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Two species of procyonid (Nasua nasua and Procyon cancrivorus) and one species of mephitid (Conepatus chinga) have long been documented to occur in Paraguay, but very little has been published about their ecology in the country since the early 19th Century works of Azara and Rengger. Data on the distribution and status of these species in the country is collated from museum specimens, published literature and reliable observations to provide a basis for future research. A hierarchical approach is taken towards types of record and maps are provided that distinguish these for all species. All three species remain common in the Chaco region west of the Paraguay River, and all are considered of Least Concern. However, this region is experiencing high levels of deforestation and data to assess the potential declines of the species is unavailable. The two species of procyonid are also widespread in the Oriental region, but the status of Conepatus chinga there is unclear. There are multiple reports from the Atlantic Forest region but documentation is limited to fecal molecular samples. Clarifying the distribution of that species in the Oriental region is a priority for research.

Background: Coatis are mammals of the order Carnivora, Procyonidae family. Despite the animals being widely distributed in Brazil, the species is classified as threatened in the Rio Grande do Sul state. The main threat factor for the species is deforestation and fragmentation of forests, as well as hunting and being run over on highways. Captivity coatis are subject to nutritional disorders, with adipose tissue accumulation in the abdominal region and obesity. In addition, procionids can present ectoparasites, such as fleas, lice, and ticks. Since there is a lack of information regarding diseases in captivity animals, this report aimed to describe a case of rectal prolapse in a coati. Case: An approximately 2-year-old captivity ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua) male, 1.7 kg of body mass, was restless and uncomfortable when sitting down after fighting with other animals in the group. Physical examination revealed a 5 cm prolapse, initially managed by manual reduction and purse-string suture around the anus. The copro-parasitological exams using the Willis-Mollay and Faust techniques were negative. Complete blood count showed mild normochromic normocytic anemia, hypoproteinemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis due to neutrophilia and monocytosis. Biochemical examination revealed hypocalcemia, and the animal was treated with calcium. Rectal prolapse recurred even after the purse-string suture. Therefore, incisional colopexy was performed through a ventral midline celiotomy to promote a permanent adhesion between the colon and abdominal wall. The animal evolved uneventfully and returned to its original enclosure 30 days after surgery. However, the coati was kept separate from the others until complete readaptation. In the last evaluation 6 months after colopexy, the animal showed no signs of recurrence and had a total integration into the group. Discussion: Several factors may contribute to the development of complete rectal prolapse in domestic dogs and cats, such as prostatic diseases, cystitis, urolithiasis, constipation, rectal foreign bodies, and perineal surgeries. However, these factors have not been identified in the current case. Furthermore, the lesion may occur secondary to colitis, enteritis, or endoparasitism in young domestic dogs and cats. In the present case, the animal was an adult whose coproparasitological examination was negative, eliminating these causes. On the other hand, 2 factors may have contributed, including the fight with other individuals of the same species and hypocalcemia. Although these 2 factors resolved with the separation of the animal and calcium replacement treatment, the prolapse recurred even after the purse-string suture. It is also worth mentioning that the animal had no clinical signs related to hypocalcemia, which is associated with several diseases in domestic dogs and cats, including traumatic processes. Colopexy was the 2nd treatment option in the current case. The technique promotes a permanent adhesion between the colon and abdominal wall, thus preventing caudal movement of the colon and rectum. Colopexy has been used in domestic dogs and cats with recurrent rectal prolapse without the identification of predisposing factors, which include the present case. In conclusion, the present case showed a good evolution of the incisional colopexy technique in the recurrence of rectal prolapse in the ring-tailed coati, whose underlying cause could not be established. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the 1st report of the condition in coatis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The coati (Nasua nasua) and the crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) are sympatric procyonids that are relatively abundant and appear to exhibit tolerance towards moderate levels of anthropogenic modification. However, there are differences in their social behavior and activity patterns. Here we evaluated the probability of detection, occupancy, and daily activity patterns of these two neotropical species in different populations of the Atlantic Forest. We used data from 105 camera-trap stations distributed along five areas. We analyzed data from 7541 trap-nights. The average occupancy probability of the crab-eating raccoon (Ψ = 0.38, 0.21–0.59 CI) was lower than that of the coati (Ψ = 0.62, 0.35–0.84 CI) and that pattern was consistent in all five surveyed sites. The occupancy of the coati was negatively affected by human density and distance to water bodies, while the crab-eating raccoon occupancy was positively affected by the percentage of forests. Activity pattern was diurnal for coatis in two of the sampled areas (Rayleigh-Z0.6365, p-value < 0.05) (Rayleigh-Z0.4864, p-value < 0.001), and nocturnal for crab-eating raccoons (Rayleigh-Z0.5753, p-value < 0.05) (Rayleigh-Z0.7286, p-value < 0.05); however, the coati presented cathemeral activity in the area most modified by human activity (Rayleigh-Z0.1538, p-value = 0.472). The coati and the crab-eating raccoon responded differently to different types of human alteration. Our results show that while common, coatis and crab-eating raccoons present distinct levels of sensitivity to different types of anthropogenic changes in the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coati (Nasua nasua, Linnaeus 1766) is a generalist species, feeding on often-discarded human food in dumpsters around ecological tourism sites. We investigated the body weight and some blood chemistry variables related to the diet of wild coatis from three parks: Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras (PM), Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC) e Estação Ecológica Água Limpa (EEAL). We tested the plasma of 53 coatis for high-density lipoprotein (HDL), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), cholesterol (Chol), triglycerides (Trig), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Male and female adults did not significantly differ on the weight (P > 0.05) and blood chemistry indexes (P > 0.05). The adult coatis of the PM were heavier than the adult coatis of the other two parks. There were significant differences in HDL (P < 0.04), AST (P < 0.001), ALT (P < 0.001), and GGT (P < 0.001) between adults of the three parks. Only ALT and ALP were significantly different (P < 0.05) among the young coatis. The results suggested the coatis of the three parks have different health status. The consumption of discarded human food seems to affect body weight of the PM coatis. The coatis from PNC and EEAL had blood chemistry profiles suggestive of liver disorder. We recommend carrying on environmental education programs to visitors and additional clinical investigations on coatis from these parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Pythiosis is an emerging infectious disease affecting captive and free-ranging wild animals. We report granulomatous pneumonia due to Pythium insidiosum in two South American coatis (Nasua nasua), who were found dead without any clinical records. Severe granulomatous pneumonia associated with pleural effusion was revealed in the necropsy. Microscopically, variably sized granulomas and pyogranulomas presented negative hyphae profiles at the periphery of their necrotic cores. Grocott methenamine silver stain highlighted these structures, and immunostain (anti- P. insidiosum) was strongly positive. Molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction amplified P. insidiosum specific DNA. These findings characterized P. insidiosum as a cause of granulomatous pneumonia in coatis and proved that pythiosis needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory diseases affecting this species in endemic areas.

