAMZA, Stienne, Georges, Reboul, Serge, Raad, Mohamad, Faour, Ghaleb, Laboratoire d'Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d'Opale (LISIC), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), and Lebanese International University (LIU)
Subjects: edge localization, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, GNSS-R, signal segmentation, Science, reflectivity, water body detection, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, airborne reflectometry
Abstract: This article is dedicated to the study of airborne GNSS-R signal processing techniques for water body detection and edge localization using a low-altitude airborne carrier with high rate reflectivity measurements. A GNSS-R setup on-board a carrier with reduced size and weight was developed for this application. We develop a radar technique for automatic GNSS signal segmentation in order to differentiate in-land water body surfaces based on the reflectivity measurements associated to different areas of reflection. Such measurements are derived from the GNSS signal amplitudes. We adapt a transitional model to characterize the changes in the measurements of the reflected GNSS signals from one area to another. We propose an on-line/off-line change detection algorithm for GNSS signal segmentation. A real flight experimentation took place in the context of this work obtaining reflections from different surfaces and landforms. We show, using the airborne GNSS measurements obtained, that the proposed radar technique detects in-land water body surfaces along the flight trajectory with high temporal (50 Hz ) and spatial resolution (order of 10 to 100 m2). We also show that we can localize the edges of the detected water body surfaces at meter accuracy.
Published: 2021
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12. A framework for investigating the land degradation neutrality – Disaster risk reduction nexus at the sub-national scales

Author: Chadi Abdallah, Mario J. Al Sayah, Mohammad Abboud, Rita Der Sarkissian, National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), LAB'URBA (LAB'URBA), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Gustave Eiffel, and Lebanese International University (LIU)
Subjects: Mediterranean climate, Disaster risk reduction, Land cover, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Natural hazard, [SPI.GCIV.RISQ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Risques, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Ecology, business.industry, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Environmental resource management, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 15. Life on land, Hazard, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Intervention (law), Geography, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Land degradation, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, business, Nexus (standard)
Abstract: Specific guidelines are needed to overcome dichotomous classifications of lands into degraded or not for leveraging the Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) concept. Overlooking degrading lands or those at risk of degradation can block LDN. Therefore, this paper proposes a detailed land classification method, and complements LDN with an indicator α (wildfires, landslides and insights on aridity). Indicator α taps the rarely studied LDN-natural hazards nexus. For separating degrading, degraded and non-degraded lands, twelve categories were defined, and indicators were then established. Subsequently, a land potential-hazard informed LDN intervention was planned. These methods target sub-national scales via the Lebanese/Mediterranean Aley district. Findings first revealed that Aley's land cover developed without considering land potential or hazard potentiality. Second, land status categories are distributed as 65% stable (of which 20.18 are lightly used), 8.14% non-degraded (adequately used, recovered and improving), 13.67% degraded, and 13.13% at risk of degradation. However, the district risks shifting towards less healthy land states due to unplanned development and natural hazards inconsideration. Accordingly, the LDN intervention targeted the stable/lightly used, at risk of degradation-/lightly used, overused and lightly used lands for optimization. This approach shifted 33.33% of Aley to adequately used lands, increasing the latter from 8.05% to 41.38%.
Published: 2021

13. Blending drifters and altimetric data to estimate surface currents: Application in the Levantine Mediterranean and objective validation with different data types

Author: Georges Baaklini, Milena Menna, Julien Brajard, Leila Issa, Gina Fifani, Laurent Mortier, Milad Fakhri, Isabelle Taupier-Letage, Anthony Bosse, Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics [Lebanese American University] (CSM/SAS/LAU), Lebanese American University (LAU), National Center for Marine Sciences [Lebanon], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics (OGS), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)
Subjects: Drifters, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Lagrangian data, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean sea, Data assimilation, Computer Science (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, Altimeter, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 010505 oceanography, Ocean current, Levantine Mediterranean, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Surface velocity field, Drifter, Eddy, 13. Climate action, Ocean color, Altimetry, Geostrophic wind, Geology
Abstract: International audience; An improved estimation of the surface currents in the Levantine Basin of the Mediterranean sea is crucial for a wide range of applications, including pollutants transport and nutrients distribution. This estimation remains challenging due to the scarcity or shortcomings of various data types used for this purpose. In this paper, we present an objective validation of a variational assimilation algorithm that blends geostrophic velocities derived from altimetry, wind-induced velocities, and drifter positions, to continuously obtain velocity corrections. The assessment of the validation impact was based on available independent in-situ data (current meters, gliders, and independent drifters) and satellite ocean color images. In all cases, the improvement was shown either qualitatively (position of the eddies) or quantitatively.
Published: 2021
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14. High-Rate GNSS Reflectometry for Water Body Detection Using Low Altitude Airborne Carrier

Author: Mohamad Raad, Georges Stienne, Hamza Issa, Ghaleb Faour, Serge Reboul, Laboratoire d'Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d'Opale (LISIC), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Centre national de télédétection - Conseil nationale de la recherche scientifique au Liban (CNT-CNRSL), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), and Lebanese International University (LIU)
Subjects: Low altitude, High rate, Water body, Environmental science, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Remote sensing, GNSS reflectometry
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

15. Assessing the thermal regime of poorly monitored reservoirs with a combined satellite and three-dimensional modeling approach

Author: Bruno J. Lemaire, Najwa Sharaf, Kamal Slim, Ali Fadel, Brigitte Vinçon-Leite, Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), AgroParisTech, and Programme Hubert Curien CEDRE 42486XK
Subjects: Landsat 8, Water surface temperature, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Thermal, hydrodynamic model, water surface temperature, Thermal remote sensing, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Remote sensing, Dimensional modeling, Missing data, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, Water temperature, Delft3D, thermal remote sensing, Environmental science, Satellite, Karaoun Reservoir, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract: International audience; The thermal regime of lakes and reservoirs is a major driver of their functioning, yet water temperature measurements are scarce and time-series are frequently interrupted by missing data in many lakes and reservoirs. Our aim was to assess whether satellite imagery combined with 3-dimensional (3D) modeling can overcome this limitation. We assessed the performance of a 3D model (Delft3D-Flow) and compared simulated temperature to satellite data on Karaoun Reservoir in a semiarid region of Lebanon. Surface water temperatures were retrieved from Landsat 8, atmospherically corrected using a single channel algorithm and adjusted with in situ measurements as a proxy of bulk temperatures. With limited calibration, the model reproduced water level fluctuations, water temperature, stratification, and mixing, with low discrepancies from measurements. Satellite temperatures agreed well with observations and simulations. Satellite temperature distribution across the reservoir exhibited low spatial heterogeneity. The 3D model partly reproduced this spatial distribution of surface temperature and generally was able to simulate the thermal regime of the reservoir with limited datasets for initial conditions and for hydrological and meteorological forcing, and with limited calibration. For validating 3D hydrodynamic models, satellite temperatures constitute a valuable source of data complementary to point measurements. Coupling satellite imagery and modeling can improve operational surveys of poorly monitored lakes and reservoirs and enhance knowledge of their thermal functioning.
Published: 2021

16. Examining the Operational Aspect of Pedestrian Evacuation Modelling; A case study of Ras-Baalbek flash floods–Lebanon

Author: Der Sarkissian, Rita, Sarkissian, Rita Der, Abdallah, Chadi, Zaninetti, Jean-Marc, Nedjai, Rachid, LAB'URBA (LAB'URBA), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans (LEO), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Centre d'Etudes pour le Développement des Territoires et l'Environnement (CEDETE), Université d'Orléans (UO), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours (UT)
Subjects: [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [SPI.GCIV.IT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Infrastructures de transport, 13. Climate action, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Forensic engineering, Flash flood, [SPI.GCIV.RISQ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Risques, Environmental science, Pedestrian, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society
Abstract: International audience; A number of evacuation models exist in literature, but investigations of their operational aspects and efficient implementation are rare. The purpose of this paper is to critically assess the operational aspect of pedestrian evacuation models for flash floods mitigation. Through a detailed real-life case study in Ras-Baalbek village-Lebanon, the efficiency of evacuation models when it comes to saving lives was examined. Potential evacuation times were established using an anisotropic least-cost-distance (LCD) approach combined with an exploratory geospatial analysis. The next step was a field verification of the obtained results and accordingly, a detailed evacuation plan that would allow evacuees for a quick departure before flash floods arrival was established. Based on the modeling results, evacuation signs were proposed to be installed on roads along with building vertical-evacuation structures to enhance the evacuation time. The obtained evacuation-modeling outcomes showcased to have multiple operational implications: flood risk outreach, educating and training (preparedness and response), reducing risk and casualties, long-term land use/land cover zoning and, ultimately, improving communities’ resilience to floods.
Published: 2021

