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2. Pathogenesis

Author

Gonzalez-Scarano, F., Endres, M. J., Nathanson, N., Compans, R. W., editor, Cooper, M., editor, Koprowski, H., editor, McConnell, I., editor, Melchers, F., editor, Nussenzweig, V., editor, Oldstone, M., editor, Olsnes, S., editor, Potter, M., editor, Saedler, H., editor, Vogt, P. K., editor, Wagner, H., editor, Wilson, I., editor, and Kolakofsky, Daniel, editor

Published
1991
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5. The A.R.M. Decision

Author

Jowitt, J. D., Shaw, D. J. S., Langton, F. E. P. S., Hardy, L. I., Thomas, David, Saxton, R. S., Wildman, John, Nathanson, N. E., Abelson, Sidney, Nunan, C. R., Roberts, P. H., Nicholls, Albert E., Juniper, C. P., and Langley, C. E.

Published
1965

9. Outcomes in genitourinary medicine: Whose priority?

Author

Nathanson N

Subjects
030505 public health, biology, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Dermatology, biology.organism_classification, AIDS Vaccines, medicine.disease, Virology, Vaccination, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Infectious Diseases, Clinical research, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Immunity, Immunology, Pandemic, medicine, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, Viral disease, 0305 other medical science, Sida, business
Abstract

AIDS has become a global pandemic comparable in its impact to the great plagues of history; an estimated 30 million people worldwide are infected with HIV approximately 15000 people are infected each day and AIDS is almost 100% fatal when untreated. Although highly effective antiretroviral drugs are available to treat HIV/AIDS the approximately $10000 cost per person treated makes the therapy available in only relatively wealthy countries. The development and general dissemination of an effective vaccine against HIV/AIDS is the only possibility of controlling the pandemic in countries where most infections are currently occurring. Efforts to develop a vaccine began immediately after HIV was identified in 1983-84 and led to the production of a first generation of vaccines tested in humans. However it appears that these first generation vaccines will not confer the necessary protection against HIV but more will be learned of their potency after the completion of efficacy trials which will probably begin during 1998. The disappointing immunological and protective response of humans to the recombinant env proteins has discouraged many biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies from pursuing the research and development of AIDS vaccines. The author discusses the use of primate models in the study of candidate immunogens which may be developed into vaccines for the protection of humans. Specifically he considers whether it is possible or necessary to induce sterilizing immunity against SIV or HIV which immune mechanisms are involved in the protection of vaccinated primates the role of mucosal immunity in an AIDS vaccine and the likely components of a program for vaccine development.

Published
1998
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13. Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses: current state of knowledge

Author

Kew, O. M., Wright, P. F., Agol, V. I., Francis DELPEYROUX, Shimizu, H., Nathanson, N., Pallansch, M. A., WHO Global Specialized Reference Laboratory, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine [Nashville], A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Centre Collaborateur de l'OMS (CCOMS) de Recherche sur les Entérovirus et les Vaccins Viraux, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Prévention et thérapie moléculaires des maladies humaines, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), WHO Global Specialized Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Microbiology and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Pennsylvania

Subjects
MESH: Dominican Republic, MESH: Philippines, Philippines, World Health Organization, MESH: Immunization Programs, complex mixtures, MESH: World Health Organization, MESH: Egypt, Disease Outbreaks, MESH: Virus Shedding, MESH: Madagascar, Risk Factors, MESH: Risk Factors, MESH: Child, Madagascar, Humans, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, Child, MESH: Humans, Immunization Programs, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virus Shedding, Poliovirus, MESH: Haiti, MESH: Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral, MESH: Poland, Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral, MESH: RNA, Viral, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, MESH: Poliomyelitis, RNA, Viral, Egypt, Poland, MESH: Poliovirus, Poliomyelitis, Research Article
Abstract

