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Power handling during test is an important requirement that needs to be considered during chip design, silicon bring-up, and in-system testing. In this tutorial, we will start by reviewing the importance of power and listing the different problems faced with poor power intent. We will then give an overview of different power aspects related to test, from RTL implementation to in-system validation, and how each step can impact the overall performance. Next, we will introduce different design-for-test (DFT) techniques that help improve power planning to produce optimized quality of results (QoR). Finally, we will present data sets on how each of the listed techniques implemented on real designs produces desired results.

The flow transit from laminar to turbulent over the surface due to adverse pressure gradient, that the region in between the laminar separation and turbulent reattachment is called Laminar separation bubble. It experiences on the many engineering devices as well as controls the aerodynamic and heat transfer characteristics. The way of transition formation differs based on geometry, flow configuration and method of transition initiations by a wide range of possible background disturbance as free stream turbulence, pressure gradient, acoustic noise, wall roughness and obstructions, periodic unsteady disturbance so on. This chapter discusses about the flow transition on airfoil and nozzle in general and focuses more on the transition process in the free shear layer of separation bubbles, free stream turbulence, and identification of separation point with the help of the CFD method.

Elevating public awareness of waste management at the household level is a cost effective and a win-win social, economic and environmental approach on the table of policymaking. Modern and effective waste management bring about broader economic efficiency and social equity, mitigate consumerism, thus, promoting the conservation of natural resources. In this article, a survey study was conducted among the citizens of Wrocław city, Poland. The city is dynamic, touristic, and industrial. Through random sampling, 160 respon-dents filled in the questionnaire. The results revealed that the participantsappeared aware of the benefits of waste management (WM); however the current WM systems and infrastructures are not very satisfying. The partici-pants identified several shortcomings in the current WM systems such as the lack of sufficient colored bins forglass recycling, overfilled bins and heavy lids, and irregular waste collection system. The study proposes a pub-lic -oriented outreach campaign targeting waste separation and less-waste be-haviors as economically and environmentally beneficial, accompanied by continuous development of WM regulations and infrastructures and linked it to waste-to-energy systems and technologies to assist in achieving the long-term energy and emissions-reduction targets.

The objective of this survey-based study was to investigate farmers’ willingness to supply biomass for power generation in the south and in the centre of Poland. In total, 210 farmers participated in this study by filling in a self-instructed questionnaire. The results indicate that the majority of farmers (two-thirds) in both regions appeared unwilling to collect, store and transport biomass to the market or to the energy production facility. It is likely that an unstable biomass market marked by low demand and low prices has led to unwillingness by farmers to engage in bioenergy production in Poland. Increasing the role of biomass as a renewable energy resource and recovering the farmers’ confidence in the market would require fixing the shortcomings in the biomass market and the provision of clear public policies that aim at long-term market stability.