17. Integration of L-Band Derived Soil Roughness into a Bare Soil Moisture Retrieval Approach from C-Band SAR Data

Author: Marcel M. El Hajj, Ghaleb Faour, Mohamad Hamze, Bruno Cheviron, Hassan Bazzi, Nicolas Baghdadi, Mehrez Zribi, Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), ITK [Clapiers], King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), French Space Study Center (CNES, TOSCA 2021 project), National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (INRAE), French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (French Embassy in Beirut), Lebanese National Council of Scientific Research, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: Synthetic aperture radar, L band, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mean squared error, C band, Science, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Surface roughness, C-band, Water content, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Mathematics, soil moisture, surface roughness, SAR, L-band, ALOS/PALSAR, Sentinel-1, artificial neural networks, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Soil roughness
Abstract: International audience; Surface soil moisture (SSM) is a key variable for many environmental studies, including hydrology and agriculture. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data in the C-band are widely used nowadays to estimate SSM since the Sentinel-1 provides free-of-charge C-band SAR images at high spatial resolution with high revisit time, whereas the use of L-band is limited due to the low data availability. In this context, the main objective of this paper is to develop an operational approach for SSM estimation that mainly uses data in the C-band (Sentinel-1) with L-bands (ALOS/PALSAR) as additional data to improve SSM estimation accuracy. The approach is based on the use of the artificial neural networks (NNs) technique to firstly derive the soil roughness (Hrms) from the L-band (HH polarization) to then consider the L-band-derived Hrms and C-band SAR data (VV and VH polarizations) in the input vectors of NNs for SSM estimation. Thus, the Hrms estimated from the L-band at a given date is assumed to be constant for a given times series of C-band images. The NNs were trained and validated using synthetic and real databases. The results showed that the use of the L-band-derived Hrms in the input vector of NN in addition to C-band SAR data improved SSM estimation by decreasing the error (bias and RMSE), mainly for SSM values lower than 15 vol.% and regardless of Hrms values. Based on the synthetic database, the NNs that neglect the Hrms underestimate and overestimate the SSM (bias ranges between −8.0 and 4.0 vol.%) for Hrms values lower and higher than 1.5 cm, respectively. For Hrms 2.0 cm and SSM between 8 to 22 vol.%, the accuracy on the SSM estimation improved and the overestimation decreased by 2.2 vol.% (from 4.5 to 2.3 vol.%). From the real database, the use of Hrms estimated from the L-band brought a significant improvement of the SSM estimation accuracy. For in situ SSM less than 15 vol.%, the RMSE decreased by 1.5 and 2.2 vol.% and the bias by 1.2 and 2.6 vol.%, for Hrms values lower and higher than 1.5 cm, respectively.
Published: 2021

18. Evidencing the Impact of Climate Change on the Phytoplankton Community of the Mediterranean Sea Through a Bioregionalization Approach

Author: Michel Crépon, Carlos Mejia, Roy El Hourany, Ghaleb Faour, Sylvie Thiria, Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (UMR 8197/1024) (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), National Center For Remote Sensing [CNRS-L], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Pinsard, Françoise
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 15. Life on land, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Geophysics, Mediterranean sea, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Phytoplankton, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; We revisited the partitioning of the Mediterranean Sea into bioregions by processing satellite Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla) from ocean color observations combined with Argo mixed-layer depth for a period ranging from 2003 up to 2020. This regionalization was performed using an innovative classification based on self-organizing maps, the so-called 2S-SOM. We clustered the Mediterranean Sea waters into seven bioregions governed by specific physical and biogeochemical characteristics. We studied the interannual variability of these bioregions over the 18 years. We showed that the temperature is increasing with a mean rate of 0.4°C per decade. The chlorophyll-a concentration is quasi constant, but we evidenced a noticeable change in satellite-derived phytoplankton communities: Diatoms concentration is decreasing while cyanobacteria concentration is increasing. The bioregion trends could be related to global warming. The whole Mediterranean Sea is shifting to an eastern Mediterranean state.
Published: 2021

19. Solidarity as Social Involvement

Author: Roberto Frega and National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L)
Subjects: Sociology and Political Science, 05 social sciences, [SHS.PHIL]Humanities and Social Sciences/Philosophy, Fraternity, Gender studies, 06 humanities and the arts, 16. Peace & justice, 0603 philosophy, ethics and religion, Social engagement, Solidarity, 0506 political science, Philosophy, History and Philosophy of Science, Democratic theory, 060302 philosophy, 050602 political science & public administration, Sociology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: This paper reclaims the concept of solidarity for democratic theory. It does this by proposing a theory of solidarity as social involvement that is construed through the integration of three better known conceptions of solidarity that have played an influential role in the political thought of the last two centuries. The paper begins by explaining why solidarity should receive more sustained attention from political theorists with an interest in democracy, and proceeds by presenting two indispensability arguments. Section three outlines the three rival conceptions of solidarity and contends that whilst individually incomplete, each provides an important insight, so that a fuller and more satisfying conception of solidarity can be developed by weaving together some features of these three conceptions. This task is undertaken in section four, which introduces the theory of solidarity as social involvement, defining solidarity in terms of acting-for and acting-with. Section five briefly discusses some of its potential implications for democratic theory, before bringing the article to a close.
Published: 2019

20. Bioaccessibility and radioisotopes of lead in soils around a fertilizer industry in Lebanon

Author: Hanna Chebib, Philippe Cambier, Nastaran Manouchehri, Rola Bou Khozam, Stephane Besançon, Naim Ouaini, Rana Baydoun, Omar El Samad, Dany Saba, Lina Nafeh Kassir, Amine Kassouf, Ingénierie, Procédés, Aliments (GENIAL), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Holy-Spirit University of Kaslik [Jounieh], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Lebanese University [Beirut] (LU), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), and Université Paris Saclay (COmUE)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil test, Nitrogen, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Carbonates, Biological Availability, Bioaccessibility, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, Risk Assessment, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Geochemistry and Petrology, Cation-exchange capacity, Humans, Soil Pollutants, Radioactive, Environmental Chemistry, Lebanon, Fertilizers, Edetic Acid, Pb, Radionuclides, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Water Science and Technology, Mobility, Fertilizer plant, Trace elements, Radionuclide, Electric Conductivity, Lead Radioisotopes, General Medicine, Contamination, Soil contamination, 6. Clean water, Bioavailability, Ion Exchange, 13. Climate action, Chemical Industry, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Soil water, engineering, Clay, Environmental science, Fertilizer
Abstract: International audience; The use of phosphate ore by fertilizer industries is considered a major source of soil contamination by trace metals and radionuclides. Despite its low mobility and bioavailability, lead (Pb) is among soil contaminants that pose a serious risk to human health. This study evaluates the potential impact of a fertilizer factory in North Lebanon on the total content of Pb and the activity concentration of its radioisotopes in residential, non-agricultural lands around the industry, as well as its mobility and bioaccessibility in soil samples collected at different depths. Chemical extractions by EDTA and in vitro physiologically based extraction test were used to estimate, respectively, the available and bioaccessible fractions of Pb in soils. Radioisotopes 214Pb, 212Pb and 210Pb have been analyzed by gamma spectrometry. Different physicochemical soil parameters, such as pH, carbonate content, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, clay, total nitrogen and redox potential, were studied. The pseudo-total Pb varied between 12.8 and 68.5 mg kg−1, while the extractable fractions were more variable, between 12 and 72% of total Pb concentration for the EDTA extracted fraction and up to 28.5% for the bioaccessible fractions. The processing of the data shows the decreases with depth in most sites of the total and available Pb and of the activity concentration of 210Pb and their positive correlations with total nitrogen. These variations and relationships with the location of studied sites show the influence of emissions from the factory or the transport of ore and by-products. The correlations between available and bioaccessible Pb on one hand, between available Pb and 210Pb on another hand, raise the question of health risk assessments taking into account the bioaccessibility of Pb and its radioisotopes.
Published: 2019

21. In vitro evaluation of organic extractable matter from ambient PM2.5 using human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells: Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory response, genotoxicity, and cell cycle deregulation

Author: M. Roumié, Anthony Verdin, Dominique Courcot, Guillaume Garçon, Jean-Marc Lo Guidice, Ghidaa Badran, Frédéric Ledoux, Imane Abbas, Lebanese Atomic Energy Comission [CNRS-L] (LAEC-CNRS), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Impact de l'environnement chimique sur la santé humaine - ULR 4483 (IMPECS), Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Inflammation, 010501 environmental sciences, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Cell survival, Proinflammatory cytokine, Lipid peroxidation, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, BEAS-2B cells, medicine, Secretion, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Chemistry, Cell biology, Organic extractable matter, Oxidative stress, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Genotoxicity, medicine.symptom, Signal transduction
Abstract: International audience; A particular attention has been devoted to the type of toxicological responses induced by particulate matter (PM), since their knowledge is greatly complicated by the fact that it is a heterogeneous and often poorly described pollutant. However, despite intensive research effort, there is still a lack of knowledge about the specific chemical fraction of PM, which could be mainly responsible of its adverse health effects. We sought also to better investigate the toxicological effects of organic extractable matter (OEM) in normal human bronchial epithelial lung BEAS-2B cells. The wide variety of chemicals, including PAH and other related-chemicals, found in OEM, has been rather associated with early oxidative events, as supported by the early activation of the sensible NRF-2 signaling pathway. For the most harmful conditions, the activation of this signaling pathway could not totally counteract the ROS overproduction, thereby leading to critical oxidative damage to macromolecules (lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA adducts). While NRF-2 is an anti-inflammatory, OEM exposure did not trigger any significant change in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and IFNγ). According to the high concentrations of PAH and other related organic chemicals found in this OEM, CYP1A1 and 1B1 genes exhibited high transcription levels in BEAS-2B cells, thereby supporting both the activation of the critical AhR signaling pathway and the formation of highly reactive ultimate metabolites. As a consequence, genotoxic events occurred in BEAS-2B cells exposed to this OEM together with cell survival events, with possible harmful cell cycle deregulation. However, more studies are required to implement these observations and to contribute to better decipher the critical role of the organic fraction of air pollution-derived PM2.5 in the activation of some sensitive signaling pathways closely associated with G1/S and intra-S checkpoint blockage, on the one hand, and cell survival, on the other hand.
Published: 2019

22. Impact of Lebanese practices in industry, agriculture and urbanization on soil toxicity. Evaluation of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in soil

