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Background : Respiratory diseases are one of the major health issues described in intensive pig production, causing important economic losses. However, there is little information on the prevalence, etiology and clinical-pathological presentation of these diseases in wild boars. For this reason, this work investigated the presence in captive wild boars of pneumonic lesions and bacterial pathogens commonly detected and associated with respiratory diseases in domestic pigs. Materials, Methods & Results : A total of 226 captive wild boar lungs from two farms were examined in a slaughterhouse in Southern Brazil. The pneumonic lesions were classified as cranioventral, dorsocaudal, and disseminated, and the quantification of lesions was calculated. From the total of 226 lungs, 121 were collected for laboratory examination. Lungs with macroscopic lesions suggestive of pneumonia were collected for histological, bacteriological and molecular analysis. The molecular analysis was performed to detect the presence of Actinobacillus ( A. ) pleuropneumoniae , Glaesserella ( G. ) parasuis , Mycoplasma ( M. ) hyopneumoniae , Mycoplasma ( M. ) hyorhinis and Streptococcus ( S. ) suis serotype 2. The percentages of histological lesions and bacterial agents and their association were calculated. Cranioventral consolidation (75.2%) was the most prevalent macroscopic lung lesion, followed by disseminated (21.5%) and dorsocaudal (3.3%) distribution. Microscopically, chronic lesions were the most prevalent, representing 70.2% of the lungs. Moreover, BALT hyperplasia was present in 86.5% of the lungs, suppurative bronchopneumonia in 65.7%, and alveoli infiltrate in 46.8%. Six bacterial pathogens commonly described as agents of pig pneumonia were identified by bacterial or molecular methods: Pasteurella ( P. ) multocida , S. suis , M. hyopneumoniae , A. pleuropneumoniae , G. parasuis and M. hyorhinis . Twenty-eight different combinations of pathogens were identified in 84 samples (69.4%). The most common combinations were: M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae (13.1%), M. hyopneumoniae , G. parasuis and M . hyorhini s (10.7%), and M. hyopneumoniae , A. pleuropneumoniae and G. parasuis (8.3%). Additionally, M. hyopneumoniae was the most frequent pathogen detected in this study, representing 58.7% of the samples. The detection of M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis by PCR was associated with the presence of BALT hyperplasia ( P < 0.05) and there was also an association between the detection of M. hyopneumoniae by PCR and suppurative bronchopneumonia ( P < 0.05). In addition, a significant association ( P < 0.05) between the detection of M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae by PCR and the histological classification (acute, subacute or chronic lesions) was observed. Discussion : The results of this study were similar to those observed in slaughtered domestic pigs, although, the detection of opportunist pathogens was less frequent than that usually described in pig pneumonia. The high prevalence of pneumonia in captive wild boars at slaughter and the similar characteristics of pneumonia in captive wild boars and domestic pigs suggest that the close phylogenetic relationship between pigs and wild boars could influence the susceptibility of both species to the colonization of the same pathogens, indicating that captive wild boars raised in confined conditions could be predisposed to respiratory diseases, similar to domestic pigs. Keywords: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae , lung consolidation, slaughter, Sus scrofa, swine.

The objective of this study was to obtain data on the occurrence of Babesia bigemina e Anaplasma marginale in cattle with characteristic clinical signs of the disease, in different properties in western Santa Catarina. For this, 149 blood sample were collected and slides smears were done and the staining with the Romanowsky kind dye subsequently. Of the 149 samples surveyed, 78 (52.35%) were positive for A. marginale, 04 (2.68%) for B. bigemina, and 03 (2.01%) samples showed co-infection. All described cases occurred in adult animals, from two years old, with Holstein females the highest occurrence represented 119/149 (79.86%). Regarding the presence of ectoparasites, hematophagous flies were observed in all properties and ticks in 58/149 (38.92%) animals. The results showed a higher occurrence of A. marginale, evidencing the need to seek strategies of control and prevention by the veterinary professionals, especially in moments of greater occurrence of the vectors. The confirmation as from laboratory support by stained blood smears beyond being cheaper practical is a method that helping professionals identify the suspected cases etiology. Moreover, based on this information, we can promote the elaboration of prevention and treatment strategies based on simple and fast diagnostic techniques, focused on especific disease agents. RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi obter dados de ocorrência B. bigemina. e A. marginale em bovinos com sinais clínicos característicos da doença em diferentes propriedades da região oeste de Santa Catarina. Para isso, foram coletadas 149 amostras de sangue, para posterior confecção de esfregaço em lâminas e a realização da coloração com o corante tipo Romanowsky. Das 149 amostras pesquisadas, 78 (52,35%) foram positivas para A. marginale, 04 (2,68%) para B. bigemina e 03 (2,01%) amostras apresentaram co-infecção. Todos os casos descritos ocorreram em animais adultos, a partir de dois anos de idade, com maior ocorrência em fêmeas da raça holandesa 119/149 (79,86%). Quanto à presença de ectoparasitas, foram observadas moscas hematófagas em todas as propriedades e carrapatos em 58/149 (38,92%) animais. Os resultados demonstram uma maior ocorrência de A. marginale evidenciando a necessidade dos profissionais buscarem estratégias de controle e prevenção, principalmente nas épocas de maior ocorrência dos vetores. A confirmação a partir do suporte laboratorial, por esfregaço de sangue corado, além de prático e barato, é um método que ajuda os profissionais a identificar a etiologia dos casos suspeitos. Além disso, com base nessas informações, podemos promover a elaboração de estratégias de prevenção e tratamento com base em técnicas simples e rápidas de diagnóstico, focadas em agentes específicos da doença.