When following a free-living ring-tailed coati Nasua nasua group behind a tourist complex on Ilha do Campeche (an island in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil), we observed them rubbing laundry and cleaning substances onto their bodies. In order to describe this anointing behavior, spontaneous and induced anointing sessions were studied over two visits to the island. The induced events were prompted by offering bar soap in five experimental sessions. In all experimental sessions, one to three animals of both sexes performed soap-anointing behavior. It was most commonly self-directed (self-anointing), but also sometimes applied onto others (allo-anointing), or sometimes performed collectively and in close proximity to other group members. The genital area was the most often rubbed location, followed by the tail. We suggest that ring-tailed coatis may be deterring ectoparasites when applying soap to their integument. Ring-tailed coatis are known for anointing their fur with resin or arthropods, but this is the first description of the use of soap. Close contact with humans and easy access to soap inadvertently left outside may have been responsible for this arbitrary innovation. Because this behavior has persisted for more than 10 years and is practiced by different age groups, we suggest that this behavior is being socially transmitted across generations within the group from older to younger individuals.

The reduction in the population of mammals is caused mostly by the loss and habitat fragmentation, especially in the context of the Atlantic Forest, in addition to hunting and the introduction of exotic species in natural environments, as the domestic dogs. The objective of this study was to accomplish a survey of non-flying mammals and to evaluate the predatory impact of Canis lupus familiaris on this community, in an area selected for the implementation of the future Environmental Protection Area (APAs) 'Morro Branco', at Sítio Morro Branco, Vargem Alta, Espírito Santo State, from february of 2015 to february of 2016. The survey occurred by active search for traces (footprints, feces, and carcasses), and using cage traps and camera traps. Eighteen taxa were registered, distributed in 6 orders and 10 families, totaling 84 individuals. Three taxa were classified as abundant (CTA): Nasua nasua (26%), Canis lupus familiaris (15%), and Didelphis aurita (14%). Four species are threatened with extinction: Puma yagouaroundi, Puma concolor, Mazama Bororo, and Callithrix flaviceps. The technique that registered the highest number of taxa was the record of carcasses of predated animals with 9 species, followed by the visual record with 8 species, and the use of camera trap, registering 7 species. The registration of carcasses of animals predated by Canis lupus familiaris was the method with the largest number of exclusive registrations, as Puma yagouaroundi, Galisctis cuja, and Mazama bororo, registered only in this way. Thirteen animals were found slaughtered, with evident bite marks, corresponding to 18% of the total. The most predated species were Didelphis aurita, Dasypus novemcinctus, and Mazama Americana. Canis lupus familiaris presented a high Relative Abundance (15,48%) in the area, becoming a risk factor for the conservation of endangered species as Puma yagouaroundi, and Puma concolor, which besides attacks, can suffer by competition. It is urgent to take conservationist actions, and to elaborate a management plan for the creation of the Environmental Protection Area (APAs) 'Morro Branco', in view of the effect of exotic animals on native fauna, affecting the conservation of biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carnivores are important elements of Neotropical biomes that are in need of conservation efforts. However, successful conservation methods rely on the identification of accurate evolutionary taxa. Unfortunately, in the case of Procyonidae systematics, there has been little knowledge in some genera. Two of these genera are Nasuella and Nasua, also known as the coatis. Herein, we analyzed a dataset obtained in South America and Central America, containing sequences of three mitochondrial genes (ND5, Cyt-b, and D-loop) collected from 42 mountain coati (Nasuella olivacea) specimens, plus 50 white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) and 51 ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua) (total sample of 143). Our results support four main findings. (1) We detected four significantly different groups of N. olivacea. There were two small groups, one distributed in the Central Colombian Andean Cordillera and Western Ecuadorian Andean Cordillera, and another in the Western Colombian and Ecuadorian Andean Cordilleras. The specimens of these small groups were phenotypically un-differentiable from N. olivacea, but their mtDNA were more related to that of N. nasua than to the mtDNA of the other N. olivacea. The other two groups of N. olivacea contained the major part of the specimens analyzed. One is in the Eastern Colombian Andean Cordillera and is molecularly un-differentiable from the proposed "new" endemic Venezuelan species, Nasuella meridiensis. The ancestor of this group gave origin to another expanded group in the Western and Central Colombian and Ecuadorian Andean Cordilleras. (2) Different analyses (network, temporal splits, genetic diversity analyses) showed that the mitochondrial haplotypes of N. nasua were the first to appear (temporal diversification during the Late Miocene, and Pliocene), followed by the haplotypes of the current groups of Nasuella (temporal diversification during the Pliocene and beginning of the Pleistocene), and then the haplotypes that of the Central American N. narica (temporal diversification during the Pleistocene). Within N. nasua, we detected, at least, four highly differentiated groups that contain cryptic species or highly differentiated subspecies. (3) All of the taxa we analyzed showed high levels of mitochondrial genetic diversity, but N. nasua showed the highest levels, whereas N. narica showed the lowest levels. (4) Some groups of N. olivacea, and N. narica showed Pleistocene population expansions, but all the taxa showed a very strong signal of population declination in the last 20,000 years ago (YA), which could be correlated with the drastic climatic changes in that epoch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free-ranging dogs (Canis familiaris) negatively impact wildlife worldwide. Yet despite being members of the order Carnivora, we have relatively little information on the role that dogs play in carnivore communities. To evaluate if activity patterns of wild carnivores are influenced by the activity of dogs and if the latter is influenced by the activity of pumas (Puma concolor), we placed camera traps in eight protected areas in São Paulo State and in six in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, from 2011 to 2017. We obtained 551 photo-captures of dogs in 20,524 trap nights in 11 of the 14 protected areas. Dogs were active primarily during the day and therefore overlapped mainly with diurnal carnivores, such as tayras (Eira barbara) and coatis (Nasua nasua). Mesocarnivore temporal activity did not appear affected by the activity of dogs, since the activity patterns of tayras, coatis, maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) were similar (from 67 to 82% of overlap) in areas with and without dogs. Further, the activity of dogs was not influenced by puma activity; dog activity patterns in areas with pumas and without pumas overlapped by 84%, with minimal differences. While mesocarnivores might alter their spatial behavior to avoid overlap with dogs, it appears that dog use of protected areas does not result in shifts in the temporal activity of mesocarnivores. Further, we hypothesize that dogs that use protected areas are mostly provisioned by humans (owners), and therefore, their activity patterns may be more related to that of their owners than to the presence of native carnivore species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Currently, there are 21 species of Angiostrongylus that parasitize the pulmonary or mesenteric arteries of wild and domestic rodents, felids, canids and human. Species of Angiostrongylus have cosmopolitan distribution covering tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. The procyonid Nasua nasua (coati) is a reservoir host for a wide variety of parasites that may be harmful to its populations or may contain etiological agents with zoonotic potential. In urban areas, coatis are usually found in close association with humans and domestic animals. We morphologically and molecularly characterized a new species of Angiostrongylus found in N. nasua in a protected area within Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The new species of Angiostrongylus differs from other species of the same genus in terms of the length and bifurcation level of the lateral and ventral rays, the length of spicules and female tail morphology. Molecular phylogenetic results based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene suggest that the newly identified species belongs to a genetic lineage that is separate from other species of Angiostrongylus. This new species was collected from the mesenteric arteries of N. nasua. It was named Angiostrongylus minasensis n. sp..