Author: Banan Soukarieh, Hélène Budzinski, Khaled El Hawari, Mohamad El Husseini, Farouk Jaber, Lebanese Atomic Energy Comission [CNRS-L] (LAEC-CNRS), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lebanese University [Beirut] (LU), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology [Lebanese University], Laboratoire de Physico -& Toxico Chimie des systèmes naturels (LPTC), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Chrysene, Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil test, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Soil, chemistry.chemical_compound, Diesel fuel, Industry, Soil Pollutants, Environmental Chemistry, Coal, Lebanon, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Fluoranthene, Fluorenes, Anthracene, Pyrenes, business.industry, Urbanization, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Agriculture, General Medicine, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Pollution, 6. Clean water, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Soil water, Environmental science, Pyrene, business, Environmental Monitoring
Abstract: This study was carried out in order to investigate the toxicity on Lebanese soil and to show the impact of the anthropogenic activities, industrialization and urbanization, on the release of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lebanese soils. Hundred soil samples of different land use were screened for 17 PAHs using a UAE/GC-MS method. Detection frequency varied between 76 and 100% for most of the PAHs, where the ΣPAHs ranged from 33.5 to 4062.9 ng g−1. Moreover, BaPeq values varied between 0.93 and 332.4 ng g−1. BaPeq values in industrial and urban soils were 777 and 256 times higher than those in rural soil, respectively. None of the soil samples showed concentrations above the safe BaPeq value of 600 ng g−1. Significant decrease in concentration levels of ΣPAHs was obtained in the following order: Industrial, urban, traffic and agricultural. Furthermore, the relative high contribution of Chrysene, Benzo(a)Anthracene and Benzo(k)Fluoranthene in agricultural soils indicates that open burning remains an adopted way in Lebanon for disposal of agricultural residues, while the predominance of Benzo(ghi)Perylene and Benzo(b)Fluoranthene in industrial soils suggests the broad use of diesel powered engines in the Lebanese industrial sector. The ratios of Low Molecular Weight/High Molecular Weight and fluoranthene/fluoranthene+pyrene (Fln/Fln+Pyr) showed that PAHs in soil samples are mainly pyrogenic and created during combustion of petrol, coal, wood and other biomasses.
Published: 2018

23. The changing Mediterranean Basin through the lens of Mediterranean experts

Author: Hassoun, Abed El Rahman, Guiot, Joel, Marini, Katarzyna, Cramer, Wolfgang, National Center for Marine Sciences [Lebanon], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), MedECC Secretariat, Plan Bleu, France (MedECC), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Leydet, Michelle
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, climate change, society, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, environmental change, adaptation, resources, ecosystems
Abstract: International audience; The different components of the Mediterranean Basin (land, coast, and sea) are undergoing significant changes due to multiple anthropogenic pressures, including climate change, pollution and other factors. The 1 st Mediterranean Assessment Report (MAR1), produced by the Mediterranean Experts on Climate and environmental Change (MedECC) and based on available scientific literature, provides a coherent and comprehensive synthesis of the status of the Mediterranean Basin, its main drivers and their impacts on both ecosystems and human dimensions, with a focus on water, food, energy, ecosystems and ecosystem services, development, health and human security. The report is the first multidisciplinary, trans-boundary assessment produced for this region and provides significant input to inform policy at regional, national and local levels. Its groundbreaking nature lies in the scope of the scientific assessment as well as in displaying the regional capacity to coordinate existing fragmented efforts in the region. The report highlights risks and possible response strategies that may help to increase the resilience to the effects of climate and environmental change. The conclusions show that effective policy responses, as well as in support of Sustainable Development Goals, encompass both strengthened mitigation of climate and environmental change and enhanced adaptation to their impacts. Socioeconomic factors of poverty, inequalities and gender imbalances presently hamper the achievement of sustainable development and climate resilience in Mediterranean countries.
Published: 2021

24. MedECC 2020 Summary for Policymakers

Author: Cramer, Wolfgang, Guiot, Joel, Marini, Katarzyna, Azzopardi, Brian, Balzan, Mario V, Cherif, Semia, Doblas-Miranda, Enrique, Santos, Maria José Palma Lampreia Dos, Drobinski, Philippe, Fader, Marianela, Hassoun, Abed El Rahman, Giupponi, Carlo, Koubi, Vassiliki, Lange, Manfred, Lionello, Piero, Llasat, Maria Carmen, Moncada, Stefano, Mrabet, Rachid, Paz, Shlomit, Savé, Robert, Snoussi, Maria, Toreti, Andrea, Vafeidis, Athanasios T., Xoplaki, Elena, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Mediterranean Experts on Climate and environmental Change (MedECC), Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology, Partenaires INRAE, Malta Council for Science and Technology, Institut supérieur des sciences biologiques appliquées de Tunis = Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis (ISSBAT), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change, Federal Institute of Hydrology, National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento [Lecce], Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, Islands and Small States Institute, University of Malta, Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Department of Geography and Environmental Studies [Haifa], University of Haifa [Haifa], Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Faculté des Sciences de Rabat, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institute of Geography, Christian-Albrechts University, Department of Geography, Justus-Liebig- University, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Cramer W, Guiot J, Marini K, and Mediterranean Experts on Climate and Environmental change
Subjects: Anthropogenic changes, Climate, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Mediterranean Basin, Environmental change
Abstract: ISBN: 978-2-9577416-0-1; International audience; Virtually all sub-regions of the Mediterranean Basin, on land and in the sea, are impacted by recent anthropogenic changes in the environment. The main drivers of change include climate (temperature, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, extreme events, sea-level rise, sea water temperature, salinity and acidification), population increase, pollution, unsustainable land and sea use practices and non-indigenous species. In most areas, both natural ecosystems and human livelihoods are affected. Due to global and regional trends in the drivers, impacts will be exacerbated in the coming decades, especially if global warming exceeds 1.5 to 2°C above the pre-industrial level. Significantly enhanced efforts are needed in order to adapt to inevitable changes, mitigate change drivers and increase resilience.
Published: 2021

25. Ecosystems

Author: Balzan, Mario V., Hassoun, Abed El Rahman, Aroua, Najet, Baldy, Virginie, Dagher, Magda Bou, Branquinho, Cristina, Dutay, Jean-Claude, Bour, Monia El, Médail, Frédéric, Mojtahid, Meryem, Morán-Ordóñez, Alejandra, Roggero, Pier Paolo, Heras, Sergio Rossi, Schatz, Bertrand, Vogiatzakis, Ioannis N., Zaimes, George N., Ziveri, Patrizia, Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology, Partenaires INRAE, National Center for Marine Sciences [Lebanon], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Polytechnic School of Architecture and Urbanism, Algiers/ Laboratory of Architecture, Urbanism and Environmental Design, Department of Architecture, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Science, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies (INSTM), Carthage - Salammbô, Tunisia, University of Angers, Angers, France, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Department of Agricultural Sciences, Desertification Research Centre, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeBA), Uniersity of Salento, Salento, Italy, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, UNESCO Chair Con-E-Ect, International Hellenic University, Drama, Greece, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain, Cramer W, Guiot J, and Marini K
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

26. Ecosystems

Author: Balzan, Mario V., Hassoun, Abed El Rahman, Aroua, Najet, Baldy, Virginie, Dagher, Magda Bou, Branquinho, Cristina, Dutay, Jean-Claude, Bour, Monia El, Médail, Frédéric, Mojtahid, Meryem, Morán-Ordóñez, Alejandra, Roggero, Pier Paolo, Heras, Sergio Rossi, Schatz, Bertrand, Vogiatzakis, Ioannis N., Zaimes, George N., Ziveri, Patrizia, Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology, Partenaires INRAE, National Center for Marine Sciences [Lebanon], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Polytechnic School of Architecture and Urbanism, Algiers/ Laboratory of Architecture, Urbanism and Environmental Design, Department of Architecture, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Science, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies (INSTM), Carthage - Salammbô, Tunisia, University of Angers, Angers, France, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Department of Agricultural Sciences, Desertification Research Centre, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeBA), Uniersity of Salento, Salento, Italy, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, UNESCO Chair Con-E-Ect, International Hellenic University, Drama, Greece, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain, Cramer W, Guiot J, and Marini K
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

27. Ecosystems

Author: Balzan, Mario V., Hassoun, Abed El Rahman, Aroua, Najet, Baldy, Virginie, Dagher, Magda Bou, Branquinho, Cristina, Dutay, Jean-Claude, Bour, Monia El, Médail, Frédéric, Mojtahid, Meryem, Morán-Ordóñez, Alejandra, Roggero, Pier Paolo, Heras, Sergio Rossi, Schatz, Bertrand, Vogiatzakis, Ioannis N., Zaimes, George N., Ziveri, Patrizia, Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology, Partenaires INRAE, National Center for Marine Sciences [Lebanon], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Université Mohamed Khider de Biskra (BISKRA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Science, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies (INSTM), Carthage - Salammbô, Tunisia, University of Angers, Angers, France, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari] (UNISS), Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeBA), Uniersity of Salento, Salento, Italy, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, UNESCO Chair Con-E-Ect, International Hellenic University, Drama, Greece, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cramer W, Guiot J, and Marini K
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

28. Ecosystems

Author: Balzan, Mario V., Hassoun, Abed El Rahman, Aroua, Najet, Baldy, Virginie, Dagher, Magda Bou, Branquinho, Cristina, Dutay, Jean-Claude, Bour, Monia El, Médail, Frédéric, Mojtahid, Meryem, Morán-Ordóñez, Alejandra, Roggero, Pier Paolo, Heras, Sergio Rossi, Schatz, Bertrand, Vogiatzakis, Ioannis N., Zaimes, George N., Ziveri, Patrizia, Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology, Partenaires INRAE, National Center for Marine Sciences [Lebanon], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Université Mohamed Khider de Biskra (BISKRA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Science, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies (INSTM), Carthage - Salammbô, Tunisia, University of Angers, Angers, France, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari] (UNISS), Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeBA), Uniersity of Salento, Salento, Italy, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, UNESCO Chair Con-E-Ect, International Hellenic University, Drama, Greece, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cramer W, Guiot J, and Marini K
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

29. Télédétection et modélisation écologique 3D pour l’évaluation spatiale de la qualité de l’eaudans un réservoir semi-aride (Karaoun, Liban)