Gastrointestinal parasites are important, since they can cause a decrese in the performance of swine. The occurrence of parasites in pig farms can create economic losses such as reduction in the value of carcasses and increasing expenses with medicines and veterinary assistance. This study aimed at investigating the occurrence of intestinal parasites in different phases of production reared pigs in intensive prodution systems in the western region of the State of Santa Catarina. A total of 403 fecal samples were analyzed, of which 51.86% were positive for one or more parasites in different phases of production. Finishing pigs had the highest prevalence of parasites (60.19%) followed by nursery pigs (55.44%), pigs in breading sows (50.49%), and suckling piglets (40.81%). Strongylida parasites had higher occurrence (28.78%), and were also the most frequent in the finishing, breading sows, and nursery phases. Coccidia were more occurrent in suckling piglets. This study highlights the need of implementing suitable antiparasitic control measures in all phases of swine production associated with a surveillance system for the diagnosis of endoparasite infection in pigs. Our results demonstrate that endoparasites are highly occurring in pigs, even in intensive system animals on technified farms.

Arginine is an important amino acid for angiogenesis and vasodilation, and recent studies have established ideal amino acid ratios for maternal, placental, fetal, and mammary gland tissue growth during gestation. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of supplementing gestation diets with arginine and/or amino acid blend (lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan) on placental efficiency and piglet birth weight (BW) in hyper-prolific females. Pregnant gilts were divided into four treatment groups, namely, Control (corn-soybean meal based diet from D25 to D112), Arginine (supplemented with 1% Arg from D25 to D80); Blend (20 g of blend from D81 to D112) and Argiblend (supplemented with 1% Arg from D25 to D80 and 20 g of blend from D81 to D112 of gestation). The supplementation with Blend increased the weight of gilts at D112). The total number of piglets born, percentage of mummified fetuses, average BW, within-litter coefficient of variation in BW, percentage of low-birth-weight piglets (≤850 g or ≤1000 g), placental weight, placental efficiency and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were not affected by the supplements. The supplementation with arginine decreased the number of born alive piglets and increased then percentage of stillborn piglets. The average placental weight was higher in Blend than in Control gilts. The effects of supplementation were also evaluated based on prolificacy of females categorized as either high (>14 total piglets born) and low (≤14 total piglets born). Within LowProlif group, gilts fed on the blend treatment had increased LitBW and AvgPBW compared to control gilts. LowProlif gilts supplemented with arginine also had higher AvgPBW than Control gilts. The LowProlif gilts fed on the arginine or blend diets had lower percentage ( P 0.05) of low BW piglets (≤850 g and ≤1000 g) than those fed on the control and argiblend diet. Even though gestation diets supplemented with arginine and/or an amino acid blend did not influence average piglet BW and the within-litter variation in BW, when all the litters were taken into account, the supplementation with arginine or blend increased the average BW and reduced the percentage of low-weight piglets at birth when the litter size was less than 14.

