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Background There are several methods to quantify mitral regurgitation (MR) by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). The interoperability of these methods and their reproducibility remains undetermined. Objective To determine the agreement and reproducibility of different MR quantification methods by CMR across all aetiologies. Methods Thirty-five patients with MR were recruited (primary MR = 12, secondary MR = 10 and MVR = 13). Patients underwent CMR, including cines and four-dimensional flow (4D flow). Four methods were evaluated: MRStandard (left ventricular stroke volume - aortic forward flow by phase contrast), MRLVRV (left ventricular stroke volume - right ventricular stroke volume), MRJet (direct jet quantification by 4D flow) and MRMVAV (mitral forward flow by 4D flow - aortic forward flow by 4D flow). For all cases and MR types, 520 MR volumes were recorded by these 4 methods for intra−/inter-observer tests. Results In primary MR, MRMVAV and MRLVRV were comparable to MRStandard (P > 0.05). MRJet resulted in significantly higher MR volumes when compared to MRStandard (P, Highlights • In primary mitral regurgitation, direct quantification has significant limitations • MRMVAV method is the most consistent method quantification across all groups. • All CMR methods are agreeable in secondary and valvular intervention groups

Background: Left ventricular (LV) kinetic energy (KE) assessment by four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (4D flow CMR) may offer incremental value over routine assessment in aortic stenosis (AS). The main objective of this study is to investigate the LV KE in patients with AS before and after the valve intervention. In addition, this study aimed to investigate if LV KE offers incremental value for its association to the six-minute walk test (6MWT) or LV remodelling post-intervention.Methods: We recruited 18 patients with severe AS. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography for mean pressure gradient (mPG), CMR including 4D flow and 6MWT. Patients were invited for post-valve intervention follow-up CMR at 3 months and twelve patients returned for follow-up CMR. KE assessment of LV blood flow and the components (direct, delayed, retained and residual) were carried out for all cases. LV KE parameters were normalised to LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV).Results: For LV blood flow KE assessment, the metrics including time delay (TD) for peak E-wave from base to mid-ventricle (14 +/- 48 vs. 2.5 +/- 9.75 ms, P=0.04), direct (4.91 +/- 5.07 vs. 1.86 +/- 1.72 mu J, P=0.01) and delayed (2.46 +/- 3.13 vs. 1.38 +/- 1.15 mu J, P=0.03) components of LV blood flow demonstrated a significant change between preand post-valve intervention. Only LV KEi(EDV) (r=-0.53, P

The management of patients with aortic stenosis (AS) crucially depends on accurate diagnosis. The main aim of this study were to validate the four-dimensional flow (4D flow) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) methods for AS assessment. Eighteen patients with clinically severe AS were recruited. All patients had pre-valve intervention 6MWT, echocardiography and CMR with 4D flow. Of these, ten patients had a surgical valve replacement, and eight patients had successful transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). TAVI patients had invasive pressure gradient assessments. A repeat assessment was performed at 3–4 months to assess the remodelling response. The peak pressure gradient by 4D flow was comparable to an invasive pressure gradient (54 ± 26 mmHG vs 50 ± 34 mmHg, P = 0.67). However, Doppler yielded significantly higher pressure gradient compared to invasive assessment (61 ± 32 mmHG vs 50 ± 34 mmHg, P = 0.0002). 6MWT was associated with 4D flow CMR derived pressure gradient (r = −0.45, P = 0.01) and EOA (r = 0.54, P

Assessment of right ventricular (RV) diastolic function is not routinely carried out. This is due to standard two-dimensional imaging techniques being unreliable. Four-dimensional flow (4D flow) derived right ventricular blood flow kinetic energy assessment could circumvent the issues of the current imaging modalities. It also remains unknown whether there is an association between right ventricular blood flow kinetic energy (KE) and healthy ageing. We hypothesise that healthy ageing requires maintaining normal RV intra-cavity blood flow as quantified using KE method. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of healthy ageing on tricuspid through-plane flow and right ventricular blood flow kinetic energy. In this study, fifty-three healthy participants received a 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) scan on 1.5 T Philips Ingenia. Cine segmentation and 4D flow analysis were performed using dedicated software. Standard statistical methods were carried out to investigate the associations. Both RV E-wave KEiEDV (r = −0.3, P = 0.04) and A-wave KEiEDV (r = 0.42, P EDV E/A ratio demonstrated the strongest association with healthy ageing (r = −0.53, P EDV E/A ratio and 4D flow derived tricuspid valve stroke volume demonstrated independent association to healthy ageing (beta −0.02 and 0.68 respectively, P

Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is debilitating disease characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) that leads to right ventricular (RV) failure and death. Mixed venous oxygen saturation (SVO2) represents the oxygen saturation of blood returning to the lungs before reaching the alveolo-capillary units. SVO2 is strongly associated with clinical outcomes in PH. The relationship of non-invasive CMR metrics to this prognostically relevant parameter in patients with PH are unknown. Purpose This study sought to develop an early understanding of which CMR volumetric and flow parameters are most associated with SVO2. Methods Eighteen (n=18) patients were prospectively recruited at a large tertiary PH unit. The SVO2 was measured during right heart catheterisation. All patients had CMR on the 1.5 T scanner (HDx scanner, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA), using an 8-channel cardiac coil. Subjects were scanned in the supine position with electrocardiogram (ECG) gating. CMR protocol included long and short axis cines and through-plane pulmonary artery phase contrast acquisition. The velocity encoded images were analysed for the following: mean pulmonary artery (MPA) systolic velocity, MPA stroke volume, MPA wall shear stress (WSS) and wall shear rate (WSR). The 4 chamber cine was used to measure end-diastolic right atrial (RA) area. RV volumes were analysed using standard methods. Stepwise multiple regression model of significantly associated parameters (p Results The left ventricular and RV volumetric functional parameters demonstrated no association to SVO2 (p>0.05) in any of the participants. However, a negative association was shown between RA area and SVO2 (R=−0.57, p=0.01). The only other parameter which correlated with SVO2 was MPA stroke volume (R=0.5, p=0.03). In stepwise multiple regression, both parameters demonstrated independent association to SVO2. The predictive values generated by a combined model demonstrated high correlation to measured SVO2 (R=0.73, p Conclusion(s) RA area and MPA stroke volume are independently associated with SVO2. A novel CMR prediction model comprised of these two metrics, demonstrates high association to the measured SVO2 by invasive haemodynamic study. Further work to determine reproducibility and reliability is needed before this method becomes an important prognostic tool for PH patients.

Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined by a resting mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥25 mmHg by right heart catheterization. Systolic pulmonary artery pressures are used as surrogate non-invasive markers of PH. A direct prediction tool of non-invasive mPAP would provide the capacity to diagnose disease through non-invasive means. It remains unclear if a multi-parametric cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) integrated approach can provide an accurate measure of invasive mPAP. Purpose This study sought to develop a novel CMR model using both established and newly derived CMR metrics for estimating mean pulmonary artery pressure. Methods 18 patients were prospectively recruited at a large tertiary PH unit. All patients underwent right heart catheterisation (RHC) and CMR on the 1.5 T scanner (HDx scanner, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA), using an 8-channel cardiac coil. CMR protocol included long and short axis cines and through-plane pulmonary artery phase contrast acquisition. The velocity encoded images were analysed for the following: mean pulmonary artery pan-systolic velocity (PASV), MPA stroke volume, MPA wall shear stress (WSS) and wall shear rate (WSR). The 4-chamber cine was used to measure end-diastolic right atrial area. Right ventricular volumes were analysed using standard methods. Stepwise multiple regression model of significantly associated parameters (p Results Mean age of the 18 patients was 68.78±7.46 years (44% males). The following CMR metrics demonstrated significant association to the measured mPAP: RA area (r=0.65 p=0.03); MPA mean pan-systolic velocity (r=−0.57 p=0.01); RVEDV (r=0.52 p=0.03); RVEF (r=−0.40 p=0.10); RVESV (r=0.58 p=0.01). In stepwise multiple regression, only two parameters demonstrated independent association to mPAP - RA Area and MPA mean pan-systolic velocity. The predicted mPAP demonstrated good correlation to the measured mPAP (R=0.76, p Conclusion(s) Mean pulmonary artery systolic velocity and right atrial area are independently associated with mPAP. Ournovel CMR prediction model for mPAP, comprising of these two metrics, demonstrates high association to the measured mPAP by invasive haemodynamic study.

The effectiveness of institutional arrangements and policies for governance has become a key question within the sustainability paradigm. The term ‘Coastal Partnerships’ describes a variety of arrangements in the UK that bring together interested stakeholders to advocate sustainable management of the coast, based on the principles of integrated coastal management (ICM). This paper considers the unique role, achievements and challenges facing local Coastal Partnerships in the UK. The paper examines empirical evidence of how Coastal Partnerships are contributing to sustainable coastal management. The first section considers their shortfalls, the second section their achievements, and the final section discusses their potential role in the context of the evolving policy framework. The policy drivers include European Directives, the reform of the Terrestrial Planning System, and proposals for Marine Spatial Planning through a UK Marine Bill. The authors present a blueprint for the future of Coastal Partnerships, based on this policy analysis. The findings contribute to the ongoing debate in geographical literature on how the scale and structure of governance can be best organised to deliver local sustainability.

Britain’s coast is often dynamic and is certainly diverse. From the Shetland Isles to the Isles of Scilly, the geomorphology and human use of the coast and estuaries varies considerably. Britain is an island; there are no land connections to the continental landmass of Europe. As a result, nowhere in Britain is far from the coast. The coast of Britain is also very long and, in places, deeply indented. This makes estimating its length quite challenging (Rees, 1998; McGlashan and Firn, 2003), but it is probably in the region of 18-24,000km (given that the Scottish coast is considered to be c. 16,600km long: Norman, 2001).