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International audience; We consider a three-species predator-prey system involving two competing predators and one prey. The species diffuse with nonlocal dispersal kernels with possibly non-compact support, and they interact in a heterogeneous environment moving with a positive forced speed such that the environment is favorable to the prey in the absence of predators far ahead of the shifting boundary and it is unfavorable far behind. Such systems arise in the modeling of population dynamics under the effect of a shifting environment, such as climate change. We show on the one hand the existence of waves connecting the trivial state to the unique constant positive coexistence state for any value of the forced speed. On the other hand, we show the existence of critical positive speeds for the existence of waves connecting the trivial state to the states corresponding to the absence of one or two predators.

The swimming of a rigid phoretic particle in an isotropic fluid is studied numerically as a function of the dimensionless solute emission rate (or P\'eclet number Pe). The particle sets into motion at a critical Pe. Whereas the particle trajectory is straight at a small enough Pe, it is found that it loses its stability at a critical Pe in favor of a meandering motion. When Pe is increased further, the particle meanders at a short scale but its trajectory wraps into a circle at a larger scale. Increasing even further, Pe causes the swimmer to escape momentarily the circular trajectory in favor of chaotic motion, which lasts for a certain time, before regaining a circular trajectory, and so on. The chaotic bursts become more and more frequent as Pe increases, until the trajectory becomes fully chaotic, via the intermittency scenario. The statistics of the trajectory is found to be of the run-and-tumble-like nature at a short enough time and of diffusive nature at a long time without any source of noise.

International audience; There is an overabundance of microswimmers in nature, including bacteria, algae, mammalian cells and so on. They use flagellum, cilia or global shape changes (amoeboid motion) to move forward. In the presence of confining channels, these swimmers exhibit often non-trivial behaviours, such as accumulation at the wall, navigation and so on, and their swimming speed may be strongly influenced by the geometric confinement. Several numerical studies have reported that the presence of walls either enhances or reduces the swimming speed depending on the nature of the swimmer, and also on the confinement. The purpose of this paper is to provide an analytical explanation of several previously obtained numerical results. We treat the case of amoeboid swimmers and the case of squirmers having either a tangential (the classical situation) or normal velocity prescribed at the swimmer surface (pumper). For amoeboid motion we consider a quasi-circular swimmer which allows us to tackle the problem analytically and to extract the equations of the motion of the swimmer, with several explicit analytical or semi-analytical solutions. It is found that the deformation of the amoeboid swimmer as well as a high enough order effect due to confinement are necessary in order to account for previous numerical results. The analytical theory accounts for several features obtained numerically also for non-deformable swimmers.

International audience; Local chicken breeds face high risks of extinction. A conservation program has been set up for eight Taiwan conserved chicken populations (TCP). The research presented here aims at estimating effective population size (N-e) and conservation priorities of TCP populations using pedigree and molecular data. Genome diversity was assessed by genotyping 22 microsatellite markers in 45-50 animals per breed. Results from the pedigree-based analysis showed that most N-e values ranged between 50 and 100 except the Shek-Ki breed which exhibited the smallest value (46) so that most breeds could be considered as safe from a conservation point of view. The change in inbreeding per generation varied between 0.7% to 1.9% depending on breeds. N-e values estimated from molecular-based analysis were generally lower than those estimated from pedigree-based analysis, suggesting a loss of diversity between the onset of the conservation program (from 1983 to 1995) and the start of pedigree recording in 2002. According to N-e values, the TCP populations do not appear to be at a high risk, but mating plans by a rotation mating system should be designed in order to limit the increase in inbreeding. Regarding the conservation strategy within the TCP, the Shek-Ki and Hua-Tung breeds showed the highest priority for conservation in terms of genetic risk status and contributions to total diversity across pedigree- and molecular-based approaches. In conclusion, this study of TCP populations shows how different types of data can be combined to define conservation priorities considering risk, diversity, or utility of local chicken breeds.

