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1. Promoting Health through Part H: Promoting the Health of Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities through Part H of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act.

Author

North Carolina Univ., Chapel Hill. Frank Porter Graham Center., National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC., and Fenichel, Emily

Abstract

This issue paper is based on recommendations of a February, 1991 meeting on promoting child health through Part H of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Part H emphasizes family-centered care; service coordination; comprehensive services; collaboration among service providers and funding sources; outreach to traditionally underserved groups; and systematic, appropriate training. The first section of this issue paper, "A Welcome for Every Child," presents agreed upon basic principles and guidelines to support the health and development of infants and toddlers. The second section, "Lessons from Infants, Toddlers, and Their Families," uses four case vignettes to explore ways of providing both common and individualistic health and developmental needs. The third section, "Roles and Responsibilities," examines roles of families, health care providers, and other early intervention professionals. The final section, "Policies to Support People," suggests strategies that professional associations and educational institutions, as well as legislative and administrative bodies, can use to support health promotion through Part H. Appended are a list of 75 references and a list of the meeting participants. (DB)

Published
1991

2. There Ought to Be a Law? Ensuring State-Wide Services for Disabled and At-Risk Infants and Toddlers.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

The paper explores policy options for beginning, expanding, or establishing services for disabled and at-risk infants and toddlers in a state. An initial section outlines characteristic advantages and drawbacks of options in three areas: legislative action (mandatory, phase-in, and non-mandatory legislation), executive action, and interagency agreements. Considerations in policy planning are examined, including the population to be served, agency responsibilities, personnel, and procedural safeguards and accountability. Questions are posed regarding the planning process as well as the content of policy and/or legislation, with suggestions offered to avoid common pitfalls. Appended materials include a reference list, a profile of states' mandated age of eligibility for preschool elementary school special education services, a matrix summarizing state legislation, a chart of state agencies responsible for educational services to handicapped preschool children, a chart summarizing the current status of all states on major special education dimensions (including state consultant names and phone numbers), and a synopsis of states by federal program networks. (CL)

Published
1985

3. Linkages: Continuity of Care for At-Risk Infants and Their Families: Opportunities for Maternal and Child Health Programs and Programs for Children with Special Health Needs. Report of a Work Group.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

A work group convened by the Director of the U.S. Office of Maternal and Child Health examined the need and opportunity for a continuum of care to serve vulnerable populations of pregnant women and infants, and made recommendations for improving linkages among the various services needed by these mothers and their infants. Barriers to linkage between and among prenatal, perinatal, followup, referral, and early intervention services were noted. The work group recommended: standardized data collection among agencies concerning indicators/predictors of poor pregnancy and developmental outcomes, feedback to health care providers who make referrals to early intervention programs, prenatal and parenting classes for expectant parents, provision of community services information to parents prior to hospital discharge of their newborns, effective preservice and inservice training, collaboration with media to disseminate information, etc. An appendix indicates the lead agency that each state has designated for implementation of Public Law 99-457, Part H, and outlines the legislation's 14 components essential to a comprehensive system of care for children from birth to 2 years and their families. (JDD)

Published
1988

4. Sensitivities, Skills, and Services: Mental Health Roles in the Implementation of Part H of PL 99-457 the Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986. An Issue Paper.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC., Georgetown Univ. Child Development Center, Washington, DC., and Schrag, Emily

Abstract

The report analyzes roles of mental health professionals in implementing Public Law 99-457, the Education of the Handicapped Amendments of 1986, which established the Child and Adolescent Service System Program (CASSP). A December, 1987, conference of administrators, clinicians, policymakers, and parent representatives from federal, state, and community programs considered the mental health needs of children from birth through age 2. This document reports their discussions of: (1) the population of infants and toddlers needing mental health attention and services through P.L. 99-457 and other programs; (2) elements of a continuum of mental health services; and (3) possible roles and responsibilities for mental health professionals and agencies serving infants, toddlers, and their families within the framework of P.L. 99-457. Contributions of mental health professionals can include their sensitivities to emotional and psychosocial issues; their skills in screening, assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and program evaluation; and their current services in the private sector, voluntary agencies, community mental health centers, school systems, and state mental health agencies. Questions to guide program planning are offered as is a listing of 11 resource organizations. Appended are a summary of P.L. 99-457, a list of the meeting's participants, a list of state Part H lead agency contacts, and the CASSP annual report. (DB)

Published
1988

5. Program Evaluation: Issues, Strategies and Models. A Discussion for Administrators and Practitioners Serving Disabled and At-Risk Infants, Toddlers, and Their Families.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC. and Barnard, Kathryn

