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The purpose of the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is to improve the quality of the database for modelling, including, but not limited to, policy analysis, multiplier analysis, price analysis, and Computable General Equilibrium. This article contributes to constructing the 2017 national SAM for South Africa, incorporating regional accounts. Only in Limpopo Province of South Africa are agricultural industries, labour, and households captured at the district level, while agricultural industry, labour, and household accounts in other provinces remain unchanged. The main data sources for constructing a SAM are found from different sources, such as Supply and Use Tables, National Accounts, Census of Commercial Agriculture, Quarterly Labour Force Survey, South Africa Revenue Service, Global Insight (regional explorer), and South Africa Reserve Bank. The dataset recorded that land returns for irrigation agriculture were highest (18.2%) in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa compared to other provinces, whereas the Free State Province of South Africa rainfed agriculture had the largest shares (22%) for payment to land. Regarding intermediate inputs, rainfed agriculture in the Western Cape, Free State, and Kwazulu-Natal Provinces paid approximately 0.4% for using intermediate inputs. In terms of the districts, land returns for irrigation were highest in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province of South Africa with 0.3%. Despite Mopani district of Limpopo Province of South Africa having the lowest land returns for irrigation agriculture, it has the highest share (1.6%) of payment to land from rainfed agriculture. The manufacturing and community service sectors had a trade deficit, whereas other sectors experienced a trade surplus. The main challenges found in developing a SAM are scarcity of data to attain the information needed for disaggregation for the sub-matrices and insufficient information from different data sources for estimating missing information to ensure the row and column totals of the SAM are consistent and complete. Dataset:  https://doi.org/10.38140/ufs.24032457.v1. Dataset License: CC-BY 4.0 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is an extension of Input-Output tables that records macro and meso-economic accounts of a socio-economic system. Its main objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships among different economic sectors and agents. The SAM can be used for various purposes, including economic analysis, policy evaluation, and economic modelling. It allows policymakers to make more informed decisions, understand potential consequences of different policy options and serve as the foundation for constructing Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. Data description The SAM for Germany is a comprehensive source of data that reveals the incomes and expenditures of 163 different production sectors, along with data on factors of production, households, corporations, government, and external accounts with the rest of the world. Additionally, it provides information on gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, and natural capital accounts. This SAM was compiled by extending the EXIOBASE Input-Output (IO) accounts with data from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany. Balancing items were also used to ensure that the Total Income and Total Expenditure of the main transactors are in balance.

Objectives: The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is an extension of Input-Output tables that records macro and meso-economic accounts of a socio-economic system. Its main objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships among different economic sectors and agents. The SAM can be used for various purposes, including economic analysis, policy evaluation, and economic modelling. It allows policymakers to make more informed decisions, understand potential consequences of different policy options and serve as the foundation for constructing Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. Data description: The SAM for Germany is a comprehensive source of data that reveals the incomes and expenditures of 163 different production sectors, along with data on factors of production, households, corporations, government, and external accounts with the rest of the world. Additionally, it provides information on gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, and natural capital accounts. This SAM was compiled by extending the EXIOBASE Input-Output (IO) accounts with data from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany. Balancing items were also used to ensure that the Total Income and Total Expenditure of the main transactors are in balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the outset of economic transformation in the 90th of the 20th century, the sphere of non-profit institutions in the Czech economy has been expanding. This evolution poses a challenge for macroeconomic statistics and its compilers to reflect adequately the operation of non-profit segment as well as to treat non-profit institutions properly in terms of their sector classification. The paper thus aims to discuss not only the treatment of non-profit institutions in national accounts but also the way non-profit institutions are identified in the regulatory environment of the Czech economy and classified following the rules laid down in the national accounts methodology. The paper also highlights major obstacles the compilers are facing when dealing with this specific economic sphere.