PubMed ID: 29281063, Because life tables are capable of providing the most comprehensive description on the survival, stage differentiation, and the reproduction of animal populations, they can be considered as the bases of population ecology and pest management. Researchers concerned with studies involving life tables inevitably face the problem of describing the variabilities that occur in the survival, stage differentiation, and fecundity data. Finding a means to include these variabilities in population projections concerning pest management may be problematic. Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a pest of many plant species in Asia, including cultivated crops, ornamentals, and wild plants. The raw life history data (survival, stage differentiation, and fecundity) and consumption rate of both sexes of H. vigintioctopunctata reared on Solanum photeinocarpum Nakamura et Odashima (Solanales: Solanaceae) were collected in the laboratory and analyzed based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (?), net reproductive rate (R0), mean generation time (T), and net consumption rate (C0) of H. vigintioctopunctata were 0.1312 d-1, 1.1402 d-1, 603.5 offspring, 48.8 d, and 77.8 cm2, respectively. By using the bootstrap technique with 100,000 samples, we demonstrated that the life tables constructed based on the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of R0 and ? can be used to describe the variabilities found in the survival and fecundity curves and to project the uncertainty of population growth. © The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Several micro-organisms, such as bacteria, algae, or spermatozoa, use flagella or cilia to swim in a fluid, while many other micro-organisms instead use ample shape deformation, described as amoeboid, to propel themselves by either crawling on a substrate or swimming. Many eukaryotic cells were believed to require an underlying substratum to migrate (crawl) by using membrane deformation (like blebbing or generation of lamellipodia) but there is now increasing evidence that a large variety of cells (including those of the immune system) can migrate without the assistance of focal adhesion, allowing them to swim as efficiently as they can crawl. This paper details the analysis of amoeboid swimming in a confined fluid by modeling the swimmer as an inextensible membrane deploying local active forces. The swimmer displays a rich behavior: it may settle into a straight trajectory in the channel or navigate from one wall to the other depending on its confinement. The nature of the swimmer is also found to be affected by confinement: the swimmer can behave, on the average over one swimming cycle, as a pusher at low confinement, and becomes a puller at higher confinement. The swimmer's nature is thus not an intrinsic property. The scaling of the swimmer velocity V with the force amplitude A is analyzed in detail showing that at small enough A, $V\sim A^2/\eta^2$, whereas at large enough A, V is independent of the force and is determined solely by the stroke frequency and swimmer size. This finding starkly contrasts with currently known results found from swimming models where motion is based on flagellar or ciliary activity, where $V\sim A/\eta$. To conclude, two definitions of efficiency as put forward in the literature are analyzed with distinct outcomes. We find that one type of efficiency has an optimum as a function of confinement while the other does not. Future perspectives are outlined., Comment: Advance Article, Soft Matter (2016), 16 pages, 18 figures

In order to train children's ability to ask curiosity-driven questions, previous research has explored designing specific exercises relying on providing semantic and linguistic cues to help formulate such questions. But despite showing pedagogical efficiency, this method is still limited as it relies on generating the said cues by hand, which can be a very costly process. In this context, we propose to leverage advances in the natural language processing field (NLP) and investigate the efficiency of using a large language model (LLM) for automating the production of the pedagogical content of a curious question-asking (QA) training. We study generating the said content using the "prompt-based" method that consists of explaining the task to the LLM in natural text. We evaluate the output using human experts annotations and comparisons with hand-generated content. Results suggested indeed the relevance and usefulness of this content. We also conduct a field study in primary school (75 children aged 9-10), where we evaluate children's QA performance when having this training. We compare 3 types of content : 1) hand-generated content that proposes "closed" cues leading to predefined questions; 2) GPT-3-generated content that proposes the same type of cues; 3) GPT-3-generated content that proposes "open" cues leading to several possible questions. We see a similar QA performance between the two "closed" trainings (showing the scalability of the approach using GPT-3), and a better one for participants with the "open" training. These results suggest the efficiency of using LLMs to support children in generating more curious questions, using a natural language prompting approach that affords usability by teachers and other users not specialists of AI techniques. Furthermore, results also show that open-ended content may be more suitable for training curious question-asking skills.

Chantier qualité GA; Taiwan commercial native chickens have played a vital role in the domestic market due to Taiwanese traditional cooking style and culture. This study investigated the genetic characterization and population structure of 10 Taiwan commercial native chicken populations, together with two exotic breeds and one population of red jungle fowl, using 22 microsatellites. The results showed that Taiwan commercial native chickens generally harbored high genetic diversity but lower than that of red jungle fowl population in terms of number of alleles and gene diversity. The neighbor-joining tree revealed a poor resolution with only two branches showing bootstrap values above 70%. Based on Bayesian clustering approach, thirteen populations were inferred into eight distinct clusters namely Game bird, B strain, L2 strain, White Broiler and White Leghorn with an average proportion of membership higher than 0.90 and the values higher than 0.85 for red jungle fowl, Hakim chicken and Hakka strain while four remaining breeds were closely related together. The population structure showed Taiwan commercial native chickens are more admixed, in contrast to occidental highly productive breeds. The high genetic variation within breed as shown in the results of the analysis of molecular variance, facilitated by gene exchanges, did not allow discriminating in an efficient way. This suggests that the genetic pool of Taiwan commercial native chickens is well distributed among breeds and therefore there is a good potential for adaptation to new environmental conditions or markets. Some populations, namely L2 strain and B strain showed very high inbreeding coefficient and thus could be considered at risks. Therefore, management needs to be taken into account for the populations, to prevent inbreeding depression and maintain genetic diversity.