International audience; Within the past 4 years, poliomyelitis outbreaks associated with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) have occurred in Hispaniola (2000-01), the Philippines (2001), and Madagascar (2001-02). Retrospective studies have also detected the circulation of endemic cVDPV in Egypt (1988-93) and the likely localized spread of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)-derived virus in Belarus (1965-66). Gaps in OPV coverage and the previous eradication of the corresponding serotype of indigenous wild poliovirus were the critical risk factors for all cVDPV outbreaks. The cVDPV outbreaks were stopped by mass immunization campaigns using OPV. To increase sensitivity for detecting vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), in 2001 the Global Polio Laboratory Network implemented additional testing requirements for all poliovirus isolates under investigation. This approach quickly led to the recognition of the Philippines and Madagascar cVDPV outbreaks, but of no other current outbreaks. The potential risk of cVDPV emergence has increased dramatically in recent years as wild poliovirus circulation has ceased in most of the world. The risk appears highest for the type 2 OPV strain because of its greater tendency to spread to contacts. The emergence of cVDPVs underscores the critical importance of eliminating the last pockets of wild poliovirus circulation, maintaining universally high levels of polio vaccine coverage, stopping OPV use as soon as it is safely possible to do so, and continuing sensitive poliovirus surveillance into the foreseeable future. Particular attention must be given to areas where the risks for wild poliovirus circulation have been highest, and where the highest rates of polio vaccine coverage must be maintained to suppress cVDPV emergence.

Published
2004
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17. Approaches to the development of broadly protective HIV vaccines: Challenges posed by the genetic, biological and antigenic variability of HIV-1

Author

Barre-Sinoussi, F, Berkley, S, Bhamarapravati, N, Birx, D, Bloom, B, Carvalheiro, J, Ganguly, N, Johnston, M, Kazatchkine, M, Makgoba, WM, Monico, SM, Nathanson, N, Schild, G, Wigzell, H, Yamasaki, S, Aubertin, AM, Bartos, M, Bermann, P, Bradac, J, Burke, D, Cao, H, Desrosiers, R, Ensoli, B, Fenyö, EM, Ferrari, G, Galvao-Castro, B, Godal, T, Goudsmit, J, Frachette, MJ, Ginsberg, R, Heeney, J, Holmes, H, Jin, X, Kalish, M, Klein, M, Korber, B, Liu, M, McMichael, A, McCutchan, F, Mhalu, F, Moscola, J, Moss, R, Mathieson, B, Mbidde, E, M'Boup, S, Mullins, J, Musonda, R, Numberg, J, Owili, M, Peeters, M, Pletschette, M, Redfield, R, Roudil, MP, Salk, P, Scarlatti, G, Schultz, A, Sheppard, H, Stamatos, L, Sutthent, R, Takebe, Y, Tramont, E, Van der Groen, G, Virelizier, JL, Voss, G, Walker, B, Weber, J, Wyatt, R, Young, P, Zolla-Pazner, S, Seck, AC, Dias-Ferrao, V, Esparza, J, Melgaard, B, Osmanov, S, Pattou, C, Piot, P, Ntounga, RS, Toure, C, Barre-Sinoussi, F, Berkley, S, Bhamarapravati, N, Birx, D, Bloom, B, Carvalheiro, J, Ganguly, N, Johnston, M, Kazatchkine, M, Makgoba, WM, Monico, SM, Nathanson, N, Schild, G, Wigzell, H, Yamasaki, S, Aubertin, AM, Bartos, M, Bermann, P, Bradac, J, Burke, D, Cao, H, Desrosiers, R, Ensoli, B, Fenyö, EM, Ferrari, G, Galvao-Castro, B, Godal, T, Goudsmit, J, Frachette, MJ, Ginsberg, R, Heeney, J, Holmes, H, Jin, X, Kalish, M, Klein, M, Korber, B, Liu, M, McMichael, A, McCutchan, F, Mhalu, F, Moscola, J, Moss, R, Mathieson, B, Mbidde, E, M'Boup, S, Mullins, J, Musonda, R, Numberg, J, Owili, M, Peeters, M, Pletschette, M, Redfield, R, Roudil, MP, Salk, P, Scarlatti, G, Schultz, A, Sheppard, H, Stamatos, L, Sutthent, R, Takebe, Y, Tramont, E, Van der Groen, G, Virelizier, JL, Voss, G, Walker, B, Weber, J, Wyatt, R, Young, P, Zolla-Pazner, S, Seck, AC, Dias-Ferrao, V, Esparza, J, Melgaard, B, Osmanov, S, Pattou, C, Piot, P, Ntounga, RS, and Toure, C

Published
2001

20. The role of the Office of AIDS Research, NIH, USA

Author

Auerbach J, Cargill, Nathanson N, and Eisinger R

Subjects
Gerontology, Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, Infectious Diseases, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), business.industry, Immunology, Alternative medicine, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Library science, business, medicine.disease
Published
2001
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41. FATAL JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS INFECTION IN IMMUNOSUPPRESSED SPIDER MONKEYS.