With inflation on the rise in recent years, there has been an important debate on price increases and their impact on different areas of the economy, politics, and society. This article analyzes different methods of statistical measurement of price increases at different stages of production and consumption, as well as inflation. It exemplifies, in particular, with cases from the United States and the Netherlands. It also points out some shortcomings in the methods applied, especially in neoclassical macroeconomic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the changes in the Russian population's propensity to save in 2011-2020 in the context of national (SNA) and transfer (NTA) accounts. The calculation of the Households Savings value on a gross and net basis is methodologically consistent with the National Transfer Accounts Manual, the System of National Accounts 2008, and the official Rosstat statistical methodology for constructing non-financial accounts of the Household sector in the System of National Accounts of the Russian Federation. Structural changes in households' savings were studied from three perspectives: against the background of the economy's savings, changes in the volume of public transfers to the private sector, and conclusions from international studies on NTA. The construction of the balance sheet of the Households sector's savings and accumulation (according to the SNA data) and the system of aggregate transfer accounts yielded the following results. From 2011 to 2020, the population provided between 1/5 and 1/3 of the total gross saving of the Russian economy. The Households sector acted as a net creditor to other institutional sectors of the SNA (including the Rest of the World sector), providing them with resources saved but not used for accumulation amounting to 1.0-6.0% of GDP. This study confirms that there is a direct correlation between changes in the volume of income saved by the population and changes in life cycle and public reallocation accounts estimates. The analysis of the Russian economy shows that the households' saving rate was steadily low, comprising about 6.2% of disposable income on average, amidst significant public benefits. These findings match the results of cross-country comparative studies on developed economies made in the context of NTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional economic growth models treat production/consumption as abstractions linked only by money flows, disregarding their connection to the physical world. Nevertheless, the existing literature suggests that energy flows can influence production and links useful exergy prices with economic growth. Useful exergy is energy measured at the stage where it produces an end-use (and is a measurement of energy quality). Not all approaches in the literature use this metric and they often consider energy as a primary input (despite it being an intermediate input). We explore the relationship between energy flows and economic growth for the US through a framework where useful exergy, the output of an "extended energy sector" (where all effects of increasing primary-to-final-to-useful exergy efficiency are located), is an intermediate input for a "non-energy sector". Together, they encompass the entire economy. We conclude that the share of investment in the extended energy sector grew with the overall economic growth throughout 1960–2020, while the labour share decreased. The non-energy sector contributed the largest share of consumption, exports, imports and labour. In recent years, the energy sector has overtaken it in terms of investment. Our two-sector model has important implications for current climate policy, namely regarding the Integrated Assessment Models on which it is based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is to improve the quality of the database for modelling, including, but not limited to, policy analysis, multiplier analysis, price analysis, and Computable General Equilibrium. This article contributes to constructing the 2017 national SAM for South Africa, incorporating regional accounts. Only in Limpopo Province of South Africa are agricultural industries, labour, and households captured at the district level, while agricultural industry, labour, and household accounts in other provinces remain unchanged. The main data sources for constructing a SAM are found from different sources, such as Supply and Use Tables, National Accounts, Census of Commercial Agriculture, Quarterly Labour Force Survey, South Africa Revenue Service, Global Insight (regional explorer), and South Africa Reserve Bank. The dataset recorded that land returns for irrigation agriculture were highest (18.2%) in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa compared to other provinces, whereas the Free State Province of South Africa rainfed agriculture had the largest shares (22%) for payment to land. Regarding intermediate inputs, rainfed agriculture in the Western Cape, Free State, and Kwazulu-Natal Provinces paid approximately 0.4% for using intermediate inputs. In terms of the districts, land returns for irrigation were highest in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province of South Africa with 0.3%. Despite Mopani district of Limpopo Province of South Africa having the lowest land returns for irrigation agriculture, it has the highest share (1.6%) of payment to land from rainfed agriculture. The manufacturing and community service sectors had a trade deficit, whereas other sectors experienced a trade surplus. The main challenges found in developing a SAM are scarcity of data to attain the information needed for disaggregation for the sub-matrices and insufficient information from different data sources for estimating missing information to ensure the row and column totals of the SAM are consistent and complete.