Author: Sharaf, Najwa, Fadel, Ali, Lemaire, Bruno J., Slim, Kamal, Brigitte, VInçon-Leite, Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Université Libanaise, PHC Cedre 42486XK, Société Hydrotechnique de France (SHF) et Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Lemaire, Bruno J., and AgroParisTech
Subjects: [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, three-dimensional model, earth observation, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, [SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, [SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, [SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, [INFO.INFO-MO] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Mediterranean climate, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, [SPI.SIGNAL] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, harmful algal bloom
Abstract: International audience; Reservoirs are strategic natural resources in particular for drinking water supply. Yet their water quality has been long influenced by anthropogenic pressures. Consequently, and in light of climate change, the frequency of harmful algal blooms events, especially cyanobacteria, has been rising and deteriorating the ecological status of these ecosystems. In this context, frequent monitoring is mandatory for tracking and understanding the dynamics of cyanobacterial blooms in time and space. Current conventional field monitoring is based on seldom sampling points which may not adequately reflect the water quality. Recent progress in remote sensing imagery makes it possible to use it for the assessment of water quality. The recent launch of Sentinel-2 satellites provides a greater coverage of water constituents with an increased spatial (10 m) and temporal resolution (5 days) suitable for monitoring small and medium-size reservoirs. However, satellite images only provide information on the water body surface layer. Three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic-ecological models are effective for representing chemical, physical and biological processes in the deeper layers. The objective of this work is to combine in situ measurements, satellite remote sensing and 3D modelling in order to better understand the dynamics of cyanobacterial blooms in Karaoun Reservoir, Lebanon. It is a relatively small reservoir with large water level fluctuations. The Delft3D model was calibrated, validated and applied to simulate hydrodynamics and ecological processes. Chlorophyll-a concentrations were derived from Sentinel-2 data and corrected for atmospheric interferences. Simulations of water temperature, water level and cyanobacteria biomass were compared to in situ measurements. Maps of chlorophyll-a concentrations from model simulations were compared to Sentinel-2 maps for assessing their consistency. Overall, the model represented well the hydrodynamics and ecological processes at the site. This work demonstrates the benefit of this innovative survey approach that combines remote sensing and 3D modeling techniques.
Published: 2021

30. A new cost-performance grid to compare different flood modelling approaches

Author: Roger Moussa, F. Colin, Rouya Hdeib, Chadi Abdallah, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and This research is part of the first author's PhD thesis, which is funded by the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research (L-CNRS) with the cooperation of the Laboratory for the study of Soil-AgrosystemHydrosystem interactions at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRAE-LISAH) and the Montpellier National Superior School of Agronomy (Montpellier-SupAgro).
Subjects: Structure (mathematical logic), Flood myth, Computer science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0208 environmental biotechnology, inundation maps, Inference, 02 engineering and technology, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Grid, computer.software_genre, Model complexity, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Data availability, model complexity, 020801 environmental engineering, cost–performance, Data mining, flood modeling, computer, data availability, Selection (genetic algorithm), Cost performance, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: The wise selection of modeling approaches with an appropriate level of complexity for the study objectives is critical for robust inference. In this paper, the structure of a cost-performance grid designed for flood modeling is presented. The grid is developed to compare different flood modeling approaches of variable complexity and to guide on the proper selection of the couple data-model. The methodology involves defining metrics to quantify the three variables: data costs, model costs, and performance. Preliminarily, eighteen flood modeling applications in literature were arbitrarily selected and analyzed to guide on the implementation of the grid. The cost-performance diagram allows tracing a cost-performance curve and grouping applications in 4 zones corresponding to 4 modeling approaches (empirical and geomorphic, hydrological, hydraulic, and coupling). The grid is a tool to support the comparison, classification, and future selection of cost-effective modeling approaches. It is flexible and can be extrapolated to other modeling objectives.
Published: 2021

31. Validation of a new method for monitoring trace elements in Mediterranean cereal soils

Author: Catherine Keller, Michel Afram, Claude Daou, Pierre Curmi, Elias Bou-Maroun, Talal Darwish, Nada Lebbos, Laurence Dujourdy, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agricultural Research Institute, Heavy Metals department, Service d’Appui à la Recherche - AgroSup Dijon, AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Center For Remote Sensing [CNRS-L], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences II, Physico-Chimie de l'Aliment et du Vin (PCAV), Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] (PAM), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)
Subjects: Soil test, Method validation, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Soil, law, Environmental Chemistry, Aqua regia, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Microwave digestion, Waste Management and Disposal, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, 2. Zero hunger, Bekaa, Trace elements, East Mediterranean, 010401 analytical chemistry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Pollution, 6. Clean water, 0104 chemical sciences, Certified reference materials, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, Soil water, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Inductively coupled plasma
Abstract: International audience; In the Mediterranean region, agricultural soils are seriously polluted with toxic trace elements (TEs) which could enter the food chain via the soil-plant trophic chain. For food safety reasons, the monitoring of TE concentrations in these agricultural soils is thus imperative. The most powerful monitoring method for TE measurements is based on perchloric acid (HClO4) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) digestion, commonly used as reference total digestion (RTD) method, with consequent use of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Unfortunately, HF and HClO4 manipulations are highly dangerous and ICP-OES and ICP-MS apparatus are very expensive, thus they are unaffordable, notably in developing countries. In this paper, an alternative, microwave sulphuric digestion (MSD) method, combined with atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is proposed. First, the suggested method was validated on a soil certified reference material, for the determination of 7 TEs (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb). Second, the MSD method was applied on agricultural soil samples situated in the Bekaa valley, East Lebanon and results were compared to those of RTD method. The MSD method, coupled to AAS, offers a promising and feasible alternative to HF, as well as, aqua regia based methods.
Published: 2021

32. Experimental determination of calcite solubility and the stability of aqueous Ca– and Na–carbonate and –bicarbonate complexes at 100–160 °C and 1–50 bar pCO2 using in situ pH measurements

Author: Oleg S. Pokrovsky, Pascale Bénézeth, Jacques Schott, A. Yu. Bychkov, Yu. V. Shvarov, Alain Castillo, Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban (CNRS Liban), National Council for Scientific Research [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France
Subjects: Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Bicarbonate, Analytical chemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Reference electrode, law.invention, high temperature, chemistry.chemical_compound, carbonate, Geochemistry and Petrology, law, Solubility, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Calcite, Aqueous solution, pH, solubility, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta calcite, Glass electrode, 6. Clean water, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Electrode, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Carbonate, pCO 2
Abstract: International audience; The solubility of calcite was measured at 100, 120, 140 and 160°C at 1-50 bar pCO2 in10-3-0.1 mol·kg-1 NaCl solutions using a new experimental setup involving in situ pH measurements with high-temperature solid-contact H-selective glass and two types of reference electrodes: i) Ag/AgCl in 3.5 M KCl, saturated AgCl placed in a Teflon extensible container with liquid junction, and ii) solid-contact high-T Na-selective glass electrode in the cell without liquid junction. The stability constants of NaHCO3° and NaCO3-aqueous complexes formation were determined in NaCl-Na2CO3/NaHCO3 solutions in CO2-free media and under 10 bar pCO2 from 100 to 160 °C. These values allowed calculation of the pH of the calibration solution in the system NaCl-CO2-H2O used in the cell without liquid junction with Na+-selective electrode as a reference. This highly stable, low-cost electrode system can be recommended for routine pH measurements at 4 < pH < 10 in sodium-bearing solutions up to 160°C and the critical point of CO2. The values of the stability constants of CaCO3° and CaHCO3+ aqueous complexes and calcite solubility product were generated at 100, 120, 140 and 160 °C allowing a description of the solubility of calcite in a wide range of pH and pCO2.
Published: 2020

33. Diversity of bacteria populations associated with different thallus regions of the brown alga Laminaria digitata

Author: Jauzein, Cécile, Açaf, Laury, Accoroni, Stefano, Asnaghi, Valentina, Fricke, Anna, Hachani, Mohamed Amine, Abboud-Abi Saab, Marie, Chiantore, Mariachiara, Mangialajo, Luisa, Totti, Cecilia, Zaghmouri, Imen, Lemée, Rodolphe, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Ecosystèmes Côtiers Marins et Réponses aux Stress (ECOMERS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Centre La Goulette, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Physiology, Kelp, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Meristems, Stipe (botany), RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Data Management, Multidisciplinary, Laminaria, biology, Ecology, Eukaryota, Plants, Thallus, Nucleic acids, RNA, Bacterial, Community Ecology, Ribosomal RNA, Plant Physiology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Medicine, Research Article, Microbial Taxonomy, Cell biology, Computer and Information Sciences, Cellular structures and organelles, Algae, Ecological Metrics, Science, Microbial Consortia, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Botany, Non-coding RNA, Taxonomy, Holdfast, Bacteria, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, fungi, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Bacterial Taxonomy, Organisms, Species diversity, Biology and Life Sciences, Species Diversity, Bacteriology, Genes, rRNA, biology.organism_classification, Laminaria digitata, Seaweed, 030104 developmental biology, Genes, Bacterial, RNA, Ribosomes
Abstract: Stipitate kelp species such as Laminaria digitata dominate most cold-water subtidal rocky shores and form underwater forests which are among the most productive coastal systems worldwide. Laminaria also sustains rich bacterial communities which offer a variety of biotechnological applications. However, to date, in-depth studies on the diversity and uniqueness of bacterial communities associated with this macroalgal species, their ecological role and their interactions with the alga are under-represented. To address this, the epibacterial populations associated with different thallus regions (holdfast, stipe, meristem, blade) of this brown seaweed were investigated using high-throughput Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. The results show that epibacterial communities of the brown seaweed are significantly different and specific to the thallus region, with the shared bacterial population comprising of only 1.1% of the total amplicon sequence variants. The diverse holdfast and blade tissues formed distinct clusters while the meristem and stipe regions are more closely related. The data obtained further supports the hypothesis that macroalgal bacterial communities are shaped by morphological niches and display specificity.
Published: 2020