Abstract

Offering a discussion for administrators and practitioners serving disabled and at-risk infants, toddlers, and their families, these three addresses explore issues, strategies, and models of program evaluation. "Major Issues in Program Evaluation," by Kathryn Barnard, discusses the purpose of, process of, and ways of doing program evaluation, as well as the development of a model relevant to a wide range of early intervention programs. "Evaluation Strategies," by Victoria Seitz, gives three evaluation strategies: (1) process evaluation, which describes a project's client population and activities; (2) outcome evaluation, which tries to ascertain whether people are different as a result of receiving service; and (3) action research, which explores the mechanisms by which a successful intervention program helps those for whom it does work. Seitz also explores a variety of innovative research designs with which to evaluate intervention outcomes. "The Infant-Parent Program at San Francisco General Hospital," by Jeree Pawl, relates the process by which staff of a service program for young children and families worked together to design and implement an evaluation process which helped to improve clinical practice and supervision while simultaneously demonstrating the efficacy of the program to funding sources. The report also summarizes discussion elaborating themes raised by the three major speakers and relates program evaluation issues to current concerns of state administrators and community practitioners. (RH)

Published
1986

6. Screening and Assessment: Guidelines for Identifying Young Disabled and Developmentally Vulnerable Children and Their Families.

Author

North Carolina Univ., Chapel Hill. Frank Porter Graham Center., National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC., Meisels, Samuel J., and Provence, Sally

Abstract

The purpose of this document is to suggest guidelines for the identification and assessment of children who should participate in programs related to the infant-toddler (Part H) and the preschool (Part B, Section 619) components of Public Law 99-457, the Education of the Handicapped Amendments of 1986. The guidelines integrate information from the fields of medicine, health care, social services, psychology, and education and describe practices to advance the field of early intervention and improve services to children and families. The document first describes the requirements of Public Law 99-457 regarding screening and assessment. A theoretical viewpoint about childhood development is presented, and the differences between screening and assessment are outlined. The complex factors involved in defining the population to be served by Public Law 99-457 are noted, and guidelines for screening and assessing young disabled and developmentally vulnerable children are then proposed. A sequenced planning process is outlined and future tasks are listed. Appendices are attached that contain illustrations of several different models, representative lists of screening and assessment instruments and procedures, a glossary, and regulations from Public Law 94-142 and Public Law 99-457 that pertain to screening and assessment. Includes 79 references. (JDD)

Published
1989

7. Serving Culturally Diverse Families of Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC., Anderson, Penny P., and Fenichel, Emily Schrag

Abstract

This publication emerged from an invitational meeting held by "Project Zero to Three" to address how best to provide effective, culturally sensitive, and comprehensive early intervention programs to all infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families in an equitable way. Following an overview of the concept of culture and how that concept may be understood and used by human service providers, specific cultural issues are discussed, such as family definitions, roles, relationships, and child-rearing techniques; health, illness, and disability beliefs and traditions; and communication and interactional styles. This information is then used as a basis for suggesting strategies which states might consider in their efforts to enhance cultural sensitivity in services. The strategies focus on data collection, family participation in policy making and program design, public awareness, working with individual families, staffing, monitoring, and evaluation. Included are a list of 22 references, a list of 33 recommended readings, and descriptions of resource organizations and projects. (JDD)

Published
1989

8. Keeping Track: Tracking Systems for High Risk Infants and Young Children. Second Edition.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC. and Berman, Carol

Abstract

The report describes tracking systems which address the need for early, reliable, and consistent identification and follow-up for children at risk for developmental disability. The systems, developed by 15 states that participated in the "Project Zero to Three" network, demonstrate how states may approach the linkages among prevention, early identification, and early intervention services. The efforts and strategies of the 15 states reflect the diversity of approaches, philosophies, systems, and state initiatives to identify infants at risk and to assist their families in locating and accessing early intervention and health care services. Discussed are goals of a tracking system, cost versus benefit of a tracking system, criteria for inclusion, criteria for discharge, instruments and techniques needed for optimal tracking and linkage to services, agency responsibility, and the role of parents. Appendices provide, for each of the 15 states, an outline of the system's purpose, a description, a discussion of issues/barriers, plans for the future, and sample forms. The 15 states presented include: Florida, Hawaii, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Washington. Includes 15 references. (JDD)

Published
1989

9. The Intent and Spirit of P.L. 99-457: A Sourcebook.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC. and National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

The materials included in this document are intended to articulate the intent of the framers of the Education for the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986, Public Law 99-457. The first paper, "A Window of Opportunity," is the text of a speech by Robert Silverstein, Staff Director and Chief Counsel of the Subcommittee on the Handicapped of the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources to the national meeting of Project Zero to Three, November, 1988. Mr. Silverstein discusses nine major themes that are elaborated in the provisions of P.L. 99-457 and describes their implications for state and local policymaking. The next paper, "Report 99-860" from the Committee of Education and Labor of the House of Representatives describes the background and need for P.L. 99-457 and the rationale behind each provision of the legislation. Finally, "Community-Based Service Systems for Children with Special Health Care Needs and Their Families," by Josephine Gittler of the National Maternal and Child Health Resources Center describes a vision of family-center coordinated care that helped to form the conceptual foundation of P.L. 99-457. (PB)

Published
1989

10. Preventive Health Care for Young Children: Findings from a 10-Country Study and Directions for United States Policy.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC., Williams, Bret C., and Miller, C. Arden