Wild animals that feed on garbage waste are a problem in ecological parks as it can substantially alter their food ecology. Wild coatis that occupy human recreation areas in parks are often observed feeding on garbage, but the ecological consequences are scarcely known. Forty-four fecal samples from females and 12 from males of wild coatis living in two ecological parks (Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras (PMM) and Parque Nacional do Caparaó (PNC)) were analyzed. Multivariate statistics were applied to evaluate the interaction between four variables (fecal volume, composition, place and sex of coatis). A significant interaction between the parks and sexes with regard to volume and food category was not found. Ungrouped analysis allowed for the identification of a decreasing gradient in volume from PNC males, followed by PNC females, PMM males, and PMM females. We did not find differences between categories of food between males and females from PNC and PMM, except for invertebrates. Females from PNC consumed more invertebrates than males and females of PMM, but we did not find differences from PNC males. The coatis of both parks primarily consume invertebrates and vegetables, but garbage residues were found in their feces. Garbage fragments, such as paper, glass, metal, plastic and rope, cause a risk to the health, compromising the conservation efforts of wild coatis. Actions are needed to prevent the access of coatis to dumps in both parks.

The South American coati Nasua nasua is a relatively common species throughout the Neotropical region. Despite this, ecological information on the species, including its biological interactions and habitat use, is scarce, especially for the Andes. In some regions, Nasua nasua is sympatric with other closely related species of the Procyonidae family, including the mountain coati Nasuella olivacea. Here, we assess the influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the occupancy of these two species and the spatial and temporal bases of their co-occurrence along an elevational gradient. Camera trapping (with 85 camera-trap stations) was conducted during the dry season of 2016 along elevations from 1600 to 3600 m above sea level (m. a. s. l.) in northern Peru. We observed a total of 244 detections for Nasua nasua and 17 for Nasuella olivacea over 9457 cumulative camera-days. Occupancy modelling (Royle-Nichols model) showed that Nasua nasua occupancy was significantly and negatively related to elevation but positively related to forest cover. In contrast, Nasuella olivacea occupancy was significantly and positively related to elevation. In addition, Nasuella olivacea was detected in only 5 of the 45 total sites occupied by Nasua nasua ; therefore, spatial overlap was low. Consequently, co-occurrence modelling based on a Bayesian approach showed no evidence of avoidance between the two coati species. Additionally, activity patterns suggest low levels of temporal overlap; however, we consider this a preliminary finding due to the limited number of detections for Nasuella olivacea. Our results not only increase the understanding of the ecology of both Nasua nasua and Nasuella olivacea but also provide information towards their conservation in this part of their distribution range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northern portion of the Atlantic Forest, namely Pernambuco Endemism Center (PEC), faces an extreme level of forest loss, with only 2% of its original forest remaining. In the PEC, mesocarnivores are the only remaining carnivores and, among them, the ocelot and South American coati present a poorly known or even ignored distribution. Our goal is to provide an overview of the current distribution and conservation status of both species in the PEC through camera trap survey, review of published scientific literature and a search for voucher specimens in mammal collections. Our data confirm the presence of the ocelot and the South America coati in the PEC. The ocelots were mainly recorded in fragments smaller than 12 km2, suggesting they might access the monoculture matrix and anthropogenic areas. The few recent records of coatis suggest a worse scenario, predicting an imminent local extinction. The PEC has witnessed a historical continued deforestation, which has reduced the remaining fragments and contributed to the accentuated decline of both species populations. Nevertheless, these Atlantic Forest remnants are paramount to supporting relict populations of mesocarnivores in the PEC, and their maintenance and connectivity should be a conservation priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: The transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Brazilian Pantanal region has been studied during the last decade. Although considerable knowledge is available regarding the mammalian hosts infected by T. cruzi in this wetland, no studies have investigated its vectors in this region. This study aimed to investigate the presence of sylvatic triatomine species in different habitats of the Brazilian Pantanal region and to correlate their presence with the occurrences of vertebrate hosts and T. cruzi infection.METHODS: The fieldwork involved passive search by using light traps and Noireau traps and active search by visual inspection. The light traps were placed at five selected points along forested areas for seven nights during each of the nine excursions. At each point where a light trap was set, eight Noireau traps were placed in palm trees and bromeliads.RESULTS: In all, 88 triatomine bugs were collected: two and one individuals from light traps and Noireau traps, respectively; three from peridomestic areas; 23 in coati nests; and 59 in thornbird nests. In this study, active search in microhabitats showed higher efficiency than passive search, since 95% of the triatomine bugs were caught in nests. Further, triatomine bugs were only found to be infected by T. cruzi in coati nests.CONCLUSIONS: Coati nests might act as a point of convergence and dispersion for triatomine bugs and mammal hosts infected by T. cruzi, thereby playing an important role in the sylvatic cycle of T. cruziin the Pantanal region.