Even though the importance of economic resilience has increased as economic shocks have become more frequent in the world, there is still a knowledge gap on how to measure it. In search for effective ways to measure national resilience, this article identifies and mathematically proves the existence of direct correlation between resilience and competitiveness through timespecific global correlation rate. This research proposes an economic performance evaluation method that measures the competitiveness of countries facing economic shocks and recovering from them. A quantified method for identification of global economic shocks through industrial portfolio is proposed as well. The holistic approach internalises most externalities and a nation's resilience is pared down to its ability to compete in the international trade, linking the main determinants of resilience to the basics of human behaviour. The proposed methodology can be used effectively for national and global economic performance estimations. It also opens a range of new possibilities for economic resilience studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term „Green economy" in the context of sustainable development was used for the first time in 1989, there is no internationally agreed definition for it. In the last decades, in a relatively short period it has become an issue with major importance worldwide, the society realizing that its actions have direct effects on the environment, its live and where we carry out our work. In order to correctly understand the meaning of Green economy we need an insight on man as an individual but also on organizations that make economic and financial decisions and initiatives. This paper examines the EU countries progress toward green economy, identifies the relationship with financial and economic indicators and analyses the role of eco-innovation performance and innovative capacity toward green transition to meet the European Green Deal objectives. Complex theoretical, methodological and empirical research methodology was adopted by using specific methods of investigation: critical analysis of the literature, complex quantitative and qualitative analysis, identification, construction and the appropriate processing of existing databases. The numerical results were obtained by the SPSS software package. The paper's outcome identifies barriers and success factors in the implementation of the EU's main new growth strategy, highlights that the green transformation process of the economy needs large investments in innovation and eco-innovation and needs the green finance to be covered also by the public and private sector on national and EU level and from the EU budget as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sustainability in Debate / Sustentabilidade em Debate is the property of University of Brasilia, Center for Sustainable Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the outset of economic transformation in the 90th of the 20th century, the sphere of non-profit institutions in the Czech economy has been expanding. This evolution poses a challenge for macroeconomic statistics and its compilers to reflect adequately the operation of non-profit segment as well as to treat non-profit institutions properly in terms of their sector classification. The paper thus aims to discuss not only the treatment of non-profit institutions in national accounts but also the way non-profit institutions are identified in the regulatory environment of the Czech economy and classified following the rules laid down in the national accounts methodology. The paper also highlights major obstacles the compilers are facing when dealing with this specific economic sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National accounting matrices (NAM) perfectly describe the economic structure of a national economy, summarising the whole process of generation of primary income and its distribution among the different institutional sectors of the economy. It is not just a way to represent the main economic statistics of an economy but it also serves as the basis for most macroeconomic modelling efforts. The business accounting matrix (BAM) presents the most relevant information for the firm in a similar way, adapted to the descriptive potential of financial accounting, what we believe can be useful both for economic modellers and for decision makers at the firm level. Our intention is not to convince business administrators to change their accounting paradigm but to help analysts and researchers to obtain a comprehensive description of the activity of a firm aligned to well recognised economic statistical standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compile measures of 'per capita Real Adjusted Net National Income' (pcRANNI), being the income available for consumption by a country's residents while maintaining the (broadly defined) capital stock intact, i.e. 'sustainable consumption'. Changes in pcRANNI incorporate the impacts both of changes in technical efficiency (i.e. multi-factor productivity) and allocative efficiency where the latter reflects reallocation of resources in response to price signals. We find that New Zealand had approximately zero pcRANNI growth from 1970 to the early 1990s. Since then, New Zealand's performance has been stronger than for most developed countries. We find considerable deviations between pcRANNI growth and per capita real GDP growth for some countries, highlighting the importance, especially for cross-country comparisons of aggregate economic performance, of focusing on income-based sustainable consumption measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inequality evidence based on surveys, tax records, or their combination often result in divergent trends, fueling the distributional debate in Latin America. Beyond the strengths and weaknesses of these sources and their combination, tax-survey data face two shortcomings: they are unable to account for aggregate household or national income, and they are affected by firm owners' decisions about the distribution of profits, changing which incomes researchers