Abstract

Earlier observations on U.S. infant health and survival as compared with other Western industrial democracies are extended in a study of preventive health services for children from infancy through adolescence and to the social benefit programs that support their families. This report looks at the condition of children in 10 European countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom), all of which have better infant survival rates than the United States and all of which share elements of pluralism in their systems of health care. Issues addressed are: mortality and immunization rates; the effectiveness of barriers to preventive health care; organization and delivery of care; family support systems; policy implications for the United States (financing health care, community providers, tracking and linkage). It is shown that broadly defined preventive health care for children not only improves their health, but also can be provided effectively in a variety of settings. The survey instrument and various related tables and figures are appended. Contains approximately 160 references. (LB)

Published
1991

11. [Infant and Toddler Communication Disorders].

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC. and Pawl, Jeree

Abstract

This newsletter issue contains four articles all addressing aspects of intervention with infants and toddlers having communication disorders. The first, "Assessing the Communication of Infants and Toddlers: Integrating a Socioemotional Perspective" (Barry M. Prizant and Amy M. Wetherby) describes a new instrument, the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales, which provides an integrated evaluation and planning tool for young children at risk of developing communication disorders. Case studies of the scale's application are provided. The second article is "Communication Development in the First Two Years of Life: A Transactional Process" by Lee K.S. McLean. It describes four communication stages from reactive perlocutionary communication to conventional illocutionary and emerging locutionary communication. "An Intensive Approach to a Toddler with Emotional, Motor, and Language Delays: A Case Report" is the third article. The case study illustrates the importance of four processes, attention and engagement, establishing intentionality and two-way communication, sharing of meaning, and categorizing meanings. Finally, "A Nonverbal Intervention for the Severely Language Disordered Young Child: An Intensive Approach," by Dianne Lynch Fraser, examines the effectiveness of a dance-movement therapy intervention conducted over a 2-year period with one severely language disordered young child. (DB)

Published
1990

12. [Infants in Day Care].

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC. and Pawl, Jeree

Abstract

This newsletter theme issue looks at infant day care models including those emphasizing early intervention with special needs infants. The lead article, "Infants in Day Care: Reflections on Experiences, Expectations and Relationships," by Jeree H. Pawl, stresses the importance of understanding infants' and toddlers' capacities and needs in designing day care services. Three brief essays were adapted from a December, 1989 seminar and describe three distinct but related models for incorporating infant mental health insights and strategies into day care for young children. Titles and authors are: "Mental Health Consultation to Day Care Providers: The San Francisco Daycare Consultants Program" (Kadija Johnston); "Promoting and Safeguarding Early Relationships in Child Care: The Child Care Dallas Family Day Home System" (Sonya Bemporad); and "An Infant Mental Health Training Model for Day Care Professionals: The C. M. Hincks Institute National Day Care Training Project" (Elisabeth Muir and Elizabeth Tuters). Remaining articles include: "Models of Integration Through Early Intervention/Child Care Collaborations" (Mary Beth Bruder, Penny Deiner, and Sandy Sachs); "Outreach to Family Day Care: A National Volunteer Initiative" (Matia Finn-Stevenson and Pat Ward); "NICHD Infant Child-Care Network: The National Study of Young Children's Lives" (Sarah L. Friedman); and "Whole Babies, Parents and Pieces of Funds: Creating Comprehensive Programs for Infants and Toddlers" (Peggy Daly Pizzo). (DB)

Published
1990

13. Preparing Practitioners To Work with Infants, Toddlers and Their Families: Issues and Recommendations for Policymakers.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC., Fenichel, Emily Schrag, and Eggbeer, Linda

Abstract

Issues are discussed and recommendations are offered to policymakers on the preparation of practitioners to work with infants, toddlers, and their families. Section I examines eforts to define "competence" for practitioners and programs. Section II describes in detail four key elements of training for infant/family practitioners, illustrating how they can be incorporated into different educational models and settings. Section III provides examples of promising approaches to enhancing competence through training in preservice, inservice, and continuing education, profiling 10 programs, such as the Interdisciplinary Specialization in Infancy Program of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; the Clinical Supervision Seminar, Erickson Institute (Chicago); Support Network of North Carolina; San Francisco General Hospital's Infant-Parent Program; and the Chronic Illness Teaching Program at Michigan State University. Section IV suggests priorities for collaborative action among policymakers, parents, educators, and professionals to improve training of infant/family practitioners. Appendix A outlines a set of core concepts in non-technical language that can form a knowledge base common to parents, policymakers, educators and trainers, and other professionals across disciplines. Apendix B lists resources for further information. (RH)

Published
1990

14. Preparing Practitioners To Work with Infants, Toddlers and Their Families: Issues and Recommendations for Parents.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC., Fenichel, Emily Schrag, and Eggbeer, Linda