Background: Coatis (Nasua nasua) have easy interaction with man, besides being sociable and curious animals. The proximity to urbanized areas encourages them to intake food from anthropogenic sources, and it can change their eating habits and make them prone to obesity. The body condition evaluates the animals' energetic status and measures variations in their body fat reserves. There are direct-invasive methods and indirect methods that rely on size and body mass to evaluate the body condition, like body condition score and body mass index. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess different methods to determine the body condition of wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in urban areas. Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen wild coatis (Nasua nasua), nine females and seven males, were captured at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, in pitfalls. The animals were anesthetized with ketamine and midazolam and subjected to biometric evaluation after physical exams proved normal. The following variables were analyzed: body weight, body condition score (BCS) based on the five-point scale for dogs, thoracic and abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus. Two body mass index (BMI) were calculated from these data, one was based on dogs (BMI1) and another one on cats (BMI2), as well as the body fat percentage (%BF). Results showed that 25% of the assessed coatis were overweight. Body weight, thoracic and abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus were significantly higher in males than in females and the other assessed parameters did not present differences between sexes. The correlation between fat percentage and body weight was significant, and that between fat percentage and BCS was not. There was closer correlation between BMI2 and body weight, and BCS, than between BMI1 and these two parameters. Discussion: Anthropogenic interactions could change the body condition of these animals and make them prone to obesity, since their body condition scores were altered. With regard to the nutritional body condition, although males were bigger than females, the measures did not show significant differences between them. Results of this parameter varied in different studies with coatis, some studies have shown that males have body mass 1/3 higher than that of females and others have not recorded any difference between sexes. Fat percentage estimated through the metrics used in cats is not a good method when it is applied alone in body condition evaluations. A study that has correlated body mass, body condition score, body fat estimates, body mass index and abdominal circumference recorded positive results between these two evaluation methods. Such finding corroborated with the present study, but it was differed from it in abdominal circumference, which did not correlate to the two body mass indices and to body fat percentage. Therefore, it is possible saying that there is biometric difference between male and female coatis. The body condition score adopted for dogs was efficient for coatis (Nasua nasua), as well as the body mass index used for dogs and cats - the one used for cats was even more efficient. The proximity wild coatis (Nasua nasua) have to humans could change the body condition of these animals and make them prone to obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Associations with environmental and host parameters were assessed to describe tick parasitism patterns in two medium-sized mammals of the Atlantic rainforest region of Argentina. Ticks found on 93 specimens of Nasua nasua and 26 specimens of Didelphis aurita captured at six sites in the Iguazú National Park were collected. Generalized linear models were constructed to explain the presence and abundance of ticks and the most appropriate ones were selected after stepwise simplification. The season, site and host body mass variables were important to explain the abundance of Amblyomma coelebs nymphs, while site was important to describe larval abundance of this species. Season was the most important variable for larvae and nymphs of Haemaphysalis juxtakochi , while Amblyomma brasiliense nymphs were associated with host age. Amblyomma ovale larvae were related to host age, and adult ticks with host sex. The results indicate that these medium-sized mammals are important to support the immature tick stages and that both host and environmental factors may be associated with parasite loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of Trypanosoma spp. in wild carnivore populations has been intensively investigated during the last decades. However, the impact of these parasites on the health of free-living infected animals has been largely neglected. The Pantanal biome is the world’s largest seasonal wetland, harboring a great diversity of species and habitats. This includes 174 species of mammals, of which 20 belong to the order Carnivora. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma cruzi infections and coinfections on the health of the most abundant carnivores in the Pantanal: coati (Nasua nasua), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). We captured 39 coatis, 48 crab-eating foxes, and 19 ocelots. Diagnostic tests showed T. cruzi infection in 7 crab-eating foxes and 5 coatis. Additionally, 7 crab-eating foxes, 10 coatis, and 12 ocelots were positive for T. evansi. We observed coinfections in 9 crab-eating foxes, 8 coatis, and 2 ocelots. This is the first report of T. evansi and T. cruzi infection on the health of free-living ocelots and crab-eating foxes. We showed that single T. evansi or T. cruzi infection, as well as coinfection, caused some degree of anemia in all animals, as well as an indirect negative effect on body condition in coatis and crab-eating foxes via anemia indicators and immune investment, respectively. Furthermore, the vigorous immune investment observed in sampled coatis, crab-eating foxes and ocelots infected by T. evansi, T. cruzi and coinfected can be highly harmful to their health. Overall, our results indicate that single and combined infection with T. evansi and T. cruzi represent a severe risk to the health of wild carnivores in the Pantanal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemoparasites are vector-borne parasites that infect wild carnivores worldwide. Since data on hemoparasite infections in Nasua nasua from Brazil are lacking, the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of hemoparasites and ectoparasites in N. nasua from different areas of Brazil. Blood samples and ectoparasites from 83 N. nasua were collected in Botucatu, Palmital, and São Paulo municipalities. Samples were screened via microscopy and molecular methods to detect hemoparasites. Tissues from two N. nasua were obtained for histopathological and molecular analyses. All 83 samples were negative for piroplasms on morphological and molecular examination. Thin blood smears of nine animals were positive for Hepatozoon gamonts. The gamonts shared morphological characteristics of Hepatozoon procyonis. Meronts were detected in the liver and spleen tissue of one animal. Twenty-one blood samples and four tissue samples were PCR positive for Hepatozoon sp. The sequences obtained were 97% identical to those of Hepatozoon felis, Hepatozoon ursi, and Hepatozoon sp. Based on searches for similarity and morphology, we identified the sequences as belonging to H. procyonis. This study provides epidemiological data on hemoparasite infections and redescribe H. procyonis based on morphological, morphometrical, and molecular analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing the nest site to raise a litter has consequences on female fitness in mammalian species with no male participation in the parental care. We accidentally video recorded a coati's nest appropriation by a female opossum Didelphis aurita, at Parque Ecológico do Tietê, State of São Paulo, Brazil. For 29 days, from December 22, 2011, to January 19th, 2012, the activity of the female was video recorded 24h/day with a camera trap installed close to the nest. At her first appearance, she had infants in her pouch. After taking leaves to the nest twice on the first night, she kept a routine of going out after sunset and returning to the nest before dawn, carrying leaves on the tail on seven occasions. During the last days of recording, infants were seen attached to the female's body. Another episode of a female opossum with infants using a nest previously constructed by a coati was registered in 2013. To our knowledge, this is the first continuous description of the daily activity of opossums during the nesting phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A serological survey in free-ranging crab-eating foxes (Canidae: Cerdocyon thous) and brown-nosed coatis (Procyonidae: Nasua nasua) was performed in the Nhecolândia sub-region of the Brazilian Pantanal to evaluate the presence of anti-smooth Brucella antibodies on those wild populations. The detection of anti-smooth Brucella antibodies was performed by the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) as screening test and the Fluorescence Polarization Assay (FPA) as a confirmatory test. The frequency of smooth Brucella seropositive animals were 13.2% (5/38, 95% CI: 4.4% - 28.1%) for crab-eating foxes and 8.8% (3/34, 95% CI: 1.9% -23.7%) for brown-nosed coatis. No association was found between seropositivity for brucellosis and gender or age. The results of this study suggest exposure to or infection of crab-eating fox and brown-nosed coati from the Brazilian Pantanal by Brucella spp

