Search

Low back pain is a common problem among children and adolescents; however, permanent or catastrophic outcomes are rare. Radiologic, anatomic causes of back pain are infrequent, though incidental findings and false-positives are common. Treatment for nonspecific low back pain should be focused on physical rehabilitation and lifestyle changes. Imaging should be reserved for specific concerning findings, which might alter management.

A combination of long training hours and a bias toward a prepubescent physique in gymnasts often equates to insufficient caloric intake and an increased incidence of delayed pubertal growth and development. This chapter examines normal pubertal development, explores the normal and pathologic divergences from this path experienced by many gymnasts, and outlines nutritional requirements to sustain healthy growth and development for a gymnast. This chapter also discusses energy needs, macronutrient requirements, vitamin essentials, and consequences of insufficient intake.