Abstract

Addressed to parents, this publication discusses issues and offers recommendations on the preparation of providers of services to infants and their families. Section I discusses parents as consumers of infant/family services. Section II discusses parents as leaders in policy development, including policies affecting the training of infant/family practitioners. Section III discusses parents as trainers of infant/family practitioners. Providing an agenda for action, section IV suggests priorities for collaborative action among parents, policymakers, educators, and professionals to improve the training of those who work with infants, toddlers, and their families. An appendix lists resources for further information. (RH)

Published
1990

15. Preparing Practitioners To Work with Infants, Toddlers and Their Families: Issues and Recommendations for Educators and Trainers.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC., Fenichel, Emily Schrag, and Eggbeer, Linda

Abstract

Written for faculty members, administrators, and trainers in a variety of educational settings, this publication discusses issues and offers recommendations on the preparation of professionals working with infants, toddlers, and their families. Section I identifies four key elements in the training of infant/family practitioners and describes these elements in the context of professional education. Section II discusses the relationship between training and demonstrated competence. Offering an agenda for action, Section III suggests priorities for collaborative action among policymakers, parents, educators, and professionals to improve the training of infant/family practitioners. Appendix A provides examples of promising training approaches; Appendix B lists sources of additional information. (RH)

Published
1990

16. Preparing Practitioners To Work with Infants, Toddlers and Their Families: Issues and Recommendations for the Professions.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC., Fenichel, Emily Schrag, and Eggbeer, Linda

Abstract

This publication offers a framework for thinking about the issues surrounding the preparation of personnel who work with infants, toddlers, and their families. Also provided are a common language with which to communicate across disciplines and recommendations for collaborative action to improve training for all infant/family practitioners. Section I reviews some of the difficult training issues confronting professionals and their organizations, such as role clarification, respect, and relationships. Section II describes the variety of settings and service programs that employ infant/family personnel in myriad roles, differentiating domains of professional concern in fostering infant/toddler development. Section III examines efforts to define "competence" for practitioners working with infants, toddlers, and their families. Section IV outlines in seven areas a set of key concepts which underlie all sound practice with children and families in the first 3 years of life. Section V looks at four elements of training that seem to foster competence and describes their use in preservice, inservice, and professional development activities. Section VI suggests priorities for collaborative action among parents, policymakers, educators, and professionals to improve training of infant/family practitioners. Appendix A provides examples of promising training approaches; appendix B lists sources of additional information. (RH)

Published
1990

17. Infancy in the Eighties: Social Policy and the Earliest Years of Life.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

Reporting recent information from research and service programs, this report presents issues concerning young children and their families. The report includes six sections; contents focus on the growth and developmental needs of children under 3 years of age. Section 1 discusses the importance of attachment between a baby and one or two caregivers. In view of this strong need for attachment, implications and suggestions are listed for parental and public awareness. Infants' resilience and vulnerability are reviewed in section 2, as they relate to prenatal and infant care and public policy. The development of infants' individuality and the need for adequate training of caregivers is highlighted in section 3. Section 4 explores aspects of the environment that influence the child and points out support functions served by parent groups and community service agencies. Identification of infants at risk of developmental disorders is discussed in section 5 with implications for new treatment techniques and professional training. Appended in section 6 are very brief descriptions of a few programs providing services in the areas of parent education, perinatal care, developmental pediatrics, family support services, services to multi-risk families, comprehensive services, and public/private collaboration. (BJD)

Published
1983

18. Zero to Three: Bulletin of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. Volume II, No. 1 - Volume III, No. 1.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC. and Provence, Sally

Abstract

Five issues of the bulletin "Zero To Three" are collected here. The first issue features a discussion by T. Berry Brazelton of assessment as a method for enhancing infant development. The second excerpts materials from Stanley I. Greenspan's book "Psychopathology and Adaptation in Infancy and Early Childhood." The excerpt describes phase-specific disorders of infants 12 through 18 months of age, offers guidelines for therapeutic intervention, and presents a clinical illustration taken from the same book. The third bulletin of the series reports on the second training institute of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, which focused on the first 18 months of infant development. The fourth issue discusses maternal and child health nursing with regard to service, research, and training. The fifth publication in the series describes facet theory, an approach to research in child development and child psychiatry. Other articles in the series (1) describe attempts to reduce the incidence of child maltreatment and to describe paraverbal therapy with adolescent mothers and their children, (2) discuss training the pediatrician in the psychosocial aspects of child health, and (3) present case reports of two parents' voluntary relinquishment of their child and an intervention designed to remove obstacles to attachment between an adolescent mother and her baby. (RH)

Published
1982

19. Maternal Health and Infant Survival.

Author

North Carolina Univ., Chapel Hill, Dept. of Maternal and Child Health., National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC., and Miller, C. Arden