34. First Mediterranean Assessment Report – Chapter 4: Ecosystems

Author: Balzan, Mario V., Hassoun, Abed El Rahman, Aroua, Najet, Baldy, Virginie, Dagher, Magda Bou, Branquinho, Cristina, Dutay, Jean-Claude, Bour, Monia El, Médail, Frédéric, Mojtahid, Meryem, Morán-Ordóñez, Alejandra, Roggero, Pier Paolo, Heras, Sergio Rossi, Schatz, Bertrand, Vogiatzakis, Ioannis N., Zaimes, George N., Ziveri, Patrizia, Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology, Partenaires INRAE, National Center for Marine Sciences [Lebanon], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Université Mohamed Khider de Biskra (BISKRA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth (USJ), Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies (INSTM), Carthage - Salammbô, Tunisia, University of Angers, Angers, France, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari] (UNISS), Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeBA), Uniersity of Salento, Salento, Italy, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, UNESCO Chair Con-E-Ect, International Hellenic University, Drama, Greece, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cramer W, Guiot J, and Marini K
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2020

35. In: Climate and Environmental Change in the Mediterranean Basin – Current Situation and Risks for the Future. First Mediterranean Assessment Report

Author: Wolfgang, Cramer, Joël, Guiot, Katarzyna, Marini, Brian, Azzopardi, Mario, V Balzan, Semia, Cherif, Enrique, Doblas-Miranda, Maria dos Santos, Philippe, Drobinski, Marianela, Fader, Abed El Rahman Hassoun, Giupponi, Carlo, Vassiliki, Koubi, Manfred, Lange, Piero, Lionello, Maria Carmen Llasat, Stefano, Moncada, Rachid, Mrabet, Shlomit, Paz, Robert, Savé, Maria, Snoussi, Andrea, Toreti, Vafeidis, Athanasios T., Elena, Xoplaki, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), MedECC Secretariat, Plan Bleu, France (MedECC), Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology, Partenaires INRAE, Malta Council for Science and Technology, Institut supérieur des sciences biologiques appliquées de Tunis = Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis (ISSBAT), Université de Tunis El Manar (UTM), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, University Institute of Lisbon (ISCTE), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), International Centre for Water Resources and Global Change, Federal Institute of Hydrology, National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento [Lecce], University of Salento [Lecce], Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, University of Malta [Malta], Islands and Small States Institute (ISSI), Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Maroc] (INRA Maroc), Department of Geography and Environmental Studies [Haifa], University of Haifa [Haifa], Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries = Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Université Mohammed V de Rabat [Agdal] (UM5), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Coastal Risks & Sea-level Rise Research Group (CRSLR), Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Department of Geography, Justus-Liebig- University, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) thanks to the financial support from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), United Nations Environment Programme / Mediterranean Action, Plan Bleu (Regional Activity Center of UNEP/MAP), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Principality of Monaco, [Cramer W, Guiot J, Marini K (eds.)], and Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA)
Subjects: Settore BIO/07 - Ecologia, Anthropogenic changes, Climate, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Mediterranean Basin, Settore SECS-P/06 - Economia Applicata, Environmental change
Abstract: International audience; Virtually all sub-regions of the Mediterranean Basin, on land and in the sea, are impacted by recent anthropogenic changes in the environment. The main drivers of change include climate (temperature, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, extreme events, sea-level rise, sea water temperature, salinity and acidification), population increase, pollution, unsustainable land and sea use practices and non-indigenous species. In most areas, both natural ecosystems and human livelihoods are affected. Due to global and regional trends in the drivers, impacts will be exacerbated in the coming decades, especially if global warming exceeds 1.5 to 2°C above the pre-industrial level. Significantly enhanced efforts are needed in order to adapt to inevitable changes, mitigate change drivers and increase resilience.
Published: 2020

36. On linearised and elliptic versions of the Kashiwara-Vergne Lie algebra

Author: Raphael, Elise, Schneps, Leila, Université de Genève (UNIGE), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), and Schneps, Leila
Subjects: Mathematics::Quantum Algebra, Mathematics - Quantum Algebra, FOS: Mathematics, Quantum Algebra (math.QA), [MATH] Mathematics [math], [MATH]Mathematics [math], Mathematics::Representation Theory
Abstract: The goal of this article is to define a linearized or depth-graded version $\mathfrak{lkv}$, and a closely related elliptic version $\mathfrak{krv}_{ell}$, of the Kashiwara-Vergne Lie algebra $\mathfrak{krv}$ originally constructed by Alekseev and Torossian as the space of solutions to the linearized Kashiwara-Vergne problem. We show how the elliptic Lie algebra $\mathfrak{krv}_{ell}$ is related to earlier constructions of elliptic versions $\mathfrak{grt}_{ell}$ and $\mathfrak{ds}_{ell}$ of the Grothendieck-Teichm\"uller Lie algebra $\mathfrak{grt}$ and the double shuffle Lie algebra $\mathfrak{ds}$. In particular we show that there is an injective Lie morphism $\mathfrak{ds}_{ell}\hookrightarrow \mathfrak{krv}_{ell}$, and an injective Lie algebra morphism $\mathfrak{krv}\rightarrow \mathfrak{krv}_{ell}$ extending the known morphisms $\mathfrak{grt}\hookrightarrow\mathfrak{grt}_{ell}$ (Enriquez section) and $\mathfrak{ds}\rightarrow\mathfrak{ds}_{ell}$ (\'Ecalle map)., Comment: 48 pages
Published: 2020

37. Let more big fish sink: Fisheries prevent blue carbon sequestration-half in unprofitable areas

Author: Mariani, Gaël, Cheung, William, Lyet, Arnaud, Sala, Enric, Mayorga, Juan, Velez, Laure, Gaines, Steven, Dejean, Tony, Troussellier, Marc, Mouillot, David, Université de Montpellier (UM), Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia (UBC), World Wildlife Fund, Washington, National Geographic Society, University of California [Santa Barbara] (UCSB), University of California, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California-University of California, SPYGEN [Le Bourget-du-Lac], and National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L)
Subjects: [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Contrary to most terrestrial organisms, which release their carbon into the atmosphere after death, carcasses of large marine fish sink and sequester carbon in the deep ocean. Yet, fisheries have extracted a massive amount of this "blue carbon," contributing to additional atmospheric CO 2 emissions. Here, we used historical catches and fuel consumption to show that ocean fisheries have released a minimum of 0.73 billion metric tons of CO 2 (GtCO 2) in the atmosphere since 1950. Globally, 43.5% of the blue carbon extracted by fisheries in the high seas comes from areas that would be economically unprofitable without subsidies. Limiting blue carbon extraction by fisheries, particularly on unprofitable areas, would reduce CO 2 emissions by burning less fuel and reactivating a natural carbon pump through the rebuilding of fish stocks and the increase of carcasses deadfall.
Published: 2020

38. A Non-Parametric Supervised Autoencoder for discriminative and generative modeling

Author: Barlaud, Michel, Guyard, Frederic, National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Laboratoire d'Informatique, Signaux, et Systèmes de Sophia Antipolis (I3S), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Orange Labs [Sophia Antipolis], and Orange Labs
Subjects: Computer Science::Machine Learning, [STAT]Statistics [stat], Statistics::Machine Learning, ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION, [STAT.ML]Statistics [stat]/Machine Learning [stat.ML]
Abstract: International audience; This paper deals with supervised discriminative and generative modeling. Classical methods are based on variational autoencoders or supervised variational autoencoders encourage the latent space to fit a prior distribution, like a Gaussian. However, they tend to make stronger assumptions on the data, often leading to higher asymptotic bias when the model is wrong. In this paper, we relax the parametric distribution assumption in the latent space and we propose to learn a non-parametric data distribution of the clusters in the latent space. The network encourages the latent space to fit a distribution learned with the labels instead of the parametric prior assumptions. We have built a network architecture that incorporates the labels into an autoencoder latent space to create discriminative and generative models. Thus we define a global criterion combining classification and reconstruction loss. In addition, we have proposed a 1,1 regularization which advantages are a faster convergence of the algorithm and an improvement of the clustering. Finally we propose a tailored algorithm to minimize the criterion with constraint. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on two popular image datasets (MNIST and Fashion MNIST) and two biological datasets.
Published: 2020

39. Global correlates of terrestrial and marine coverage by protected areas on islands

Author: Marc Troussellier, James Moloney, Alizée Masson, Christina C. Hicks, Eva Maire, David Mouillot, Laure Velez, Université de Montpellier (UM), Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Smithfield, Qld, Australia, and National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Science, Biodiversity, General Physics and Astronomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Population growth, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, Socioeconomic scenarios, Multidisciplinary, Conservation biology, Ecology, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Biodiversity hotspot, 030104 developmental biology, Habitat destruction, Geography, Sustainability, Habitat, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, Marine protected area, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Protected area
Abstract: Many islands are biodiversity hotspots but also extinction epicenters. In addition to strong cultural connections to nature, islanders derive a significant part of their economy and broader wellbeing from this biodiversity. Islands are thus considered as the socio-ecosystems most vulnerable to species and habitat loss. Yet, the extent and key correlates of protected area coverage on islands is still unknown. Here we assess the relative influence of climate, geography, habitat diversity, culture, resource capacity, and human footprint on terrestrial and marine protected area coverage across 2323 inhabited islands globally. We show that, on average, 22% of terrestrial and 13% of marine island areas are under protection status, but that half of all islands have no protected areas. Climate, diversity of languages, human population density and development are strongly associated with differences observed in protected area coverage among islands. Our study suggests that economic development and population growth may critically limit the amount of protection on islands., Islands have disproportionate importance for biodiversity conservation, yet they may be underrepresented in protected areas. Here the authors assess how climate, geography, habitat diversity, and socio-economic conditions explain terrestrial and marine protected area coverage on inhabited islands and in the surrounding seas globally.
Published: 2020