can actually observe. We combine social security data, household surveys and matched personal and firm tax records, which allows us to accurately account for all income sources, particularly capital incomes at the firm and individual level. Based on these unique data, we assess inequality trends in Uruguay, showing that increasing profit-distribution by firms pushes tax-survey top shares upwards, but that this trend is offset when undistributed profits are accounted for. These results call for caution when using tax-survey data without considering changes in profit-distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the rise of environmental accounting in global governance via a case study of the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. We draw on recent literature that highlights the boundary between 'economy' and 'non-economy' as an important site of politics, and which establishes the key role of accounting practices in constructing that boundary. We show how the conceptual framework underpinning emergent global environmental accounting standards attempts to distinguish economy from non-economy in a way consistent with mainstream macroeconomic thought. However, and in contrast to existing critical accounts, we demonstrate that attempts to draw a clear boundary between the 'economic' and 'non-economic' aspects of the environment sometimes end up de-stabilizing that very distinction, establishing heterogenous notions of economic value that are increasingly inconsistent with standard national accounting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that we can use social media data to improve the accuracy of GDP estimates at the country level for developing countries. I use all publicly available image tweets from 2012 and 2013 to estimate GDP at the country level for developing countries. First, I find that one can explain 76% of the cross-country variation in GDP with the volume of tweets sent from each country. I then show that the residuals on these Twitter-GDP estimates are significantly larger for countries with allegedly poor data quality. I then use Nigeria as a case study to show that this method delivers much more timely and accurate estimates than those presented by official statistic agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional economic growth models treat production/consumption as abstractions linked only by money flows, disregarding their connection to the physical world. Nevertheless, the existing literature suggests that energy flows can influence production and links useful exergy prices with economic growth. Useful exergy is energy measured at the stage where it produces an end-use (and is a measurement of energy quality). Not all approaches in the literature use this metric and they often consider energy as a primary input (despite it being an intermediate input). We explore the relationship between energy flows and economic growth for the US through a framework where useful exergy, the output of an “extended energy sector” (where all effects of increasing primary-to-final-to-useful exergy efficiency are located), is an intermediate input for a “non-energy sector”. Together, they encompass the entire economy. We conclude that the share of investment in the extended energy sector grew with the overall economic growth throughout 1960–2020, while the labour share decreased. The non-energy sector contributed the largest share of consumption, exports, imports and labour. In recent years, the energy sector has overtaken it in terms of investment. Our two-sector model has important implications for current climate policy, namely regarding the Integrated Assessment Models on which it is based.

Copyright of Der Moderne Staat is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desarrollo Económico is the property of Instituto de Desarrollo Economico y Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of WISTA Wirtschaft und Statistik is the property of Statistisches Bundesamt and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The necessity for a reliable set of international standards for the compilation of national accounts introduced the accrual accounting framework of the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). Extensive efforts are made for convergence between Government Accounts (GA) and National Accounts (NA) under accounting standards. Design/methodology/approach: This study investigated the quality of governmental NA, in the context of ESA 2010, from 1999 through 2019, using relative value relevance models of long-term government bond yields. Findings: i) The accrual accounting framework ESA2010 generates value relevant (thus qualitative) NA financial reporting in EU member states and the United Kingdom (UK); ii) The financial variables that better interpret bonds’ return, thus governments’ necessity to borrow money, are showcased; iii) The usefulness of the ESA2010 conceptual framework for decision and policy making process considering that the accrual accounting basis fosters the financial reporting quality, is demonstrated; iv) The quality results set the premise for further discussion for the harmonization and alignment process of accounting standardisation with the ESA2010 accrual accounting framework as a resource for policy and decision making. Limitations: The methodology of value relevance models that is employed to assess the governmental statistical reporting quality with the ESA2010 accrual accounting framework is a private sector technique. Originality: This study contributes theoretically as it fosters the quality of accrual accounting basis. It moreover provides an empirical and practical contribution by introducing relative value relevance econometric models that provide stakeholders with reliable information on the financial position and performance of the government. It showcases significant financial variables and coefficients of statistical reporting for each government. With its value relevant results, it supports evidence-based decision making, allows comparisons between EU governments and the UK, and contributes to increased transparency and accountability.