Abstract

The study examined medical and social services to pregnant women, newborns and their families in 10 European countries and suggested implications for policy and practice in the United States. The 10 countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) tend toward better birth weights and infant survival than does the United States. Important demographic differences between the United States and Western Europe are highlighted and include substantially lower rates of teenage pregnancy, abortion and childbearing in Europe. Key reasons for better European performance are identified as: (1) easily understood and available provider systems; (2) removal of all barriers (especially economic) to services; and (3) linking of prenatal care to comprehensive social and financial benefits. Financing systems for health care varied among countries with insurance and social security programs predominant. Individual chapters look at study purpose, method and sources, national characteristics, maternity related services and benefits, considerations for U.S. policy, conclusion and national synopses. It is concluded that the issue of infant survival is neither medical nor financial but political. (DB)

Published
1987

20. Equals in This Partnership: Parents of Disabled and At-Risk Infants and Toddlers Speak to Professionals.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

The booklet presents excerpts from a December 1984 conference (Washington, D.C.) on disabled and at-risk infants, toddlers, and their families. Parents' perspectives are offered on care for medically vulnerable infants and children (by the mother of a ventilator-assisted child), services for children with mild developmental delays (by a mother of a premature infant), and the effects on the family of a severely and/or multiply handicapped child. The keynote address explores the emotional needs of parents coping with the birth and life or death of a potentially disabled child and emphasizes the need for emotional support and information. A final paper describes negative assumptions held by professionals about parents' ability to objectively observe, set appropriate goals, and teach their children. (CL)

Published
1985

21. Infants in Multirisk Families. Case Studies in Preventive Intervention. Clinical Infants Reports Series.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC., Greenspan, Stanley I., Greenspan, Stanley I., and National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

Work conducted by the Clinical Infant Development Program (CIDP) of the National Institute of Mental Health, involving 47 multirisk families and their infants over a period of several years, is described. Part I contains four detailed case studies by Delise Williams, Euthymia Hibbs, Serena Wieder and others, providing data for comprehensive clinical preventive approaches for infants and their families. Several analytic chapters are also included: "Staffing, Process, and Structure of the Clinical Infant Development Program" (Serena Wieder and Stanley Greenspan); "The Infant Center: A Developmentally Based Environment to Support Difficult Lives" (Serena Wieder and Patricia Findikoglu); and "Reaching the Unreachable: Measuring Change in Relation to Intervention" (Serena Wieder). Part II, titled "Models for Clinical Programs," includes: "Antecedent Psychosocial Factors in Mothers in Multirisk Families: Life Histories of the 47 Participants in the Clinical Infant Development Program" (Serena Wieder et al.); "A Model for Comprehensive Preventive Intervention Services for Infants, Young Children, and Their Families" (Stanley Greenspan); "Dimensions and Levels of the Therapeutic Process" (Stanley Greenspan and Serena Wieder); "A Developmental Diagnostic Approach for Infants, Young Children and Their Families" (Stanley Greenspan, et al.); and "Conclusions: Theoretical Perspectives on Research Regarding Psychopathology and Preventive Intervention in Infancy" (Stanley Greenspan). Appendices focus on a model of cost-effectiveness analysis of services, and the clinical entry ratings used by the CIDP. (JDD)

Published
1987

22. Evaluating Service Programs for Infants, Toddlers and Their Families: A Guide for Policymakers and Funders.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

The booklet briefly reviews and illustrates the kinds of evaluation efforts funders and policymakers may reasonably expect from providers of services to handicapped infants and their families. It outlines the aims and characteristics of (1) outcome evaluations to determine the effectiveness of service programs and (2) process evaluations to describe the actual activities of service programs and their relations to program goals and objectives. It also suggests ways that funders of service programs can encourage and support providers in undertaking evaluations that will yield information crucial to decision making. Descriptions of evaluation practices employed by three actual programs are included to illustrate the methods and benefits of conducting such program evaluations. (VW)

Published
1987

23. Charting Change in Infants, Families and Services: A Guide to Program Evaluation for Administrators and Practitioners.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

The booklet reviews and illustrates program evaluation methods that can be used by providers of services to handicapped infants and their families. It distinguishes between outcome evaluations to determine the effectiveness of service programs and process evaluations to describe the actual activities of service programs and their relation to program goals and objectives. Various approaches to conducting outcome evaluations are summarized; the steps involved in conducting process evaluations are described in greater detail. A summary of resources for conducting evaluation activities, using either outside evaluators or existing staff, is also included along with a list of appropriate publications. Descriptions of program evaluations conducted by seven actual programs are used to illustrate the methodology employed and underscore the benefits provided. An appendix discusses "domains of concern," i.e., those areas connected to the development or impairment, support or stress of a young child or family. They are areas where change may be observed over time as well as areas that may serve as targets for intervention (interaction between service provider and family, the parent, the child, parent-infant interaction, the child's family, and the community). (VW)

Published
1987

24. Who Will Mind the Babies? A Public Policy Paper. Second Edition.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC. and Delcoco, Joan