Habitat fragmentation reduces biodiversity and affects ecological processes that are fundamental for maintaining ecosystem services. We investigated how landscape structure-percent forest cover, patch density, percent cover by edge, perimeter-area ratio, and spatial heterogeneity-affects the diversity of mammalian carnivores at multiple extents within 22 Atlantic Forest landscapes. We hypothesized that 1) species richness of carnivores is positively related to forest cover; and 2) the occurrence of species will vary according to its sensitivity to forest loss and its preference for forest or open areas. Species richness, composition, and occurrence of mammalian carnivores were correlated with several landscape structure metrics. Due to a high correlation among the metrics, we adopted forest cover as the principal predictor variable. We compared a forest cover model to a null model using Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), and evaluated other fragmentation metrics using a redundancy analysis. Carnivore species richness was positively related to forest cover and negatively associated with other fragmentation metrics. However, the responses to landscape structure differed among species, possibly due to their differences in habitat use. Landscape configuration is an important factor influencing carnivore species composition. Forest cover can explain some, but not all, carnivore species occurrence. Our results reinforce the protection of forests as fundamental to the conservation of carnivore species and the ecological processes in which they participate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of times chemical restraint and general anesthesia are necessary in Koatis for clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, immunoprophylaxis, and biological sample collection. However, there is limited information about anesthesia in this species. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the cardiorespiratory effects; anesthetic quality and occurrence of complications in Coatis (Nasua nasua) anesthetized using two different protocols. Seven coatis received ketamine, midazolam and pethidine, IM, for chemical restraint. In a crossover design, the animals were distributed in two groups. In the propofol group (PG) the anesthesia was induced and maintained with continuous intravenous infusion of propofol. In the isoflurane group (IG) anesthesia was induced by facial mask and maintained with isoflurane. Anesthetic procedure lasted 60 min in both groups. Cardiorespiratory variables were evaluated, latency for chemical restraint, and induction, extubation and recovery times were also registered. The respiratory rate and temperature decreased during the anesthetic procedure, however statistical differences were not observed between groups or between times. All animals in GP were in apnea with 0.4 mg/kg/min of propofol. Arterial systolic pressure values were higher in PG than in IG during the anesthesia, but statistical differences were observed at 20 minutes of anesthesia only. Induction, extubation, and recovery times were significantly higher in PG than in IG and recovery was uneventful in both groups. It was concluded that the two anesthetic techniques are suitable and safe for coatis. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol provides more cardiovascular stability than isoflurane, and although respiratory depression is a potential complication, is easily overcome with prompt ventilatory support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensely eosinophilic and glassy intracytoplasmic inclusions were present in the neurons of the peripheral autonomic ganglia, Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexus, and spinal ganglia in 20 aged white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica, 7–19 years old) and in 4 of 7 brown-nosed coatis (Nasua nasua, 2–21 years old) from multiple zoological institutions. Inclusions were single to numerous, sometimes distorting the cell. Pheochromocytomas were present in 5 of 16 white-nosed and 2 of 6 brown-nosed coatis, although no inclusions were present in the adrenal glands. Histochemically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally, these inclusions were consistent with dense neurosecretory granules. Although similar inclusions have been reported sporadically in the adrenal medulla of humans and several other mammalian species as both incidental and pathologic findings, ganglionic inclusions reported herein appear to be unique and related to age in these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemoplasmas were detected in two apparently healthy captive South American coatis ( Nasua nasua ) from southern Brazil during an investigation for vector-borne pathogens. Blood was subjected to packed cell volume (PCV) determination, a commercial real-time PCR panel for the detection of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Bartonella spp., Hepatozoon spp., Leishmania spp., Mycoplasma haemofelis , ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’, ‘ Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’, Neorickettsia risticii , Rickettsia rickettsii and Leptospira spp., and a pan-hemoplasma conventional PCR assay. PCV was normal, but both coatis tested positive for hemoplasmas and negative for all the remaining pathogens tested. Using different techniques for microscopy (light, confocal or SEM), structures compatible with hemoplasmas were identified. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified an organism resembling Mycoplasma haemofelis and another hemotropic Mycoplasma sp., with a sequence identity of 96.8% to a Mycoplasma sp. previously detected in capybaras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zoonotic enteroparasitosis represent an important public health problem, and species of protozoa such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. can reach high frequencies in regions where basic sanitation conditions are poor, which promotes outbreaks of diarrhea in humans and domestic and wild animals. Wild mammals such as the South American coati (Nasua nasua) feed on insects present in the soil, fruits, and small vertebrates, and are susceptible to contamination by enteroparasites present in the environmental niche. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in N. nasua from a region in the Brazilian Amazon. Fecal samples of 27 coatis two from free-living and 25 from captivity were collected in three different municipalities in the state of Pará, Brazil. The search for Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in the collected samples were performed using the direct and Kinyoun methods, respectively, and a commercial immunological test (RIDA®QUICK Cryptosporidium/Giardia Combi. ®R-Biopharm) was used to detect antigens from both parasites. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were found in 11.1% (3/27) of the samples; one from a free-living animal and two from captive animals. Giardia spp. cysts were found in 11.1% (3/27) of the samples, all from captive animals. This is the first report of infection by these protozoans in this coati's species in the North region of Brazil; the South American coati may be participating as maintainers and disseminators of infectious agents to the environment and other hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatozoon parasites comprise intracellular apicomplexan parasites transmitted to vertebrate animals by ingestion of arthropods definitive hosts. The present work aimed to investigate the occurrence of Hepatozoon spp. in wild animals, domestic dogs and their respective ectoparasites, in southern Pantanal region, central-western Brazil, by molecular techniques. Between August 2013 and March 2015, 31 coatis ( Nasua nasua ), 78 crab-eating foxes ( Cerdocyon thous ), seven ocelots ( Leopardus pardalis ), 42 dogs ( Canis lupus familiaris ), 110 wild rodents (77 Thichomys fosteri, 25 Oecomys mamorae, and 8 Clyomys laticeps ), 30 marsupials (14 Thylamys macrurus, 11 Gracilinanus agilis, 4 Monodelphis domestica and 1 Didelphis albiventris ), and 1582 ticks and 80 fleas collected from the sampled animals were investigated. DNA samples were submitted to PCR assays for Hepatozoon spp. targeting 18S rRNA gene. Purified amplicons were directly sequenced and submitted to phylogenetic analysis. A high prevalence of Hepatozoon among carnivores ( C. thous [91.02%], dogs [45.23%], N. nasua [41.9%] and L. pardalis [71.4%]) was found. However, ticks and fleas were negative to Hepatozoon PCR assays. By phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA sequences, Hepatozoon sequences amplified from crab-eating foxes, dogs, coatis and ocelots clustered with sequences of H. canis, H. americanum and H. felis. The closely related positioning of Hepatozoon sequences amplified from wild rodents and T. macrurus marsupial to Hepatozoon from reptiles and amphibians suggest a possible transmission of those Hepatozoon species between hosts by ectoparasites or by predation. Hepatozoon haplotypes found circulating in wild rodents seem to present a higher degree of polymorphism when compared to those found in other groups of animals. Although rodents seem not to participate as source of Hepatozoon infection to wild carnivores and domestic dogs, they may play an important role in the transmission of Hepatozoon to reptiles and amphibians in Pantanal biome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasua nasua é um animal onívoro, encontrado em todo Brasil. A reprodução da espécie ocorre somente uma vez ao ano, na primavera. As fêmeas são matriarcas e amamentam suas crias até os 5 meses de idade, vivem com seus filhotes em bandos de até 30 indivíduos. Para descrição morfológica da glândula mamaria do Nasua nasua foram utilizados seis animais provenientes do Criatório Cientifico (Cecrimpas), Unifeob. Autorizado pelo Ibama (Proc.02027.002322/98-99). Para análise macroscópica um animal foi injetado com látex neoprene, sendo a artéria femoral injetada com látex de cor vermelha e a veia jugular de cor azul. Os demais animais foram fixados em solução aquosa a 10% de formaldeído. Para análise microscópica, fragmentos glandulares foram coletados e submetidos ao processo rotineiro, embebido em parafina e corados com Hematoxilina e Eosina, Picrossírius e Azul de Toluidina. Macroscopicamente foram evidenciados três pares de glândulas mamárias, sendo dois pares posicionados na região abdominal e um par na região inguinal. Microscopicamente, notou-se epitélio de revestimento externo das papilas mamárias, epitélio pavimentoso estratificado queratinizado, o qual seguia por toda glândula de forma irregular. Na entrada do óstio, o epitélio da epiderme era modificado ocorrendo uma transição de epitélio pavimentoso estratificado para um epitélio cúbico no ducto papilar. O parênquima glandular era caracteristicamente túbulo alveolar com células secretoras, evidenciado principalmente no animal lactente. Os resultados macroscópicos e microscópicos assemelham-se aos já descritos nas cadelas (Canis familiaris) e os do Procyon cancrivorus pertencente à mesma família do quati, Família Procyonidae.