24 pages; A nonlinear compartmental model with several types of detections is proposed. Analysis reveals that local asymptotic stability for disease-free equilibrium (DFE) can be achieved if: (i) random screening is sufficiently effective; (ii) infection by detected HIV-positive individuals is minimal. If the average number of infections by a known infective exceeds unity, the endemic equilibrium is always unstable and the total number of infectives could increase without bound, provided that the initial infective population sizes are sufficiently large. On the other hand, if the number of infections by a known infective is less than one, then either the DFE or the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, leading to a more manageable epidemic, even if the disease is not eradicated. We make use of the Cuban HIV/AIDS data to fit the model during two separate time periods in 1986-2008 to reflect the implementation of different types of detections. The reproduction numbers for each time period are then computed from the two sets of estimated parameter values.

International audience; In this paper, we will consider questions related to blindfolded play: (i) the impact (in various conditions) of playing blindfolded in the level of Go players in 9x9 Go (ii) the influence of a visual support (the visual support is a board with no stone) (iii) which modifications are required for making a program strong in the blind variant of the game (and, somehow surprisingly, implementing a program for playing blind go is not equivalent to implementing a program for playing go) (iv) some conclusions on the rules of blind Go for making it interesting and pedagogically efficient.

A nonlinear compartmental model is developed for the HIV detection system in Cuba with different types of detections, some random and others non-random. We analyze the dynamics of this system, compute the reproduction numbers, and use the data from the Cuban HIV/AIDS epidemic between 1986-2008 to fit the model. We obtain estimates for the detection-related parameters during two separate time periods to reflect the timeline of the implementation of various types of searches. The reproduction numbers for each time period are also computed from the sets of values of the parameters. We found that random screening is most important as a mean of surveillance. Moreover, local asymptotic stability for the Disease Free Equilibrium can be achieved if (i) random screening is sufficiently effective and (ii) infection by detected HIV-positive individuals is minimal. Our results highlight the importance of education for the known infectious for the purpose of preventing further infection. Fitting the 1986-2008 HIV data to obtain the model parameter estimates indicates that the HIV epidemic in Cuba is currently approaching an endemic equilibrium. A Genetic Algorithm is used.

From the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cuba a system for detection of persons living with HIV was put in place,. A nonlinear model is developed for the detection system considering different types of searches, some random and others non-random, the model is based on another one studied before by some of the present authors. We study the dynamics of the system. Using the data from the Cuban HIV/AIDS epidemic, we fit the model to the data. For this, as not all types of searches were introduced at the same time, we consider the parameters of the system to be step functions. We obtain estimates for the size of the Cuban HIV epidemic, and for the mean time for detecting a person that is infected with HIV. Also the basic reproduction number is computed for each set of values of the parameters.

Micro lens array is crucial in various kinds of optical and electronic applications. A micro lens array with high numerical aperture (NA) and low aberration is in particular needed. This research is aimed to design and fabricate such a micro lens array with simple structure while keeps the same NA of a same-diameter hemisphere lens. A bi-convex semispherical micro lens array, with corresponding NA 0.379, by PDMS is first designed and analyzed. Experiments are further conducted to fabricate the designed micro lens array by the thermal reflow process. The formed profile is then sputtered with copper to serve as the mold. The front and the rear micro lens array are fabricated by plating PDMS to the mold and then assembled to form the designed micro lens array., Submitted on behalf of EDA Publishing Association (http://irevues.inist.fr/handle/2042/16838)

The objective is to model the contact tracing aspect of the HIV detection system, to try to obtain some information that could be useful to the Health System in Cuba in evaluating the way the program is working, and to ascertain its usefulness in terms of intervention and treatment of HIV. Other models have been used to study the effect of contact tracing with this objective in mind . However, these were essentially linear models. We will now introduce non-linearity to model contact tracing. We will also discuss the implications of our results for the purpose of intervention and treatment of HIV/AIDS in Cuba, and to estimate the size of the epidemic in Cuba.

A class of four linear and nonlinear di®erential equations models is given to describe the detection of HIV-positive individuals in Cuba through random screening and contact tracing. The basic reproduction number is obtained for each of the four models. Cuban HIV data from 1986 to 2002 are used to ¯t the models for the purpose of comparison. We also use the models to gauge the di®erence in detection time through random screening and contact tracing. Remarks on the implications for intervention measures and treatment of people living with HIV in Cuba are also given.