40. Modelling intra-dependencies to assess road network resilience to natural hazards

Author: Sara Najem, Chadi Abdallah, Rita Der Sarkissian, Jean-Marc Zaninetti, Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans [FRE2014] (LEO), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LAB'URBA (LAB'URBA), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Gustave Eiffel, National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Centre d'Etudes pour le Développement des Territoires et l'Environnement (CEDETE), Université d'Orléans (UO), Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans (LEO), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Geospatial analysis, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Disaster risk reduction, Resilience GIS, Computer science, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Crisis response, 02 engineering and technology, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], [SPI.GCIV.IT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Infrastructures de transport, Robustness (computer science), Natural hazard, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [SPI.GCIV.RISQ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Risques, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Critical infrastructure (CI), Novelty, Numerical models, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Disaster risk reduction (DRR), Risk analysis (engineering), Network analysis, Natural hazards R-NetSwan, computer
Abstract: International audience; Estimating the resilience of a road network (one of the essential critical infrastructures in times of crisis) to natural hazards is crucial in achieving the goals of disaster risk reduction (DRR). This study proposes a new predictive method to implement, in an operational way, the concept of resilience by exploring the robustness of the road network in Baalbek-Hermel Governorate (Lebanon) in order to predict its future behavior in response to natural hazards occurrence. The proposed methodology consists of a predictive-spatial-analytic approach based on geospatial numerical models combined with an R-NetSwan function for modeling and simulating critical infrastructures. The results show that Baalbek-Hermel’s road network is moderately resilient since it reaches a total loss of connectivity when nearly 60% of its critical nodes are blocked or damaged. Earthquakes proved to be the most disruptive hazards of this network, threatening the connectivity, starting its first damaged nodes, and causing the highest percentages of connectivity loss (70%). The novelty of this method lies in utilizing network analysis to reveal roads resilience to different natural hazards and serve several operational targets: revealing the defects of the road network for improvement or the construction of new detours, as well as allowing the first aid services to better visualize these weaknesses and to better prepare themselves. This study facilitates the implementation of a proactive approach to DRR and the protection of CI networks for better crisis response and much more effective evacuation plans.
Published: 2020

41. Toxicological appraisal of the chemical fractions of ambient fine (PM2.5-0.3) and quasi-ultrafine (PM0.3) particles in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells

Author: Anthony Verdin, Mohamad Roumie, Guillaume Garçon, Ghidaa Badran, Céline Grare, Jean-Marc Lo Guidice, Fabrice Cazier, Frédéric Ledoux, Dominique Courcot, Imane Abbas, Djamal Achour, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine (IMPECS) - ULR 4483, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant [UCEIV], Lebanese Atomic Energy Comission [CNRS-L] [LAEC-CNRS], Impact de l'environnement chimique sur la santé humaine - ULR 4483 [IMPECS], Centre commun de mesures [CCM-ULCO], Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Impact de l'environnement chimique sur la santé humaine - ULR 4483 (IMPECS), Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille), Lebanese Atomic Energy Comission [CNRS-L] (LAEC-CNRS), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), and Centre commun de mesures (CCM-ULCO)
Subjects: Underlying mechanisms, Inorganic Chemical, Quasi-ultrafine particles, Toxicity, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemistry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Autophagy, Low dose, Normal human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, Fraction (chemistry), General Medicine, 010501 environmental sciences, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Chemical fraction, Fine particles, Biochemistry, Apoptosis, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Extractable and non-extractable chemical fractions, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nrf2 signaling
Abstract: International audience; New toxicological research is still urgently needed to improve the current knowledge about the induction of some underlying mechanisms of toxicity by the different chemical fractions of ambient particulate matter (PM). This in vitro study sought also to better evaluate and compare the respective toxicities of fine particles (PM2.5-0.3) and their inorganic and organic chemical fractions, and the respective toxicities of the organic chemical fractions of PM2.5-0.3 and quasi-ultrafine particles (PM0.3). Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were also exposed for 6–48 h to relatively low doses of PM2.5-0.3 and their organic extractable (OEM2.5-0.3) and non-extractable (NEM2.5-0.3) fractions, and the organic extractable fraction (OEM0.3) of PM0.3. We reported that not only PM2.5-0.3, but also, to a lesser extent, its inorganic chemical fraction, NEM2.5-0.3, and organic chemical fraction, OEM2.5-0.3, were able to significantly induce ROS overproduction and oxidative damage notwithstanding the early activation of NRF2 signaling pathway. Moreover, for any exposure, inflammatory and apoptotic events were noticed. Similar results were observed in BEAS-2B cells exposed to OEM0.3, rich of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated and oxygenated derivatives. In BEAS-2B cells exposed for 24 and 48 h to OEM2.5-0.3 and OEM0.3, to a higher extent, there was an alteration of the levels of some critical proteins even though crucial for the autophagy rather than a real reduction of autophagy. It is noteworthy that the toxicological effects were equal or mostly higher in BEAS-2B cells exposed for 6 and/or 24 h to PM2.5-0.3 from those exposed to NEM2.5-0.3 or OEM2.5-0.3, and in BEAS-2B cells exposed for 6 and/or mostly 24 h to OEM0.3 from those exposed to OEM2.5-0.3. Taken together, these results revealed the higher potentials for toxicity, closely linked to their respective physical and chemical characteristics, of PM2.5-0.3 vs NEM2.5-0.3 and/or OEM2.5-0.3, and OEM0.3 vs OEM2.5-0.3.
Published: 2020

42. A unified framework for association and prediction from vertex-wise grey-matter structure

Author: Peter M. Visscher, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne, Olivier Colliot, Kathryn E. Kemper, Jian Yang, Zhili Zheng, Margaret J. Wright, Loic Yengo, Futao Zhang, Naomi R. Wray, Lachlan T. Strike, Yan Holtz, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Queensland Brain Institute, Algorithms, models and methods for images and signals of the human brain (ARAMIS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Institute for Advanced Research (IFAR), Wenzhou Medical University [Wenzhou, China] (WMU), This research was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (1078037, 1078901, 1113400, 1161356 and 1107258), the Australian Research Council (FT180100186 and FL180100072), the Sylvia & Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation, as well as the Agence Nationale de la Recherche as part of the 'Investissements d'avenir' program, reference ANR-19-P3IA-0001 (PRAIRIE 3IA Institute) and reference ANR-2910-IAIHU-06 (Agence Nationale de la Recherche-10-IA Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire-6), ANR-19-P3IA-0001,PRAIRIE,PaRis Artificial Intelligence Research InstitutE(2019), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Male, Databases, Factual, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Body fat percentage, Correlation, 0302 clinical medicine, [STAT.ML]Statistics [stat]/Machine Learning [stat.ML], Statistics, Body Size, Gray Matter, Mixed models, Research Articles, 2. Zero hunger, Aged, 80 and over, [STAT.AP]Statistics [stat]/Applications [stat.AP], Human Connectome Project, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, 05 social sciences, Age Factors, Middle Aged, Random effects model, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, [STAT]Statistics [stat], Phenotype, Neurology, Female, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Anatomy, [STAT.ME]Statistics [stat]/Methodology [stat.ME], Research Article, Mixed model, Neuroimaging, Bivariate analysis, Grey-matter correlation, Biology, 050105 experimental psychology, Association, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, Region of interest, Connectome, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Morphometricity, Aged, grey‐matter correlation, Brain MRI, Neurology (clinical), Prediction, Body mass index, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: The recent availability of large‐scale neuroimaging cohorts facilitates deeper characterisation of the relationship between phenotypic and brain architecture variation in humans. Here, we investigate the association (previously coined morphometricity) of a phenotype with all 652,283 vertex‐wise measures of cortical and subcortical morphology in a large data set from the UK Biobank (UKB; N = 9,497 for discovery, N = 4,323 for replication) and the Human Connectome Project (N = 1,110). We used a linear mixed model with the brain measures of individuals fitted as random effects with covariance relationships estimated from the imaging data. We tested 167 behavioural, cognitive, psychiatric or lifestyle phenotypes and found significant morphometricity for 58 phenotypes (spanning substance use, blood assay results, education or income level, diet, depression, and cognition domains), 23 of which replicated in the UKB replication set or the HCP. We then extended the model for a bivariate analysis to estimate grey‐matter correlation between phenotypes, which revealed that body size (i.e., height, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference, body fat percentage) could account for a substantial proportion of the morphometricity (confirmed using a conditional analysis), providing possible insight into previous MRI case–control results for psychiatric disorders where case status is associated with body mass index. Our LMM framework also allowed to predict some of the associated phenotypes from the vertex‐wise measures, in two independent samples. Finally, we demonstrated additional new applications of our approach (a) region of interest (ROI) analysis that retain the vertex‐wise complexity; (b) comparison of the information retained by different MRI processings., This manuscript introduces a set of analyses, that rely on linear mixed models to perform association and prediction, while being suited to tackle the challenges of big‐data in neuroimaging. Our framework allows estimating new sample characteristics such as the total association (morphometricity) between a phenotype and vertex‐wise brain data or grey‐matter correlations that quantify how much phenotypes may be similarly associated with grey‐matter. In addition, it offers to build performant brain‐based predictors that do not require hyper‐parameter estimation.
Published: 2020

43. O Desenvolvimento para além dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APLs): uma Exploração do Norte Fluminense

Author: Hasenclaver, Lisa, Fauré, Yves-André, Instituto de Economia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IE / UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG (UMR_8586 / UMR_D_215 / UM_115)), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), and AgroParisTech
Subjects: Política de arranjos produtivos locais, Crescimento econômico, Desenvolvimento econômico, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, Norte Fluminense, Desenvolvimento humano, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Brazil
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2020