Financial intermediation services indirectly measured, or simply FISIM, is an adjustment made in national accounts which constitutes significant element in output of the financial institutions. Therefore, the methodological aspects of this adjustment are still broadly discussed issue. In case of the Czech Republic, the institution responsible for the estimation is the Czech Statistical Office. The paper deeply analyses the approach of this institution and compare it with opinions of many authors. Based on this literature research, the aim of this paper is to propose improvements in the current estimation and find out other options how to estimate the most accurate value of FISIM.

American finance has grown immensely profitable in the past four decades, but the precise reasons for this tremendous and sustained growth have not been sufficiently understood. The primary purpose of this paper is to explain the immense profitability of US finance by systematically examining how its sources of profit and types of profit-generating activities have changed since the onset of financialisation in the 1980s. Conceptually, the paper develops a typology of financial profit-generating activities, drawing a separation between credit intermediation, market mediation, and rentierism. Empirically, it examines the changing accumulation dynamics witnessed in US finance since the 1960s using the IRS Statistics of Income, BEA National Income and Product Accounts, and Federal Reserve Flow of Funds data. The paper identifies primary income sources for the sector as a whole and its most profitable subsectors, finding strong evidence that financial profit-making has shifted from lending to ownership and management of capital. It is argued that this transformation has fundamentally changed finance's relationship with the real economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective monitoring of national circular economy policies requires consistent, national databases of material flows and environmental impacts. Yet, databases and indicators developed so far are scattered and inconsistent. To tackle this problem, Statistics Netherlands (CBS) developed a material flow monitor (MFM) that integrates existing statistics using principles of the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA). The MFM is the physical counterpart of the Dutch supply and use tables (SUT) of the National Accounts and is also referred to as physical SUT (P‐SUT). The P‐SUT captures national resource extraction, product imports and exports, product flows between economic sectors, as well as emissions and waste streams resulting from economic activities. Our work illustrates how a statistical office can use and enrich its formal statistical data to compose an MFM consistent with the National Accounts and how indicators can be extracted with a case study on the bio‐based economy. We contribute a clear step‐by‐step description of the method and the used datasets. This supports the development of MFMs by other statistical offices and researchers, thereby enabling consistent and comparable circular economy monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the share of total income held by the richest 1%, or other top income groups, is increasingly used to discuss inequality levels and trends within and between nations. A top income share is the ratio of the total income held by the top income group divided by total personal income (the 'income control total'). We compare two approaches to estimating income control totals: the 'external' approach used by the World Inequality Database, and an augmented 'internal' approach. We argue in favour of the latter, with reference to five desirable properties that a top share series would ideally possess. The choice matters: our augmented 'internal' approach yields estimates of the UK top 1% share that are around 2% points higher than the 'external' approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, income and expenditure-side estimates of gross domestic product (GDP) (GDP I and GDP E ) measure "true" GDP with error and are available at a quarterly frequency. Methods exist for using these proxies to produce reconciled quarterly estimates of true GDP. In this paper, we extend these methods to provide reconciled historical true GDP estimates at a monthly frequency. We do this using a Bayesian mixed frequency vector autoregression (MF-VAR) involving GDP E , GDP I , unobserved true GDP, and monthly indicators of short-term economic activity. Our MF-VAR imposes restrictions that reflect a measurement-error perspective (i.e., the two GDP proxies are assumed to equal true GDP plus measurement error). Without further restrictions, our model is unidentified. We consider a range of restrictions that allow for point and set identification of true GDP and show that they lead to informative monthly GDP estimates. We illustrate how these new monthly data contribute to our historical understanding of business cycles and we provide a real-time application nowcasting monthly GDP over the pandemic recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing the literature, which indicates the high importance of financial surplus in investment expenditures, which are essential in creating a competitive advantage, and having in mind that with GDP growth a decreasing trend can be observed in the sphere of investment expenditures in Poland, an analysis was made of the sources of financing investment expenditures of enterprises and the financial result of entities with domestic and foreign capital operating in Poland. This made it possible to identify the situation of the Polish economy over the years in terms of the structure of investments and to try to answer the question of whether the financial results achieved