14 pages; International audience; Underreporting of HIV/AIDS cases is a common problem in HIV epidemiology which often skews epidemiologic projections on which public health policy decisions are often based, especially in the cases of low HIV prevalence countries or in early phases of an emerging epidemic when the HIV incidence is still low, but might be growing rapidly. In this work, we propose a simple mathematical model with groups of known and undetected HIV-positives. Using this model with the annual HIV incidence data of new HIV cases and new AIDS cases detected at onset of symptoms, we are able to obtain an estimate for the number of undetected HIV-positives. Moreover, using Taiwan data of 1993-2000, we are able to predict the number of new cases in the next two years within 5% accuracy. We also give a approximate ratio of underreporting which approximates the magnitude of underreporting of HIV cases in low HIV prevalence settings. The procedure is illustrated with the HIV data of Taiwan and Cuba. The result shows that underreporting in Cuba is low, probably due to its intense contact tracing program. For Taiwan, the level of underreporting is higher, but has improved slightly since 1999. The method is useful as a simple tool to gauge the immediate impact of an emerging epidemic, as well as for the purpose of public health policy planning and short-term future projections.

To increase expression levels of the PCV2 Cap(d41) protein, novel baculovirus surface display vectors with multiple expression cassettes were constructed to create recombinant baculoviruses BacSC-Cap(d41), BacDD-2Cap(d41), BacDD-3Cap(d41), and BacDD-4Cap(d41). Our results reveal that the recombinant baculovirus BacDD-4Cap(d41) was able to express the highest levels of Cap(d41) protein. Optimum conditions for expressing the PCV2 Cap(d41) protein were determined, and our results show that 107 of Sf-9 infected with the recombinant baculovirus BacDD-4Cap(d41) at an MOI of 5 for 3 days showed the highest level of protein expression. Mice immunized with the 4Cap(d41) vaccine which was prepared from the recombinant baculovirus-infected cells (107) elicited higher ELISA titers compared to the Cap (d41) vaccine. The 4Cap(d41) vaccine could elicit anti-PCV2 neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ in mice, as confirmed by virus neutralization test and IFN-γ ELISA. Moreover, the swine lymphocyte proliferative responses indicated that the 4Cap(d41) vaccine was able to induce a clear cellular immune response. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the percentage of CD4+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio was increased significantly in SPF pigs immunized with the 4Cap(d41) vaccine. Importantly, the 4Cap(d41) vaccine induced an IFN-γ response, further confirming that its effect is through cellular immunity in SPF pigs. An in vivo challenge study revealed that the 4Cap(d41) and the commercial vaccine groups significantly reduce the viral load of vaccinated pigs as compared with the CE negative control group. Taken together, we have successfully developed a 4Cap(d41) vaccine that may be a potential subunit vaccine for preventing the disease associated with PCV2 infections.