Treze quatis (Nasua nasua) oriundos do Parque Zoológico da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso foram contidos quimicamente e submetidos a diversos procedimentos radiográficos. Foram realizadas radiografias dos membros torácicos, membros pélvicos, tórax, abdome, pescoço e crânio. As imagens obtidas foram comparadas com peça anatômica e com imagens radiográficas de caninos. Foram realizadas descrições da morfologia radiográfica de vísceras e de estruturas esqueléticas e disponibilizadas imagens das principais projeções radiográficas da espécie. As principais diferenças entre a morfologia radiográfica dos membros de quatis e de caninos ficaram limitadas às mãos e aos pés. Os quatis apresentaram 5 dígitos bem desenvolvidos com os metacarpos e os metatarsos levemente mais curtos do que os dígitos correspondentes. Essa espécie apresentou 7 vértebras cervicais, 15 torácicas, 5 vértebras lombares e 3 sacrais (fusionadas). Os seios frontais mostraram-se mais amplos, com extensão cranial entre o osso maxilar e o nasal, e numerosos septos bem evidentes. A dentição observada foi I 3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/2 = 40 e as principais vísceras torácicas e abdominais apresentaram aspectos anatômico e radiográfico similares às descritas para caninos.

Estudou-se a morfologia do encéfalo de Nasua nasua - quati, buscando comparar estes achados com outras espécies já descritos. Foram utilizados cinco encéfalos de quatis, provenientes do Criatório Científico (Cecrimpas), Unifeob. Os animais foram eutanásiados de acordo com a legislação (Cobea). Canulou-se a artéria carótida comum e a veia jugular externa sentido cranial, injetou-se solução de látex/bário corado de vermelho na artéria carótida, e solução de látex corado de azul na veia jugular. Em seguida os animais fixados em solução de formaldeído a 10%. O encéfalo tem sua nutrição dependente de quatro artérias, as artérias carótidas internas e as artérias vertebrais direitas e esquerdas. Esses vasos compuseram o circuito basilar e carotídeo que se anastomosam através das artérias cerebrais caudais. Correm na base do encéfalo sob a meninge pia mater.

O quati (Nasua nasua) é um animal que pertence à Família Procyonidae. Foram utilizados três animais ortotanasiados, de ambos os sexos, provenientes do Criatório Científico de Animais Silvestres, Centro Universitário Fundação de Ensino Octávio Bastos (Cecrimpas, Unifeob) autorizado pelo IBAMA (Proc.02027.003731/04-76). Para a análise macroscópica, as línguas foram retiradas, analisadas e foto-documentadas. Para análise microscópica, as línguas foram processadas rotineiramente pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e inclusão em Paraplast; pela técnica de microscopia de luz os fragmentos foram cortados em micrótomo, com espessura média de 5mm e corados em HE e Picrosírius com fundo de hematoxilina. Os resultados macroscópicos e microscópicos mostram que a língua do quati apresenta papilas filiformes, fungiformes, valadas e cônicas sendo estas distribuídas nas regiões rostralis, medialis e caudalis. Histologicamente, a língua do quati é revestida por um epitélio pavimentoso estratificado queratinizado apresentando camada basal, espinhosa, granulosa e córnea com fibras de músculos estriados esqueléticos longitudinais e transversais e diversas glândulas. De acordo com os resultados pode-se concluir que a língua do quati possui características macroscópicas e microscópicas semelhantes aos canídeos, tendo como diferença o número de papilas valadas e o grau de queratinização.

O quati (Nasua nasua), é um mamífero onívoro, amplamente distribuído pela América do sul e encontrado em todo Brasil. A evolução provocou nos dentes dos mamíferos múltiplas variações, adequando às mais diversas dietas. Por essas variações nos dentes é possível classificar os vertebrados em ordem, gênero e família. Portanto este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever e classificar morfologicamente os dentes de machos e fêmeas de N. nausa, a fim de classificá-los e compará-los entre si e com a morfologia dos dentes de Canis familiaris descrita na literatura. Neste estudo foram utilizados cinco animais Nasua nasua, adultos, de ambos os sexos, cedidas pelo Criatório Cientifico Cecrimpas (Unifeob). Dois deles macerados tiveram a cavidade oral exposta para a realização da documentação fotográfica da posição dos dentes, outros três, os dentes foram submetidos à descalcificação e processamento e embebição em parafina para observação histológica. Na cavidade oral de N. nasua, devido ao dimorfismo sexual, foi possível comparar a dentição do macho e da fêmea macroscopicamente. A fêmea apresentou dentes menores, caninos arredondados e o macho, caninos maiores. Os animais apresentaram a fórmula dentária 2x(I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/2) (I=incisivos, C=caninos, P=pré-molares e M=molares) = 40. Microscopicamente todos os dentes foram classificados como braquidontes, pois o esmalte é depositado sobre a dentina. Este tipo de dente não tem erupção constante como o hipsodonte, pois seu esmalte permanece intacto até a época de erupção. Seus dentes também foram classificados como anelodontes, por ter um período limitado de características de crescimento.

Coatis (Nasua nasua) are terrestrials, despite their extreme ease of climbing trees, and have a complex social structure, where the males are solitary outside the reproductive season and the females live in groups with their pups and juveniles for most of the year. This study aimed to describe the use of habitat and social structure of a coati group in the Cantareira State Park, a fragment of the Atlantic Forest located in the metropolitan area of São Paulo. The behavior of these animals was observed in the fragment twice per week. The results showed that it was similar to that described in the literature, with a preference for the ground habitat rather than trees, the fact that the males are solitary (except at the time of reproduction), and the gregarious habit of females and their pups and juveniles.