Author

Nathanson, N. and Cole, G. A.

Subjects
*ENCEPHALITIS, *VIRUS diseases, *IMMUNOSUPPRESSION, *PHOSPHAZO compounds, *POLIO, *HISTOLOGY
Abstract

Intracerebral inoculation of twelve monkeys with large doses of a virulent strain of Japanese encephalitis virus produced a subclinical encephalomyelitis. When an immunosuppressive dosage schedule of cyclophosphamide was given to a group of four monkeys concurrently with virus, all animals developed prostrating paralysis 12-14 days after infection. Virus was isolated more regularly from the blood and throat swabs of animals treated with cyclophosphamide than from controls. Monkeys inoculated with virus only developed serum antibody, but no antibody was detected in suppressed animals. At time of killing, all spinal cords from suppressed monkeys yielded virus and presented a histological picture resembling that of fatal poliomyelitis, but with a markedly reduced inflammatory response. Virus was isolated from only one of three cords from animals inoculated with virus alone, and histological examination indicated less severe neuronal destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1970

47. Tissue-specific regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression during embryonic development.

Author

McKinnon, L A and Nathanson, N M

Abstract

We used solution hybridization, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblot analyses to examine the developmental expression of chicken m2 (cm2), cm3, and cm4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) mRNA and protein in embryonic and post-hatched chick heart and retina in order to correlate developmental expression patterns with known physiological events. cm2 is the predominant mAChR subtype expressed in chick heart. cm3 and cm4 protein and mRNA expression is very low in chick heart, and cm3 expression is highest early in development. The decrease in cm3 expression correlates well with the developmental decrease in mAChR-mediated activation of phospholipase C. cm4 is the predominant mAChR subtype expressed in chick retina. The expression of both cm4 protein and mRNA is highest early in development and decreases as development progresses. cm2 and cm3 mAChR are expressed at approximately equivalent levels and have similar patterns of expression. The cm2 and cm3 protein levels increase throughout development, while cm2 and cm3 mRNA levels peak at embryonic day 15 and then decrease after hatching. Our data indicate that the three mAChR subtypes are differentially regulated in chick heart and retina and that the patterns of expression of mAChR may be important in the development and physiology of these tissues.

Published
1995

48. In vivo regulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in embryonic chick brain.

Author

Meyer, M R, Gainer, M W, and Nathanson, N M

Abstract

Prolonged treatment of chick embryos in vivo with the muscarinic agonists oxotremorine or carbachol leads to dose- and time-dependent decreases in the number of brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) as measured by the specific binding of the potent muscarinic ligand L-[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate to brain membranes. Maximal doses of agonists reduced the number of mAChR as much as 44%. Maximal loss of mAChR occurs 4 hr after treatment, but can be prevented or totally reversed within 24 hr by blockade of agonist-receptor interactions with muscarinic antagonists. After sustained in vivo oxotremorine treatment, brain mAChR show a decreased apparent affinity for agonists owing to a decrease in the affinities of both the high- and low-affinity agonist binding sites.

Published
1982

50. Partial agonist activity of oxotremorine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the embryonic chick heart.

Author

Nathanson, N M, Holttum, J, Hunter, D D, and Halvorsen, S W

Abstract

Previous work has demonstrated that prolonged treatment of chick embryos in vivo with muscarinic agonists leads to a decrease in the number of muscarinic acetylcholine binding sites in the heart and a decrease in the sensitivity of isolated atria to the negative chronotropic response to muscarinic stimulation. We show here that treatment with the agonist carbachol leads to greater decreases in receptor number than does treatment with oxotremorine. Simultaneous treatment with oxotremorine and carbachol resulted in partial blockage in the maximal decrease in receptor number seen after treatment with carbachol alone. After treatment of embryos in vivo with carbachol to decrease the reserve of spare receptors in the atria, oxotremorine could no longer elicit a significant negative chronotropic response under conditions in which carbachol was still effective. These results demonstrate that oxotremorine is a partial agonist at the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in the embryonic chick heart.

Published
1984

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