Bartonella henselae is a slow-growing, Gram-negative bacterium that causes cat scratch disease in humans. A transstadial transmission of the bacteria from larvae to nymphs of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) ticks, suspected to be a potential vector of the bacteria, has been previously demonstrated. The present study aims to investigate transovarial transmission of B. henselae from R. sanguineus s.l. adults to their instars. Adult ticks (25 males and 25 females) were fed through an artificial feeding system on B. henselae-infected goat blood for 14 days, and 300 larvae derived from the experimentally B. henselae-infected females were fed on noninfected goat blood for 7 days. Nested PCR and culture were used to detect and isolate B. henselae in ticks and blood samples. Bartonella henselae DNA was detected in midguts, salivary glands, and carcasses of the semi-engorged adults and pooled tick feces (during feeding and post-feeding periods). After the oviposition period, B. henselae DNA was detected in salivary glands of females (33.3%), but not in pooled eggs or larvae derived from the infected females. However, B. henselae DNA was detected by nested PCR from the blood sample during larval feeding, while no viable B. henselae was isolated by culture. According to our findings, following infected blood meal, B. henselae could remain in the tick midguts, move to other tissues including salivary glands, and then be shed through tick feces with limited persistency. The presence of bacterial DNA in the blood during larval feeding shows the possibility of transovarial transmission of B. henselae in R. sanguineus s.l. ticks.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:16:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Agence Nationale Des Parcs Nationaux Centre for International Forestry Research Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS) David and Lucile Packard Foundation European Space Agency Leverhulme Trust Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás European Research Council Belgian Federal Science Policy Office Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) National Science Foundation Natural Environment Research Council Royal Society National Geographic Society Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas más diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crítico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. Aquí mostramos cómo una comunidad global está respondiendo a los desafíos de la investigación en ecosistemas tropicales a través de diversos equipos realizando mediciones árbol por árbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos más importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cómo este proceso está cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexión de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a múltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posición y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de Investigación reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento científico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (Suramérica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en África (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiático (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas están integradas a través de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes están transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de éstos en la biósfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cómo, dónde y porqué el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales está respondiendo al cambio climático y cómo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboración pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuáles son los factores más importantes, qué procesos se ven afectados, dónde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacción y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continúa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnología antigua, las redes de parcelas están generando una verdadera y moderna revolución en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar información única y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques más preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais são os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensão destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, até muito recentemente os esforços de medições e monitoramento foram amplamente desconexos. É essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendem fronteiras e horizontes de agências financiadoras. Neste estudo nós mostramos como uma comunidade global está respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, árvore por árvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas à longo prazo. Nós revisamos as maiores descobertas científicas deste trabalho, e mostramos também como este processo está mudando a ciência de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em escalas ampliadas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel-chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta científica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (América do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para África (AfriTRON) e Sudeste asiático (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas múltiplas iniciativas estão integradas através de uma infraestrutura cibernética do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 países de 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estão transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papéis na biosfera. Juntos nós descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estão respondendo às mudanças climáticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendências, assim como tem evidenciado quais direcionadores são mais importantes, quais processos florestais são mais afetados, onde eles estão mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as prováveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notável tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem faíscas de uma moderna revolução na ciência das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades basais que agora são coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos únicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. Résume: Les forêts tropicales sont les écosystèmes les plus diversifiés et les plus productifs de la planète. Si une meilleure compréhension de ces forêts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'à tout récemment, les efforts déployés pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont été largement déconnectés. La mise en réseau est essentielle pour découvrir les réponses à des questions qui dépassent les frontières et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communauté mondiale relève les défis de la recherche sur les écosystèmes tropicaux avec diverses équipes qui mesurent les forêts arbre après arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales découvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forêts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste à relier les initiatives de base à long terme à des protocoles standardisés et une gestion de données afin de générer des résultats solides à grande échelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en élevant leur statut, notre modèle de réseau de recherche sociale reconnaît le rôle clé de l'auteur des données dans la découverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (Amérique du Sud), nos réseaux de parcelles permanentes ont été adaptés à l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et à l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imités dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont désormais intégrées via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collègues de 54 pays à travers 24 réseaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la compréhension des forêts tropicales et de leur rôle biosphérique. Ensemble, nous avons découvert comment, où et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversité réagissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y réagissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale à long terme a révélé un important puits de carbone à long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en évidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectés, les endroits où ils changent, les décalages et les réactions futures probables des forêts tropicales à mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les réseaux de parcelles déclenchent une révolution très moderne dans la science des forêts tropicales. À l'avenir, l'humanité pourra grandement bénéficier du soutien des communautés de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de générer une compréhension unique et à long terme des forêts les plus précieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia. Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER) Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Universidad Nacional de Jujuy James Cook University (JCU) CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) School of Land & Food University of Tasmania CSIRO Tropical Forest Research Centre Independent Researcher Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science College of Science and Engineering James Cook University University of the Sunshine Coast University of York Flamingo Land Ltd. 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International audience; Euryhaline milkfish (Chanos chanos) is an important economic species in Taiwan and is able to survive in both seawater (SW) and fresh water (FW). Upon salinity changes, euryhaline fish kidneys play a crucial role in osmoregulation. During this process, Na+/K + -ATPase (NKA) mainly functions in providing the driving force for the other ion-transporting systems. In the milkfish, NKA activities have been widely studied, yet the isoforms and modulatory mechanisms of the NKA α-subunits are unknown. Hence, this study was undertaken to reveal potential modulatory mechanisms, including the isoform composition of NKA α-subunits and FXYD proteins (the modulators of NKA), of NKA expression/activity in milkfish kidneys in response to salinity changes. Four isoforms (CcNKA α1a, α1c, α2, and α3) of NKA α-subunits with distinct tissue distribution were identified in milkfish. Among them, Ccnka α1a and Ccfxyd2 were predominantly expressed in the kidney. Upon salinity challenge, parallel expression patterns were found in renal Ccnka α1a and Ccfxyd2, showing an increase in the FW-acclimated milkfish but not in the SW-acclimated group. After transfer, no matter from SW to FW or FW to SW, most of the renal Ccnka and Ccfxyd genes (particularly Ccnka α1a and Ccfxyd2) significantly changed. Overall, these results suggest that the NKA activity of milkfish kidneys may be modulated via CcNKA α1a and CcFXYD2 for osmoregulation in response to salinity challenges.