by entities with domestic capital are sufficient to make the investments necessary to maintain a high position in the competitive environment. As a result of the analysis, it was found that entities with domestic capital, representing a majority of around 80 % of the total balance sheet contributors in Poland, generate only 60% of the gross financial result, while less than 20 % of foreign companies have a financial result exceeding 40%. The methods used include an analysis of the literature, data contained in statistical databases (CSO and Eurostat). The data presented cover the period 2005-2020, mostly in the form of annual aggregates for Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of WISTA Wirtschaft und Statistik is the property of Statistisches Bundesamt and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The archives of François Perroux deposited at IMEC bear witness to the fact that he has devoted, beyond his scientific production, great energy to the most material aspects of research: setting up and maintaining networks to publicize his work and that of other economists, either directly or through the institutes and the journals he headed; organize seminars and symposiums; take care of relations with colleagues and the press; create collections and journals; and so on. In this chapter, we concentrate our attention on the archives relating to the management of the institutes, those attesting to the lines and themes of the producer's research, and those concerning his important correspondence. Thanks to the archives deposited at IMEC, it is possible to follow the development of the theoretical work of François Perroux by contextualizing it. They also show the itinerary of a Christian intellectual, whose attachment to social Catholicism constitutes a guiding thread and is reflected in all his activities. Finally, the archives illuminate his substantial role in the institutionalization of research in economics in the France of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ISWGN (Inter-Secretariat Working Group on National Accounts) is revising 2008 SNA and is expected to publish the latest version of SNA in 2025. In this context, this paper observes SNA (System of National Accounts) from a new perspective of global public goods and further understands the public goods attributes of national accounts. The global public good is developed from the theory of public goods. According to its definition, classification, and supply rule, SNA is considered a global public good in essence. In terms of characteristics, SNA belongs to means-oriented and best shot supply-oriented global public goods. It has network effect and belongs to network global public goods. And it is also global institutional knowledge, belonging to knowledge-based global public goods. Although SNA serves as a global standard of national accounts, it is not mandatory for consumption. As a global public good, SNA can enhance a country's statistical ability, avoid and reduce the cost of developing the system of national accounts, and reduce transaction costs. At the same time, SNA has the problem of underprovision and underuse, which requires global cooperation in the revision process of SNA. The evolution of SNA demand determines the evolution of SNA supply. Therefore, even if SNA is a global public good, it does not mean that countries should copy SNA, but need to "localize" SNA and transform it from a global public good to a national or regional public good.

In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, governments in European countries adopted a wide range of containment measures to prevent the spread of the virus. These measures led to unprecedented short-term economic loss for national economies, to which governments responded with support measures targeting both households and businesses. In this article, we argue that official statistics are a key source for robust comparisons of the economic impact of COVID-19 and subsequent support measures across countries. In particular, we use Eurostat's quarterly non-financial sector accounts and supplementary information provided by countries to estimate and compare the support received by households in 18 European countries. We focus our analysis on the second and third quarter of 2020, when national economies in Europe were impacted mostly by the containment measures. The results show some heterogeneity in the type and extent of support provided. Interestingly, while in some countries support interventions were far from making up for the loss of income, in others they far outweighed it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the literature which demonstrates the high importance of investment in creating a competitive advantage for the economy and economic growth, an analysis was made of the structure of some elements of gross fixed capital formation in the Polish economy and few selected European countries. This made it possible to identify the situation of the Polish economy over the years in terms of the structure of investment, and to attempt in answering to the question of whether the rate of accumulation of fixed capital in Poland is sufficient to close, or reduce the distance of development in relation to highly developed countries. In Poland, the leader among the sectors which absorb the largest percentage of investments remains expenditures with construction assets, and the smallest expenditure with intellectual property products. Poland is one of the countries with high GDP growth over the years. However, along with GDP growth, a decreasing trend can be seen in the sphere of investment expenditures, which does not allow for the reduction of the development gap. The methods used include an analysis of the literature, data contained in statistical