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This review discusses the potential of afforestation in mitigating climate change by capturing atmospheric Carbon dioxide (CO2) and storing it in biomass and soil. It elaborates on the distinction between biological and geological carbon sequestration, with a focus on afforestation a biological method where trees and vegetation absorb CO2 through photosynthesis. Wastelands, characterized by poor soil quality, low vegetation cover, and minimal economic value, are significant contributors to atmospheric CO2 due to the degradation of soil organic matter. The article highlights the global distribution of wastelands, with notable examples in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, where deforestation, overgrazing, and unsustainable agricultural practices are prevalent. Afforestation is presented as a viable strategy for reclaiming these degraded lands. Historical and contemporary examples, such as the Loess Plateau in China and the Green Belt Movement in Kenya, demonstrate the success of afforestation projects in sequestering carbon, restoring land productivity, and providing socio-economic benefits. The mechanisms of carbon sequestration in afforested wastelands are explained, including photosynthesis, soil organic carbon sequestration, and the role of mycorrhizal fungi. Factors influencing the effectiveness of carbon sequestration are also discussed, such as tree species selection, soil characteristics, climate conditions, and management practices. Challenges to afforestation include harsh environmental conditions, water scarcity, socio-economic issues, and potential ecological risks. The article suggests mitigation strategies like soil amendments, efficient water management, community engagement, and sustainable forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]