Abstract

This restatement of policy, which updates a 1984 edition, offers a framework for thinking about issues in child care for infants and toddlers. The statement discusses: (1) the particular needs of infants and toddlers; (2) public policies supporting parents who remain at home to care for infants and toddlers; (3) professional recognition and training for caregivers; (4) the financing of adequate child care; and (5) policy-relevant research issues in caring for very young children. This edition shifts forward the first edition's time line of cited statistics and estimated trends, reflects increased policy options for assisting parents, expands the list of basic qualifications of caregivers, provides additional information about day care regulation and monitoring, and discusses the financing of infant and toddler care in terms of questions that concerned individuals should pose when considering day care proposals. (RH)

Published
1988

25. Who Will Mind the Babies?

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

This policy statement provides a framework for thinking about the many issues involved in developing assurance of adequate child care opportunities for infants and toddlers under 3 years of age. Specifically, the statement discusses (1) the special needs of infants and toddlers; (2) public policies to provide both financial and emotional support for parents who remain at home to care for infants and toddlers; (3) professional recognition, certification, and training for caregivers of infants and toddlers; (4) financing, regulating, and accrediting adequate day care and educating consumers; and (5) policy-relevant research issues concerning child care for very young children. It is argued that addressing the child care needs of infants and toddlers and their families is a process that must involve parents; professionals; employers; voluntary, community, and religious groups; and government. National Center staff are available to assist policymakers in locating research and clinical data that will help those seeking approaches to infant and toddler child care. (CB)

Published
1984

26. Keeping Track: Tracking Systems for High Risk Infants and Young Children.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

Representatives of several states met to identify basic elements of a tracking system designed to ensure that disabled and at-risk infants and their families receive continuous and appropriate services to improve health and developmental outcome. Discussants explored six clusters of questions concerning the following: realistic goals and rationale; criteria of client inclusion and discharge, including related ethical issues and range of risk categories; instruments and techniques needed for optimal tracking and linkage to services; awarding primary responsibility for the system and what effect this choice will have on the terminology used; and parent role. Experiences with tracking systems in Washington, Maryland, North Carolina, Utah, Iowa, and Texas contributed to the discussion. Materials from those six states comprise the appendices, which are the main content of the document, and include forms for recording data on children, program comparisons, program descriptions, and program guidelines and procedures. The Iowa High Risk Infant Followup Program is represented by a comprehensive medical form. North Carolina guidelines and procedures with sample forms are included virtually in their entirety as a reference for those interested in reviewing how one state-wide tracking system functions. (RH)

Published
1985

27. Infants Can't Wait: The Numbers.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

Data in this document provide information about American children from the beginning of their lives until their fourth birthdays. Compiled largely from federal government sources, the statistics document the birth of infants, the circumstances of their families, the risks to life and health they face in the first years of their lives, the family and community environments in which they develop, and the sources of health care available to them. Varying enormously in depth and in detail, the data with few exceptions are no older than 1980. An introductory summary sketches in broad strokes a group portrait of the nation's youngest children. Section I provides birth statistics and indicates characteristics of child-bearing families. Section II, focusing on infants at risk, concerns congenital malformations, low birth weight, adolescent mothers, exposure in utero to stimulants and drugs, failure to thrive, mental health, behavioral or psychosocial disorders, child abuse and neglect, accidents, and mortality. Section III focuses on working parents and child care, poverty, nutrition, environmental poisoning, divorce and custody, and foster care and adoption. The final section, Section IV, concerns prenatal health care and nutrition, acute and preventive health care for infants and toddlers, and mental health services. (RH)

Published
1986

28. Infants Can't Wait.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

This booklet reviews the developmental tasks and needs of infants and toddlers, describes the support for healthy development currently available in the United States, and documents needs which are not being met. Two major initiatives are proposed and strategies for their implementation are recommended. Proposals argue for the (1) establishment of a basic floor of integrated services for all infants and toddlers and their families and (2) expansion of comprehensive, integrated services for infants and toddlers with special health and developmental problems or disabling conditions and for their families. Key elements of the first initiative include preventive health care, a level of economic viability for families with infants and toddlers to allow for basic health and development, social support services for families of infants and toddlers, and high quality daily care for newborns and for infants and toddlers. Key elements of the second initiative include provision of basic survival needs, health care for vulnerable infants and toddlers, psychosocial support and intervention for highly stressed families, adequate therapeutic and respite care for high-risk or disabled infants and toddlers, and integrated service system approaches to families of infants and toddlers with special needs. (RH)

Published
1986

29. Warning Signals: Basic Criteria for Tracking At-Risk Infants and Toddlers.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC. and Blackman, James