44. Hydrological response characteristics and classification of Lebanese catchments

Author: Mohammad Merheb, Chadi Abdallah, Roger Moussa, Nicolas Baghdadi, Lebanese University [Beirut] (LU), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Baghdadi, Nicolas
Subjects: [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The Mediterranean region is very vulnerable to both water shortage and flooding. Hence, the study of the hydrological response characteristics of Mediterranean catchments is of a great importance especially that the region is one of the most densely populated on the planet. Numerous Mediterranean catchment hydrological studies exist in the literature, however, mostly concentrated in the European part of the Mediterranean, especially the north-western part of the basin. The eastern Mediterranean have fewer studies and this is indeed the case of Lebanon, a small mountainous country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. The objective of this work is to present a state of the art assessment of the hydrology of Lebanon in the largest Mediterranean context and to present a first classification attempt for the Lebanese catchments. Twenty-eight Lebanese basins where data are available are studied. Spatial data consist of Digital Elevation Model, land cover map, soil and geological maps of the country. Temporal hydro-meteorological data exist at a monthly and daily timescale for the period 2001-2011. The methodology is threefold: (1) a synthesis of the previous hydrological studies in Lebanon, (2) an analysis of the hydrological response characteristics of the Lebanese catchments and a comparison with other Mediterranean catchments, and (3) the classification of the Lebanese catchments according to their physical and hydrological response characteristics. After extracting physical descriptors and runoff signatures for the available data, using Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering. The results of the synthesis of previous studies in Lebanon assert that indeed hydrological studies in Lebanon are scarce and when exist focus mostly on groundwater hydrology and water quality. Nevertheless. The Lebanese literature suggest that even though rainfall and physical characteristics are highly variable across the country, a certain regional pattern do exist. This is corroborated by the analysis of the Lebanese catchments temporal data. Indeed, mean annual runoff and runoff ratio across the country show regional tendencies with the highest values in the central part of mount Lebanon. Moreover, intra-annual variation of runoff also shows geographical pattern and can be divided into three main regimes: rainfall dominated, snow dominated and a mixed snow-rainfall regime. This is also true at the event scale, where unit maximum daily discharge and runoff depth and ratio, all show regional pattern with the highest values in the central part of Lebanon which receive the highest precipitation amount. In addition, the Lebanese catchments, and despite a high reference evapotranspiration, exhibit hydrological response characteristics that are similar to catchments in the wetter north-western Mediterranean than other catchments in the Eastern Mediterranean. Finally, the classification of the Lebanese catchments yielded five groups of catchments. This grouping is well in range with the regional pattern discussed in the literature and the data analysis of the Lebanese catchments.
Published: 2020

45. TinyPols: A family of water-soluble binitroxides tailored for dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy at 18.8 and 21.1 T

Author: Hakim Karoui, Melanie Rosay, Anne Lesage, Lyndon Emsley, Maxim Yulikov, Monu Kaushik, Chloé Thieuleux, Moreno Lelli, Florian Bernada, Ivan V. Sergeyev, Alicia Lund, Marc Renom-Carrasco, David Gajan, Ribal Jabbour, Didier Siri, Dorothea Wisser, Olivier Ouari, Gilles Casano, Georges Menzildjian, Gabriele Stevanato, Centre de RMN à très hauts champs de Lyon (CRMN), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, ANR-17-CE29-0006,SEQUANS,Spectroscopie RMN Quadripolaire de Surface Exaltée par DNP(2017), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)
Subjects: Imagination, Materials science, media_common.quotation_subject, Radical, polarizing agents, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, efficient, dinitroxides, depolarization, Magic angle spinning, dnp, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, media_common, Aqueous solution, 010405 organic chemistry, General Chemistry, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Polarization (waves), biradicals, 0104 chemical sciences, 3. Good health, Magnetic field, Chemistry, Unpaired electron, Chemical physics, Dynamic Nuclear Polarization, hybrid mesostructured silica material, solid-state NMR, polarizing agents
Abstract: Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has recently emerged as a key method to increase the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy under Magic Angle Spinning (MAS). While efficient binitroxide polarizing agents such as AMUPol have been developed for MAS DNP NMR at magnetic fields up to 9.4 T, their performance drops rapidly at higher fields due to the unfavorable field dependence of the cross-effect (CE) mechanism and AMUPol-like radicals were so far disregarded in the context of the development of polarizing agents for very high-field DNP. Here, we introduce a new family of water-soluble binitroxides, dubbed TinyPols, which have a three-bond non-conjugated flexible amine linker allowing sizable couplings between the two unpaired electrons. We show that this adjustment of the linker is crucial and leads to unexpectedly high DNP enhancement factors at 18.8 T and 21.1 T: an improvement of about a factor 2 compared to AMUPol is reported for spinning frequencies ranging from 5 to 40 kHz, with εH of up to 90 at 18.8 T and 38 at 21.1 T for the best radical in this series, which are the highest MAS DNP enhancements measured so far in aqueous solutions at these magnetic fields. This work not only breathes a new momentum into the design of binitroxides tailored towards high magnetic fields, but also is expected to push the application frontiers of high-resolution DNP MAS NMR, as demonstrated here on a hybrid mesostructured silica material., TinyPol binitroxides provide significantly higher DNP enhancement factors for solid-state NMR spectroscopy at high magnetic fields than today's reference radical AMPUPol.
Published: 2020

46. Dynamic calibration for better SEBALI ET estimations: Validations and recommendations

Author: Ghaleb Faour, Ali Nasrallah, Georgie Elias, Mario Mhawej, National Center For Remote Sensing [CNRS-L], National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: SEBAL, Buffer zone, Mean squared error, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Eddy covariance, Soil Science, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric sciences, Flux tower, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Dynamic calibration, Evapotranspiration, Validation, Calibration, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, 2. Zero hunger, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, 020801 environmental engineering, SEBALI, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: International audience; The widespread usage of the surface balance energy models coupled with remote sensing techniques proved their effectiveness in terms of accurately assessing evapotranspiration rates, crop water requirements as well as crop water usage/productivities. Still, such models require diverse inputs/elements, including climatic, topo-graphic, soil, and remote sensing datasets. The availability of these inputs is questionable and outdated in many developing countries. Thus, an Improved Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), also known as SEBALI, was proposed and adapted for regions lacking soil-related datasets. Still, the usage of a standard calibration method in the surface energy balance models, yielding constant value throughout the cropping season, requires further revision and improvement. In this context, this study proposed a novel dynamic calibration approach to be included within SEBALI, related to the actual wind speed and relative humidity conditions. It was followed by the calibrations and validations of monthly evapotranspiration SEBALI values. Datasets were retrieved randomly from four countries (i.e. Belgium, Germany, Italy and United States) representing different climatic zones, between 2013 and 2014, and based on Eddy Covariance flux towers' outputs. When calibrated, results showed a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 21.32 mm and an Average of Mean Error (AME) of 15.4 mm between monthly SEBALI outputs and flux towers' datasets, with an R-squared value of 88.4%. When investigating SEBALI outputs on different buffered zones around the flux towers along a changing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), ET values were poorly correlated (i.e. R-squared lower than 60%) in any buffer zone outside the parcels' boundary. RMSE showed values larger than 40 mm/month, even at a buffer zone of 250 m. This was related to the diverse Land Use Land Cover (LULC) classes, generating different evapo-transpiration rates, found at the boundary of the selected parcels. With the proposed dynamic calibration, the enhanced SEBALI could be then implemented in any agricultural region missing soil-related datasets with high accuracy.
Published: 2020

47. Predictive Relevance of Circulating miR-622 in Patients with Newly Diagnosed and Recurrent High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma

Author: Nicolas Vigneron, Mélanie Briand, Bernard Lambert, Laurent Poulain, Stephanie Lheureux, Marie-Hélène Louis, Cécile Blanc-Fournier, Pascal Gauduchon, Mégane Vernon, Florence Joly, Christophe Denoyelle, Sophie Krieger, Matthieu Meryet-Figuière, Unité de recherche interdisciplinaire pour la prévention et le traitement des cancers (ANTICIPE), CHU Caen, Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Normandie Université (NU)-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer François Baclesse [Caen] (UNICANCER/CRLC), UNICANCER-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Normandie Université (NU)-UNICANCER, Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer François Baclesse [Caen] (UNICANCER/CRLC), UNICANCER-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Normandie Université (NU), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Axe BioTICLA, UNICANCER-Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie (TCBN)-Normandie Université (NU)-UNICANCER-CHU Caen, National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Princess Margaret Hospital, and University of Toronto
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Oncology, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Clinical Biochemistry, Antineoplastic Agents, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, Newly diagnosed, Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors, Disease-Free Survival, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, Ovarian carcinoma, medicine, Clinical endpoint, Humans, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Prospective Studies, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Ovarian Neoplasms, Chemotherapy, business.industry, Biochemistry (medical), Retrospective cohort study, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Progression-Free Survival, 3. Good health, Serous fluid, MicroRNAs, 030104 developmental biology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cohort, Biomarker (medicine), Female, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, business, Cell-Free Nucleic Acids
Abstract: Background Identifying patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) who will respond to treatment remains a clinical challenge. We focused on miR-622, a miRNA involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway, and we assessed its predictive value in serum prior to first-line chemotherapy and at relapse. Methods Serum miR-622 expression was assessed in serum prior to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in a prospective multicenter study (miRNA Serum Analysis, miRSA, NCT01391351) and a retrospective cohort (Biological Resource Center, BRC), and was also studied at relapse. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were used as primary and secondary endpoints prior to first-line chemotherapy and OS as a primary endpoint at relapse. Results The group with high serum miR-622 expression was associated with a significantly lower PFS (15.4 versus 24.4 months; adjusted HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.2 3.8, P = 0.015) and OS (29.7 versus 40.6 months; adjusted HR 7.68, 95% CI 2.2–26.2, P = 0.0011) in the miRSA cohort. In the BRC cohort, a high expression of miR-622 was also associated with a significantly lower OS (22.8 versus 35.9 months; adjusted HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.1–3.6, P = 0.026). At relapse, high serum miR-622 was associated with a significantly lower OS (7.9 versus 20.6 months; adjusted HR 3.15, 95% CI 1.4–7.2, P = 0.0062). Serum miR-622 expression is a predictive independent biomarker of response to platinum-based chemotherapy for newly diagnosed and recurrent HGSOC. Conclusions These results may open new perspectives for HGSOC patient stratification and monitoring of resistance to platinum-based and poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-inhibitor-maintenance therapies, facilitating better and personalized treatment decisions.
Published: 2020