International audience; Prototheca microalgae were only recognized as pathogens of both humans and animals in the 1960s; however, since then, these microbes have been drawing increasing interest in both human and veterinary medicine. The first human outbreak of protothecosis in a tertiary care chemotherapy ward in 2018 further highlighted the need to understand in more depth and detail their ecology, etiology, pathogenesis and routes of transmission between different hosts, environments and habitats from a One Health perspective. Protothecal infections have been reported in a growing number of cattle herds around the world in recent decades, and Prototheca has become an important bovine mastitis pathogen in certain countries and regions. The survival of Prototheca in the environment and its ability to spread in the herd pose a serious challenge to the management of infected dairy farms. Prevention of the disease is particularly important, as there is no effective and reliable treatment for it and the chances of self-healing are minimal. Therefore, the development of more effective drugs is needed for the treatment of human and animal protothecosis. The prudent use of antibiotics and their replacement by alternative or preventive measures, when possible, may further contribute to the control of protothecal infections.

International audience; Bartonella genus includes an increasing number of species and subspecies, especially among wild felids, the positioning of which, with regards to the zoonotic species Bartonella henselae, is important to determine.The aim of this study was to test the ability of a molecular typing technique to distinguish between various Bartonella isolates obtained from four different species of free-ranging and captive wild felids and to identify key profiles or markers allowing differentiating them from each other and/or from B. henselae or B. koehlerae.A molecular typing technique for B. henselae based on the polymorphism of variable number tandem repeat units (VNTR) called MLVA (Multiple Locus VNTR Analysis) was applied to 24 Bartonella isolates from free-ranging or captive wild felids, 19 of which were obtained from California and five from three countries in Southern Africa, and compared with 49 B. henselae isolates from cats, dog or humans from the United States including the human ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) reference strain, B. henselae Houston 1.MLVA allowed distinguishing Bartonella isolates from wild felids from either B. henselae or B. koehlerae. We confirmed infection of semi-captive cheetahs with an isolate similar to a Californian bobcat isolate. MLVA also confirmed the unique profile of a free-ranging cheetah isolate from Namibia.Specific profiles were observed making MVLA a useful identification/classification tool of these wild felid isolates and suggesting that they are highly adapted to a specific feline reservoir. Finally, circulation of B. henselae isolates between domestic cats, wild felids and humans is likely occurring, based on the close allelic profiles of some isolates.

International audience; The genus Gallus is distributed across a large part of Southeast Asia and has received special interest because the domestic chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus, has spread all over the world and is a major protein source for humans. There are four species: the red junglefowl (G. gallus), the green junglefowl (G. varius), the Lafayette's junglefowl (G. lafayettii) and the grey junglefowl (G. sonneratii). The aim of this study is to reconstruct the history of these species by a whole genome sequencing approach and resolve inconsistencies between well supported topologies inferred using different data and methods.Using deep sequencing, we identified over 35 million SNPs and reconstructed the phylogeny of the Gallus genus using both distance (BioNJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. We observed discrepancies according to reconstruction methods and genomic components. The two most supported topologies were previously reported and were discriminated by using phylogenetic and gene flow analyses, based on ABBA statistics. Terminology fix requested by the deputy editor led to support a scenario with G. gallus as the earliest branching lineage of the Gallus genus, instead of G. varius. We discuss the probable causes for the discrepancy. A likely one is that G. sonneratii samples from parks or private collections are all recent hybrids, with roughly 10% of their autosomal genome originating from G. gallus. The removal of those regions is needed to provide reliable data, which was not done in previous studies. We took care of this and additionally included two wild G. sonneratii samples from India, showing no trace of introgression. This reinforces the importance of carefully selecting and validating samples and genomic components in phylogenomics.

Magnetoelectric coupling at room temperature in multiferroic materials, such as BiFeO3, is one of the leading candidates to develop low-power spintronics and emerging memory technologies. Although extensive research activity has been devoted recently to exploring the physical properties, especially focusing on ferroelectricity and antiferromagnetism in chemically modified BiFeO3, a concrete understanding of the magnetoelectric coupling is yet to be fulfilled. We have discovered that La substitutions at the Bi-site lead to a progressive increase in the degeneracy of the potential energy landscape of the BiFeO3 system exemplified by a rotation of the polar axis away from the 〈111〉pc towards the 〈112〉pc discretion. This is accompanied by corresponding rotation of the antiferromagnetic axis as well, thus maintaining the right-handed vectorial relationship between ferroelectric polarization, antiferromagnetic vector and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya vector. As a consequence, La-BiFeO3 films exhibit a magnetoelectric coupling that is distinctly different from the undoped BiFeO3 films., BiFeO3 has a wide application but the impact of rare-earth substitution for the evolution of the coupling mechanism is unknown. Here, the authors reveal the correlation between ferroelectricity, antiferromagnetism, a weak ferromagnetic moment, and their switching pathways in La-substituted BiFeO3.