Abstract

Developed by a multidisciplinary group (convened by Project Zero to Three) of 17 experts in the identification and evaluation of high risk infants and young children, this manual presents basic criteria for tracking at risk infants and toddlers. The first section answers such questions about the criteria as the following: What is a tracking system for high risk infants and toddlers? Can these criteria be used by service providers who are not health care professionals? What assumptions have been made in developing the list of criteria? Why does the list of risk factors focus on the child rather than on the family? Criteria are then listed in the following groups: parental and psychosocial factors (no prenatal care, maternal age of less than 15 years, maternal phenylketonuria, parental sensory impairment, parental substance abuse, parental psychiatric disorder, lack of permanent housing); the newborn (low birth weight, respiratory distress, neonatal seizures, microcephaly or macrocephaly, suspected sensory impairment); issues regarding health maintenance (absence of regular professional health supervision); newly diagnosed familial disorders with developmental implications; evidence of growth deficiency/nutritional problems/anemia; known central nervous system insult (infection, trauma, asphyxia, malignancy of the brain or spinal cord); severe chronic illness (respiratory, cardiac, chronic otitis media, seizure disorder); and atypical or delayed cognitive, socioemotional, motor, sensory, or behavioral development. (DB)

Published
1986

30. Report Accompanying the Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986. (House Report #99-860) and Commenting on P.L. 99-457.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC. and Gilkerson, Linda

Abstract

The booklet contains the U.S. Government Report which accompanied the Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986 (Public Law 99-457) and a commentary on the law written by the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. The bill is intended to establish a federal discretionary program to assist states in developing and implementing an interdisciplinary program of early intervention services for handicapped infants, toddlers, and their families and to strengthen the incentive for states to serve handicapped children aged 3 to 5 years. The report contains: (1) a one paragraph summary of the bill; (2) a background statement explaining the need for the law; (3) cost estimates by the Congressional Budget Office; (4) a section by section statement of the intent of the law; and (5) the language of the law itself, with changes identified. The commentary article attempts to place the law in the broader context of current national initiatives on behalf of very young children and their families. The article stresses five points, including the need to move beyond complex service systems requiring parents to coordinate services, the importance of including health services as an integrated part of a early intervention system, and the need to avoid inappropriate assessment and premature labeling of children. (DB)

Published
1987

31. [Infants and Toddlers].

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC. and Pawl, Jeree

Abstract

This newsletter theme issue contains four articles which focus on the development of normal and handicapped infants in various settings. "The Baby's World," by Lois Barclay Murphy and Colleen T. Small, emphasizes experiences of sensation and discovery in the first three years of life, noting the role of caregivers and the cultural context. "The Developmentally Designed Group Care Setting: A Supportive Environment for Infants, Toddlers and Caregivers," by Louis Torelli, offers principles and illustrations of appropriate classroom physical environment arrangements. The third article, "Infant Stimulation: The Pros and Cons in Historical Perspective," by Anneliese F. Korner, discusses how early stimulation can broaden and enrich development and facilitate newly emerging developmental acquisitions. Finally, "The Development of Place Identity in the Child," by Harold M. Proshansky and Nina M. Gottlieb, examines the physical world socialization of the child as a sub-structure of his self-identity. (DB)

Published
1989

32. [Training Practitioners to Work with Infants, Toddlers and Their Families].

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC. and Pawl, Jeree

Abstract

This newsletter theme issue focuses on the training of practitioners to work with infants, toddlers, and their families with emphasis on the activities of the TASK (Training Approaches for Skills and Knowledge) Project of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. The TASK project addresses the concerns of four "stakeholder" groups: parents; educators; professional organizations and practitioners; and policymakers and administrators. The following articles are included: "Educating Allies; Issues and Recommendations in the Training of Practitioners To Work with Infants, Toddlers and Their Families" (Emily Schrag Fenichel and Linda Eggbeer); "Individualizing Training for Early Intervention Practitioners" (Carole Brown and Eva Thorp); "Teaching and Learning: My First Year as an Advisor at Wheelock College" (Jill Bohlin); "A Developmental/Relationship In-Service Training Model for Public Health Nurses Serving Multirisk Infants and Families" (Serena Wieder et al.); "Mediating Successful Parenting: Guidelines for Practitioners" (Serena Wieder); and "Family Administrated Neonatal Activities: An Innovative Component of Family-Centered Care" (Ida Anne Cardone and Linda Gilkerson). Also provided is a list of 29 new and ongoing training initiatives for practitioners working with infants, toddlers, and their families. Information provided includes some or all of the following: the sponsoring institution; a program description; a contact person; eligibility requirements; and stipends available. (DB)

Published
1989

33. Zero to Three: Bulletin of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. Volume IX, Nos. 1-5, September, 1988-June, 1989.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