databases (GUS and Eurostat) and specialized reports (PARP). The period of analysis covers the years 2004-2020 due to the fact that Poland's accession to the European Union took place in 2004, which allows for accurate international comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of WISTA Wirtschaft und Statistik is the property of Statistisches Bundesamt and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the study. Currently, much attention is paid to the collection, presentation and analysis of data on the volume, structure and dynamics of economic assets. The value of economic assets, their composition, and effective asset management determine the trajectory of the development of the national economy and its individual sectors. Financial assets are an integral part of economic assets, their importance in the activities of economic entities is steadily increasing. The purpose of the work is to systematize theoretical and practical developments on the presentation of data on financial assets in modern macroeconomic statistics of Russia, to determine the directions for improving the methods of evaluating financial assets, the system of indicators characterizing their condition and movement.Materials and methods. The authors considered the classification of financial assets, applied structural and dynamic data analysis, as well as methods of theoretical research in the form of generalization, comparison and special analytical procedures.Results. The paper defines the main directions of studying financial assets based on existing international standards, taking into account national statistical practice. The current issues of the theory and practice of statistical observation and presentation of data on financial assets, the adaptation of concepts and classifications of international standards to the Russian system of statistical accounting are considered. The features of the presentation of data on financial assets at the macro level are formulated, which are reflected in the national accounts, the system of indicators of monetary statistics and statistics of foreign economic relations, statistical indicators of the Bank of Russia. The authors conducted a quantitative assessment of the structure and dynamics of indicators characterizing the state and movement of financial assets.Conclusion. Statistical analysis of economic transactions with financial assets at the level of institutional units and sectors of the economy allows us to identify not only the main trends in the development of the financial sector of the economy, but also makes it possible to comprehensively consider changes in the value and composition of financial assets at the macro level. The change in the value of financial assets is determined on a balance basis, that is, as the difference between the value of acquired and disposed financial assets.The authors examined in detail the methodological basis for forming a financial account in the context of financial instruments and sectors of the national economy. The financial account provides comprehensive information in the sectoral context on transactions with financial assets and liabilities for the reporting period, allows you to reflect the change in their value as a result of economic operations performed by institutional units, as well as to identify sectors of the economy that did not perform transactions with financial assets. The analysis of the financial account data makes it possible to analyze in detail the change in the value of financial assets at the macro level, to assess the share of the impact of each sector of the economy and the type of asset. A similar approach is applied in analytical procedures with respect to the net obligations assumed.Macroeconomic statistics reflect the movement of financial assets and liabilities by sectors of the national economy and characterize Russia’s relations with the “rest of the world” by determining the volume of net lending by Russia to other countries or determining its status as a net borrower.The issues of the theory and practice of presenting data on financial assets and their use are relevant and promising areas for improving national statistical accounting. Work in this direction continues, although the process of active implementation of international standards in statistical practice has been going on for quite a long time. The quality of primary accounting data on financial sector operations has improved significantly recently, but there are still problems with obtaining data in terms of the full coverage of the statistical aggregate under study, as well as the timing of obtaining reporting data. In addition, the appearance of a large number of new financial instruments and transactions, including modified ones, in the business turnover of institutional units makes it difficult to identify and classify them.The authors of the article have repeatedly addressed the issues of macroeconomic calculations in their publications, which allowed them to consider in more detail topical issues related to the processes of reflecting financial assets.

This paper shows that we can use social media data to improve the accuracy of GDP estimates at the country level for developing countries. I use all publicly available image tweets from 2012 and 2013 to estimate GDP at the country level for developing countries. First, I find that one can explain 76% of the cross-country variation in GDP with the volume of tweets sent from each country. I then show that the residuals on these Twitter-GDP estimates are significantly larger for countries with allegedly poor data quality. I then use Nigeria as a case study to show that this method delivers much more timely and accurate estimates than those presented by official statistic agencies.