International audience; We propose a simple and efficient class of direct solvers for Poisson equation in finite or infinite domains related to spherical geometry. The solver was developed based on truncated spherical harmonics expansion, where the differential mode equations were solved by second-order finite difference method without handling coordinate singularities. The solver was further extended to study the dynamics of a diffusiophoretic particle suspended in Stokes flow. Numerical experiments suggested that the particle can achieve a self-sustained unidirectional motion at moderate Péclet numbers, whereas the particle motion becomes chaotic in high Péclet number regimes. The statistical analysis illustrates the run-and-tumble-like nature at short times and diffusive nature at long times without any source of noise.

International audience; Egg production is an economically critical trait in poultry industry. In order to identify genetic markers and chromosomal regions associated with egg production in tropical climate, we conducted both quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and genome-wide association study (GWAS) in an F2 cross set up between the Taiwan Country chicken L2 line and an INRA experimental line of Rhode Island Red layer, R-, by using the chicken 60 K SNP chip. A total of eleven QTL (3 genome-wide and 8 chromosome-wide significant QTL) and 102 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects (7 genome-wide and 95 suggestive significant SNP effects) were identified. Most of detected QTL regions (exclude a QTL on GGA23) and SNPs overlapped with previously published QTL for egg production or quality, providing the evidences to the relationship for the studied traits. The list of QTL and SNPs reported in present study could be contributed to a better comprehension of the genetic control for egg production which is useful for future functional studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:40:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-05-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) CYTED Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo Natural Environment Research Council Newton Fund Understanding of tropical forests has been revolutionized by monitoring in permanent plots. Data from global plot networks have transformed our knowledge of forests’ diversity, function, contribution to global biogeochemical cycles, and sensitivity to climate change. Monitoring has thus far been concentrated in rain forests. Despite increasing appreciation of their threatened status, biodiversity, and importance to the global carbon cycle, monitoring in tropical dry forests is still in its infancy. We provide a protocol for permanent monitoring plots in tropical dry forests. Expanding monitoring into dry biomes is critical for overcoming the linked challenges of climate change, land use change, and the biodiversity crisis. Tropical Biodiversity Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh School of Geography Faculty of Environment University of Leeds Fundación Ecosistemas Secos de Colombia School of Geosciences The University of Edinburgh Geography College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Ecologia Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas Ciencias Básicas de la Biodiversidad Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Herbario Departamento Académico de Biología Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina Center for Conservation and Sustainability Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR) Facultad Ciencias Agrarias UNR Universidad Nacional de Rosario Escuela de Biología Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Real Jardín Botánico CSIC Laboratório de Ciências Ambientas Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de Sao Paulo Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal da Bahia International Master Program of Agriculture National Chung Hsing University Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal do Ceará Centro de Tecnologia e Recursos Naturais (CTRN) Universidade Federal de Campina Grande Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPGCB) Centro Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros Ciencias Biologicas Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Fauna y Flora Silvestre Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso Herbario HOXA Jardín Botánico de Missouri Embrapa Semiárido Embrapa Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de Sao Paulo Laboratório de Fenologia Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Viçosa Departamento de Ciências Florestais Universidade Federal de Lavras Department of Forest Sciences Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas Instituto de Astronomia Geofífisica e Ciências Atmosféricas Universidade de São Paulo Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Wageningen University and Research Laboratório de Fenologia Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista FAPESP: 2015/50488-5 CYTED Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo: 418RT0554 Natural Environment Research Council: NE/I027797/1 Natural Environment Research Council: NE/I028122/1 Newton Fund: NE/N000587/1 Newton Fund: NE/N01247X/1 Newton Fund: NE/N012550/1