A genome-wide association study for immune response to influenza vaccination in a crossbred swine population was conducted. Swine influenza is caused by influenza A virus (FLUAV) which is considered one of the most prevalent respiratory pathogens in swine worldwide. The main strategy used to control influenza in swine herds is through vaccination. However, the currently circulating FLUAV subtypes in swine are genetically and antigenically diverse and their interaction with the host genetics poses a challenge for the production of efficacious and cross-protective vaccines. In this study, 103 pigs vaccinated with an inactivated H1N1 pandemic virus were genotyped with the Illumina PorcineSNP60V2 BeadChip for the identification of genetic markers associated with immune response efficacy to influenza A virus vaccination. Immune response was measured based on the presence or absence of HA (hemagglutinin) and NP (nucleoprotein) antibodies induced by vaccination and detected in swine sera by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and ELISA assays, respectively. The ELISA test was also used as a measurement of antibody levels produced following the FLUAV vaccination. Associations were tested with x(2) test for a case and control data and using maximum likelihood method for the quantitative data, where a moderate association was considered if p5×10(-5). When testing the association using the HI results, three markers with unknown location and three located on chromosomes SSCX, SSC14 and SSC18 were identified as associated with the immune response. Using the response to vaccination measured by ELISA as a qualitative and quantitative phenotype, four genomic regions were associated with immune response: one on SSC12 and three on chromosomes SSC1, SSC7, and SSC15, respectively. Those regions harbor important functional candidate genes possibly involved with the degree of immune response to vaccination. These results show an important role of host genetics in the immune response to influenza vaccination. Genetic selection for pigs with better response to FLUAV vaccination might be an alternative to reduce the impact of influenza virus infection in the swine industry. However, these results should to be validated in additional populations before its use.

RESUMO: Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) é uma gramínea cultivada na região sul do Brasil, responsável por manifestações clínicas superagudas de dispneia, dificuldade de deglutição, tremores musculares, timpanismo e decúbito em bovinos. A morte ocorre rapidamente após o início dos primeiros sinais e não são encontradas alterações macro e microscópicas significativas. O presente estudo descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e lesionais da intoxicação espontânea por tifton 68 que ocorreu nos municípios de Rio do Sul, Pouso Redondo, Taió e Rio do Campo, estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, nos anos de 1996, 1997, 1998 e 2010, respectivamente. Experimentalmente foram avaliadas a presença de ácido cianídrico nas folhas verdes e secas desta planta, através do teste do papel picrossódico e a reversão da intoxicação pela utilização de uma solução antídoto específica de tiossulfato de sódio e nitrito de sódio. A reprodução experimental consistiu na administração de folhas verdes de tifton 68 para dois bovinos com doses a partir de 10,3g/kg. O quadro de intoxicação cianogênica foi confirmado pela imediata resposta ao tratamento intravenoso com a solução antídoto. As amostras da planta verde forneceram resposta positiva ao teste do papel picrossódico. O feno de tifton 68 não demonstrou qualquer toxicidade, mesmo em altas doses (18 e 27g/kg), sendo seguro para a alimentação de bovinos. ABSTRACT: Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst) is a grass cultivated in southern Brazil which causes peracute clinical manifestations including dyspnea, swallowing difficulties, muscular tremors, tympanism and recumbency in cattle. Animal’s death occurs rapidly after the onset of clinical signs and neither macroscopic nor microscopic lesions have been found. This paper describes the epidemiology, clinical findings and lesions of spontaneous poisoning by tifton 68 in cattle in the municipalities of Rio do Sul, Pouso Redondo, Taió and Rio do Campo in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2010 respectively. The presence of hydrocyanic acid was experimentally estimated in green and dried leaves through the picric acid paper test and poisoning treatment using a specific antidote solution of sodium thiosulfate and sodium nitrite. The poisoning was experimentally reproduced by the administration of tifton 68 green leaves to two cattle at a starting dose of 10.3 g/kg. The cyanide poisoning was confirmed by the immediate response to treatment with intravenous antidote. The samples of tifton 68 green leaves gave positive response in the picric acid paper test. The hay of tifton 68 showed no toxicity even at high doses (18 and 27 g/kg) and it is safe for cattle consumption.

Influenza is a viral disease that affects human and several animal species. In Brazil, H1N1, H3N2 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate in domestic swine herds. Wild boars are also susceptible to IAV infection but in Brazil until this moment there are no reports of IAV infection in wild boars or in captive wild boars populations. Herein the occurrence of IAV in captive wild boars with the presence of lung consolidation lesions during slaughter was investigated. Lung samples were screened by RT-PCR for IAV detection. IAV positive samples were further analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRRT-PCR), virus isolation, genomic sequencing, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Eleven out of 60 lungs (18.3%) were positive for IAV by RT-PCR and seven out of the eleven were also positive for A(H1N1)pdm09 by qRRT-PCR. Chronic diffuse bronchopneumonia was observed in all samples and IHC analysis was negative for influenza A antigen. Full genes segments of H1N2 IAV were sequenced using Illumina's genome analyzer platform (MiSeq). The genomic analysis revealed that the HA and NA genes clustered with IAVs of the human lineage and the six internal genes were derived from the H1N1pdm09 IAV. This is the first report of a reassortant human-like H1N2 influenza virus infection in captive wild boars in Brazil and indicates the need to monitor IAV evolution in Suidae populations.