48. Tailored Nanoscale Plasmon-Enhanced Vibrational Electron Spectroscopy

Author: Odile Stéphan, Luis M. Liz-Marzán, Alberto Zobelli, Marcel Tence, Mathieu Kociak, Leonardo Scarabelli, F. Javier García de Abajo, Alexandre Gloter, Franz-Philipp Schmidt, Vahagn Mkhitaryan, Kenji Watanabe, Xiaoyan Li, Hugo Lourenço-Martins, Luiz H. G. Tizei, Takashi Taniguchi, Jean-Denis Blazit, National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), and Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques [Castelldefels] (ICFO)
Subjects: Raman scattering, Letter, Phonon, FOS: Physical sciences, Infrared spectroscopy, Physics::Optics, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), Electron spectroscopy, symbols.namesake, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), strong coupling, plasmon−phonon coupling, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, General Materials Science, Fuchs-Kliewer modes, h-BN, Spectroscopy, Plasmon, plasmon-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy (PEVES), Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Mechanical Engineering, Surface plasmon, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, Chemical physics, Molecular vibration, symbols, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; Vibrational optical spectroscopies can be enhanced by surface plasmons to reach molecular-sized limits of detection and characterization. The level of enhancement strongly depends on microscopic details of the sample that are generally missed by macroscopic techniques. Here we investigate phonons in h-BN by coupling them to silver-nanowire plasmons, whose energy is tuned by modifying the nanowire length. Specifically, we use electron beam milling to accurately and iteratively change the nanowire length, followed by electron energy-loss spectroscopy to reveal the plasmon-enhanced vibrational features of h-BN. This allows us to investigate otherwise hidden bulk phonons and observe strong plasmon-phonon coupling. The new milling-and-spectroscopy technique holds great potential for resolving vibrational features in material nanostructures. Vibrational spectroscopy is key in a wide range of research areas and technological applications, from molecular fingerprinting to fundamental solid-state physics 1,2. The discovery that plasmonic structures can increase the measured vibrational signal has driven the development of ultra-sensitive analytical techniques capable of reaching single-molecule detection, such as in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy 3,4 (SERS) and surface-enhanced infrared absorption 5 (SEIRA). Typically, plas-monic structures are designed in advance and molecules are randomly dispersed over them, leading to strongly enhanced signals associated with those sitting on the so-called hotspots 4. Alternatively, a metallic tip can be scanned over a sample to induce SERS locally, leading to chemical mapping at sub-molecular scales, a technique known as tip-enhanced Raman scattering 6 (TERS). Vibrational electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) has been performed for decades mainly as a surface technique 7 using wide beams with poor spatial resolution. The recent development of a new family of electron monochromators 8 has allowed vibration mode measurements to be performed based on EELS 9-11 down to atomic spatial resolution in bulk materials 12. Unfortunately , the signal-to-noise ratio of vibrational EELS is low for materials that are sensitive to the electron beam, thus imposing a lower bound on the volume necessary for analysis. This jeopardizes the high resolution mapping of fragile materials, such as organic molecules 13. Recently, theoretical studies 14-16 have proposed the use of infrared plasmonic fields to develop a new form of enhanced vi-brational EELS which would overcome these limitations by making the molecules interact with the beam at a distance mediated by plasmons extended in a nanoparticle. Here, we demonstrate plasmon-enhanced vibrational electron spectroscopy (PEVES) through the tailored coupling of plasmon resonances in metallic nanowires to phonon modes in h-BN thin flakes. Coupling is achieved by continuously shifting the energies of the plasmon modes of micrometer-long metallic nanowires (Fig. S1) using electron-beam controlled milling to bring them into resonance with specific h-BN vibrational modes (Fig. S2). We reveal three new effects when a plasmon-phonon resonance is encountered: 1) strong coupling between surface phonons and plasmons; 2) enhancement of the bulk vibrational EELS signal; and 3) emergence of previously geometry-forbidden dark phonon modes. EELS measures the distribution of energy losses experienced by free electrons when interacting with a target 17. The energy resolution is determined by the energy spread of the electron source, typically ∼250 meV for a cold field emitter source. This resolution can be improved down to a few meV using an electron monochromator (Fig. S3). To achieve subnanometer spatial resolution, the electron monochromator can be coupled to an electron microscope (Fig. S3). Finally, an electron spectrometer is used to acquire the spectrum of the electron beam after interaction with the sample. Here, we use such a setup implemented on a NION Hermes scanning transmission microscope (STEM), see Methods. The plasmonic silver metallic nanowires were synthesized by chemical seeded growth as detailed elsewhere 18 (Fig. 1A) and subsequently deposited, either entirely (configuration (1)) or partially (configuration (2)), on an h-BN substrate 19. In theory, extended h-BN possesses a arXiv:1905.12503v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall]
Published: 2020

49. Changements dans l'occupation du sol et l'aménagement des paysages du Mont-Liban du Néolithique aux époques historiques

Author: Harfouche, Romana, Poupet, Pierre, Abdallah, Chadi, Herveux, Linda, Yazbeck, Corine, Faour, Ghaleb, Baldi, Johnny Samuele, Chahoud, Jwana, Abboud, Mohammad, Homsy-Gottwalles, Grace, Zaven, Tania, Verdin, Pascal, Archéologies et Sciences de l'Antiquité (ArScAn), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Centre de Teledetection, ARCHEORIENT - Environnements et sociétés de l'Orient ancien (Archéorient), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département d'art et d'archéologie, Université Islamique du Liban, Institut Français du Proche-Orient (IFPO), MIN AFF ETRANG-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Engineering [Lebanese International University] (SOE/LIU), Lebanese International University (LIU), Lebanese University [Beirut] (LU), Laboratoire d'Archéologie Médiévale et Moderne en Méditerranée (LA3M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Archéologie du Proche-Orient Hellénistique et Romain (APOHR), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Center For Remote Sensing [CNRS-L], Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Holocene, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Mount Lebanon, terrasses agricoles, geoarchaeology, agricultural terraces, Mont‑Liban, géoarchéologie, Holocène
Abstract: International audience; The French-Lebanese Nahr Ibrahim Project was undertaken on the valley of this major river in Mount Lebanon. It aims to characterize the environmental impacts on forests, soils and water resources of landscape terracing (a typical feature of Mount Lebanon), and of settlement patterns in the Holocene. The definition of transitional periods and the timescales of changes are examined through archaeological and historical data, 14C datings, geology and soil science (paleosols), paleobotany (anthracology, carpology, phytholits), anthropology and ancient photographs (due to the Jesuit Fathers in the beginnings of the XX c.). The study of the Nahr Ibrahim watershed is linked to a multiscalar approach of the territory lying between Nahr el-Kelb toward south and Nahr ej-Jaouz toward north in order to map the variations in land-use. The present paper focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of the archaeological data base to achieve this mapping. We then expose the main aspects of the study of a four meters polygenetic soil profile in regard to the first records from a recent excavation on the most ancient sedentary settlement known in the mountain. The integrative approach brings into light the environmental answers to the exploitation of natural resources and in return the adaptation of societies to these variations in the second half of the Holocene, from the forest clearing around 6000 BP up to recent landscape and socio-economical changes.; Le projet de recherche franco-libanais "Nahr Ibrahim" initié autour de la vallée éponyme de ce fleuve majeur du Mont‑Liban s’attache à caractériser les impacts sur l'environnement forestier, les sols et les ressources en eau de la construction des paysages en terrasses, et des formes de peuplement à l'Holocène. La définition des transitions et les temporalités des changements sont examinées à partir des données archéologiques et historiques, radiochronologiques (14C), géologiques et pédologiques, paléobotaniques (anthracologie, carpologie, phytolithes), ethnologiques et iconographiques (dont les photographies du début du XXe s. par les Pères Jésuites). L'étude du bassin versant du Nahr Ibrahim est articulée à une approche multiscalaire du territoire entre le Nahr el‑Kelb au sud et le Nahr ej‑Jaouz au nord, pour cartographier les variations de l'occupation du sol. Dans cet article, nous discutons les apports et les limites de la carte archéologique puis nous mettons en perspective l'étude d'un profil de sol polygénique plurimétrique avec les premiers résultats provenant de la fouille de l'habitat sédentaire le plus ancien documenté à ce jour dans la montagne libanaise. L'approche intégrative met en évidence des réponses de l'environnement à l’exploitation des ressources par les sociétés et des adaptations de ces dernières aux changements dans la seconde moitié de l'Holocène, depuis les défrichements vers 6000 BP jusqu'aux mutations paysagères et socio-économiques récentes.
Published: 2020

50. Ecosystems

Author: Balzan, Mario V, Hassoun, Abed El Rahman, Aroua, Najet, Baldy, Virginie, Dagher, Magda Bou, Branquinho, Cristina, Dutay, Jean-Claude, El Bour, Monia, Médail, Frédéric, Mojtahid, Meryem, Morán-Ordóñez, Alejandra, Roggero, Pier Paolo, Heras, Sergio Rossi, Schatz, Bertrand, Vogiatzakis, Ioannis N., Zaimes, George N., Ziveri, Patrizia, Malta Council for Science and Technology, National Council for Scientific Research = Conseil national de la recherche scientifique du Liban [Lebanon] (CNRS-L), Université Mohamed Khider de Biskra (BISKRA), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth (USJ), Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer [Salammbô] (INSTM), Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari] (UNISS), Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences (DiSTeBA), Uniersity of Salento, Salento, Italy, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, UNESCO Chair Con-E-Ect, International Hellenic University, Drama, Greece, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cramer W, Guiot J, and Marini K
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2020

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