Bartonella henselae is a fastidious intraerythrocytic, gram-negative bacteria that causes cat scratch disease in humans. Ixodes ricinus has been confirmed to be a competent vector of B. henselae, and some indirect evidences from clinical cases and epidemiological studies also suggested that some other tick species, including Rhipicephalus sanguineus, may transmit the bacteria. B. henselae has been detected in R. sanguineus but no experimental investigations have been performed to evaluate the vector competency of this tick species regarding B. henselae transmission. To this end, this work aimed to assess the transstadial transmission of B. henselae between larvae and nymphs of R. sanguineus as well as transmission by nymphs infected at the larval stage. Four hundred B. henselae negative larvae were fed with B. henselae-infected blood by using an artificial membrane feeding system. After five days of feeding, B. henselae was detected by PCR in 57.1% (8/14) of engorged larval pools, 66.7% (4/6) of semi-engorged larval pools, and 66.7% (2/3) of larval feces pools. After molting, B. henselae DNA was also detected in 10% (1/10) of nymph pools, but not in tick feces. After a pre-fed step of nymphs infected at the larval stage on non-infected blood meal, B. henselae was detected by PCR in blood sample from the feeder, but no Bartonella colonies could be obtained from culture. These findings showed that B. henselae could be transstadial transmitted from R. sanguineus larvae to nymphs, and also suggest that these nymphs may retransmitted the bacteria through the saliva during their blood meal. This is the first study that validated the artificial membrane feeding system for maintaining R. sanguineus tick colony. It shows the possibility of transstadial transmission of B. henselae from R. sanguineus larvae to nymphs., Author summary B. henselae is gram-negative bacteria that infects red blood cells of humans and companion animals and causes cat scratch disease in humans. Ticks were considered to be potential vectors of B. henselae for a long time until it was finally experimentally demonstrated for Ixodes ricinus. Since then, no evidence on B. henselae transmission by other tick species was reported. This study was performed 1) to validate the use of artificial membrane system to feed and infect R. sanguineus ticks and 2) to determine the possibility of B. henselae transmission by R. sanguineus, a world-widely distributed ticks. Our results show that the artificial membrane feeding system can be used to maintain R. sanguineus colony in the laboratory, and that B. henselae can be acquired by R. sanguineus during a blood meal on artificial membrane feeding system and can be transmitted from larvae to nymphs that were able to inject bacterial DNA to blood during a new blood meal. However, further investigations are still needed to confirm the viability of bacteria transmitted to blood by nymphs infected at the larval stage in order to validate B. henselae transmission by R. sanguineus.

International audience; Unreliable mobility values, and particularly greatly overestimated values and severely distorted temperature dependences, have recently hampered the development of the organic transistor field. Given that organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have been routinely used to evaluate the mobility, precise parameter extraction using the electrical properties of OFETs is thus of primary importance. This review examines the origins of the various mobilities that must be determined for OFET applications, the relevant extraction methods, and the data selection limitations, which help in avoiding conceptual errors during mobility extraction. For increased precision, the review also discusses device fabrication considerations, calibration of both the specific gate-dielectric capacitance and the threshold voltage, the contact effects, and the bias and temperature dependences, which must actually be handled with great care but have mostly been overlooked to date. This paper serves as a systematic overview of the OFET mobility extraction process to ensure high precision and will also aid in improving future research.

With a fall of the Caspian Sea level (CSL), its size gets smaller and therefore the total evaporation over the sea is reduced. With a reduced evaporation from the sea, the fall of the CSL is weakened. This creates a negative feedback as less evaporation leads to less water losses of the Caspian Sea (CS). On the other hand, less evaporation reduces the water in the atmosphere, which may lead to less precipitation in the catchment area of the CS. The two opposite feedbacks are estimated by using an atmospheric climate model coupled with an ocean model only for the CS with different CS sizes while keeping all other forcings like oceanic sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and leaf area index the same from a global climate simulation. The investigation is concentrated on the medieval period because at that time the CSL changed dramatically from about − 30 to − 19 m below the mean ocean sea level, partly man-made. Models used for simulating the last millennium are not able to change the size of the CS dynamically so far. When results from such simulations are used to investigate the CSL variability and its causes, the present study should help to parameterize its feedbacks. A first assumption that the total evaporation from the CS will vary with the size of the CS (number of grid points representing the sea) is generally confirmed with the model simulations. The decrease of grid points from 15 to 14, 10, 8 or 7 leads to a decrease of evaporation to 96, 77, 70 and 54%. The lower decrease than initially expected from the number of grid points (93, 67, 53 and 47%) is probably due to the fact that there would also be some evaporation at grid points that run dry with a lower CSL but a cooling of the CS SST with increasing CS size in summer may be more important. The reduction of evaporation over the CS means more water for the budget of the whole catchment of the CS (an increase of the CSL) but from the gain through reduced evaporation over the CS, only 70% is found to remain in the water budget of the whole catchment area due to feedbacks with the precipitation. This suggests a high proportion of recycling of water within the CS catchment area. When using a model which does not have a correct CS size, the effect of a reduced CS area on the water budget for the whole CS catchment can be estimated by taking the evaporation over the sea multiplied by the proportional changed area. However, only 50% of that change is ending up in the water balance of the total catchment of the CS. A formula is provided. This method has been applied to estimate the CSL during the Last Glacial Maximum to be at − 30 to − 33 m. The experiments show as well that the CS has an impact on the large-scale atmospheric circulation with a widened Aleutian 500 hPa height field trough with increasing CS sizes. It is possible to validate this aspect with observational data.