Five bulletins of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs provide articles with the following titles and authors: "Motor Control as a Resource for Adaptive Coping" (G. Gordon Williamson et al.); "Fostering Emotional and Social Development in Infants with Disabilities" (Stanley Greenspan); "Dramatic Responses in a Safe Space: Helping Parents to Reach Difficult Babies" (Victor Bernstein); "Standards of Practice and the Pain of Premature Infants" (Jill Lawson); "Comfort Measures for Infant Pain" (Rosemary Campos); "Managing Pain in Young Children: A Pediatrician's Perspective" (David Howell); "Conceptualizing Screening Models for Developmentally Disabled and High Risk Children and Their Families" (Thomas Kochanek); "Infants in Institutions Revisited" (Sally Provence); "The Infant and Toddler Therapeutic Shelter: A Secure Base" (Sheila Anderson); "Transitional Group Homes for Children with HIV: Support for Children, Families, and Foster Parents" (Michele Granger et al.); "Forming Human Connections in Shelters for Homeless Women and Children" (Nancy Boxill); "The Professional Use of Self in Prevention" (Judith Bertacchi and Julie Coplon); "Recurring Questions for Family Support Practitioners" (Marilyn Segal et al.); "The Effectiveness of a Feeding Support Group as an Adjunct to Other Therapies in an Early Intervention Program" (Lisa Ingelfinger Harris); "Parent Training from the Speech-Language Pathologist's Perspective: A Case Study" (Sherri Coughlin et al.); "Drug Exposed Babies: Research and Clinical Issues" (Donna Weston et al.); "The Development of Young Children of Substance-Abusing Parents: Insights from Seven Years of Intervention and Research" (Judy Howard et al.); "Serving Drug-Involved Families with HIV Infection in the Community" (Geneva Woodruff et al.); and "Promoting the Health and Development of Drug-Exposed Infants through a Comprehensive Clinic Model" (Barbara Tittle and Nika St. Claire). (DB)

Published
1989

34. Zero to Three: Bulletin of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. Volume VIII, Nos. 1-5, September, 1987-June, 1988.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

Five bulletins of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs include articles with the following titles and authors: "Lay Home Visiting Programs: Strengths, Tensions, and Challenges" (Mary Larner and Robert Halpern); "The Post-Partum Support Project: Serving Young Mothers and Older Women through Home Visiting" (Elizabeth Anisfeld and Madeline Pincus); "A Psychoeducational Approach to Developmental Intervention" (Ruth Pearce and Shelley Gallenson); "Focusing on Prevention in the First Sixty Months" (Michael Castle); "A Chain of Enablement: Using Community-based Programs to Strengthen Relationships Between Teen Parents and Their Infants" (Judith Musick et al.); "Preventing Young Children from Failing Is America's Best Investment" (Owen Butler); "Attachment Theory and Day Care Research" (Ross Thompson); "Infants and Toddlers in Hospitals: Addressing Developmental Risks" (Joy Goldberger); "The Struggle for Control between Families and Health Care Providers When a Child Has Complex Health Care Needs" (Robin Thomas); "Individual Differences, Universal Needs: A 30-Year Study of Resilient High Risk Infants" (Emmy Werner); "Enduring Gains: A Five-Year Follow-Up Report on the Clinical Infant Development Program" (Serena Wieder et al.); "More Pride, Less Delinquency: Findings from the Ten-Year Follow-Up Study of the Syracuse University Family Development Research Program" (J. Ronald Lally et al.); "A Community of Commitment: Parents, Programs and the Early Intervention Collaborative Study" (Jack Shonkoff et al.); and "Parents with Physical Disabilities and Their Babies" (Megan Kirshbaum). Issues typically also include publication reviews, program notes, and conference information. (DB)

Published
1987

35. Zero to Three: Bulletin of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. Volume VII, Nos. 1-5, September, 1986-June 1987.

Author

National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, Washington, DC.

Abstract

Five bulletins of the National Center for Clinical Infant Programs include articles with the following titles and authors: "Infant Day Care: A Cause for Concern?" (Jay Belsky); "Model versus Modal Child Care for Children from Low-Income Families (Donna Wittmer); "Therapeutic Childcare at Merrywood School" (Maxine Siegel); "Individual Differences in Infants" (Lois Murphy et al.); "The 'Gourmet Baby' and the 'Little Wildflower'" (Edward Zigler and Mary Lang); "Infant-Parent Psychotherapy with an Autistic Toddler" (Barbara Kalmanson and Judith Pekarsky); "Parent Training with Young Autistic Children: A Report on the LEAP Model" (Philip Strain); "Point of View: Commenting on P.L. 99-457" (Linda Gilkerson et al.); "Selective Review of Infant Day Care Research: A Cause for Concern!" (Deborah Phillips et al.); "Risks Remain" (Jay Belsky); "Infant Mental Health and Child Abuse and Neglect: Reflections from an Infant Mental Health Practitioner" (Jeree Pawl); "Doll Play of Failure to Thrive Toddlers: Clues to Infant Experience" (Claire Haynes-Seman and Joan Suzuki Hart); "Abuse and Neglect in the Earliest Years: Groundwork for Vulnerability" (Brandt Steele); "Psychotherapy of the Violent Offender: A Recapitulation of Infant Development" (H. Joseph Horacek); "The Effectiveness of Crisis Intervention in Working with a Young Mother and Her Four Preschool Children" (Sarah Landy); "The Application of a Transactional Risk Model to Intervention with Multi-risk, Maltreating Families" (Dante Ciccheti and Sherre Toth); and "Toward Tenacity of Commitement: Understanding and Modifying Institutional Practices and Individual Responses that Impede Work with Multi-problem Families" (Barbara Fields). Issues typically also include publication reviews, program notes, and conference information. (DB)

Published
1987

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