The brown-nosed coati (Nasua nasua) is a carnivorous species found in all the Brazilian biomes, some of which are endangered areas. The aim of this work was to determine the habitat use and selection, home range and core area of N. nasua in the Cerrado biome, central region of Tocantins, Brazil. The study was carried out in an area of approximately 20 000ha from May 2000 to July 2002. A total of seven box traps were placed in the area for 13 months, three of 11 captured animals were followed and monitored by radio-tracking during 13 months. The monitoring was conducted once a day, three times a week using a car and walking through the study area (radio-tracking and visual contact). The results demonstrate that these three males used more frequently the gallery forest formation, followed by cerrado and wetlands. The use of gallery forest by these animals indicated an habitat selection (Proportion test, z=12.98, p< 0.01). Besides, adult males used the gallery forest more frequently (Fisher’s exact test, pEl coatí Nasua nasua es una especie de prociónido que se distribuye en todos los biomas brasileños, algunos de los cuales son zonas amenazadas. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios sobre el uso de hábitat, área de acción y centro de esta especie. En el bioma Cerrado de la región central de Tocantins, Brasil se determinó el uso y selección de hábitat, área de acción y centro de N. nasua. El estudio se llevó a cabo en un área de aproximadamente 20 000 has de mayo 2000 a Julio 2002. Durante 13 meses se colocaron en la zona siete trampas, tres de 11 animales capturados fueron seguidos y controlados por radio-seguimiento por un periodo de 13 meses. El monitoreo se llevó a cabo una vez al día, tres veces por semana, caminando por el área de estudio o en carro (radio-seguimiento y contacto visual). Los resultados del estudio demostraron que los tres individuos ocuparon más frecuentemente las formaciones de bosque de galería, seguido por cerrado y bosque húmedo. Las áreas de acción variaron entre 2.20 y 7.55km² para el polígono mínimo convexo (PMC), y de 4.38 a 13.32 para la media harmónica MH 95%. El área centro (MH 75%) fue equivalente a 21.29% del área de acción calculada para la media harmónica MH 95%. Este estudio provee información útil para los esfuerzos de conservación de la especie en el Cerrado brasileño, ya que proporciona nueva información sobre el tamaño del área centro y la frecuencia de uso de hábitat de dos machos adultos y un jóven de N. nasua.

Dioctophymosis is a worldwide renal parasitosis caused by the Dioctophyma renale nematode, which results in progressive destruction of renal tissue. Aquatics annelids are considered the main intermediate hosts and the literature refers as permanent hosts of dogs, wild mammals and even humans. During procedures for population control of coatis (Nasua nasua) in the Ecological Park of Tietê (PET), was noticed the presence of parasitosis by D. renale. From 68 animals, males and females, young and adults, submitted to exploratory laparotomy, 51 were positive for the presence of worms, 9 were found only in the right kidney. In 10 cases, in addition to right kidney parasitism, worms were also observed in the abdominal cavity. In 24 cases D. renale was found only in the abdominal cavity and in 8 animals the right kidney was reduced to a small rigid structure. The study showed that the preferred site for parasitism of the worm, considered erratic, was the abdominal cavity in 66.66% of the cases.A dioctofimose é uma parasitose renal causada pelo nematóide Dioctophyma renale conhecida por gerar a destruição progressiva do parênquima renal. Anelídeos de água doce são considerados os principais hospedeiros intermediários e a literatura refere como hospedeiros definitivos cães domésticos, mamíferos selvagens e até seres humanos. Durante procedimentos de controle populacional de quatis (Nasua nasua) no Parque Ecológico do Tietê (PET), evidenciou-se a presença do parasitismo por D. renale. Sessenta e oito animais foram submetidos à laparotomia, machos e fêmeas, jovens e adultos, dos quais 51 foram positivos para presença do parasita. Em 9 animais o parasita esteve presente apenas no rim direito; em 10 animais D. renale parasitava o rim direito e a cavidade abdominal simultaneamente. Em outros 24 quatis o parasita foi encontrado apenas na cavidade abdominal e em 8 animais o rim direito foi reduzido apenas a uma pequena estrutura rígida. O estudo demonstrou que para este hospedeiro (Nasua nasua), o rim direito não parece ser local de escolha do parasita, já que o encontro do verme em 66,6% dos casos foi a cavidade abdominal.

Leptospirosis is a worldwide infection that affects many species, including wild animals. The present study aimed to detect Leptospira spp. antibodies in 17 captive coatis (Nasua nasua) by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Nine (52.94%) animals tested positive and the following serovars were identified: Copenhageni (22.22%), Shermani (22.22%), Andamana (11.11%), Wolfii (11.11%) and Pyrogenes (11.11%). Two samples presented coagglutination, one (11.11%) for Hebdomadis and Wolfii, and another (11.11%) for Hebdomadis, Hardjo and Wolfii. The current study revealed the presence of the infection even in animals without any clinical signs, reinforcing the possibility that wild animals in captivity may be infected by leptospire serovars, thus enabling reservoirs.

The species in the genus Neotrichodectes (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) infest carnivores. Neotrichodectes (Nasuicola) pallidus (Piaget, 1880), which has been primarily found parasitizing Procyonidae mammals, has been recorded in ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco. We report a new record of N. pallidus in coatis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, central-western Brazil, using morphological (Light and Scanning Electronic Microscopy) and molecular approaches (PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis). Coatis were sampled in two peri-urban areas of Campo Grande city, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, between March 2018 and March 2019, as well as in November 2021. Lice were collected and examined under light and Scanning Electron Microscopy. DNA was also extracted from nymphs and adults and submitted to PCR assays based on the 18S rRNA and cox-1 genes for molecular characterization. One hundred and one coatis were sampled from 2018 to 2019 and 20 coatis in 2021 [when the intensity of infestation (II) was not accessed]. Twenty-six coatis (26/101-25.7%) were infested with at least one louse, with a total of 59 lice collected in 2018-2019. The II ranged from one to seven lice (mean 2.2 ± SD 1.7). The louse species was confirmed based on the following morphological characteristics: female gonapophyses rounded with the setae along anterior region but not in the medial margin; the male genitalia with a parameral arch not extending beyond the endometrial plate. The same ornamentation was observed on the abdomen of the females, males, and nymphs. The nymphs and the eggs were described in detail for the first time. The obtained 18S rRNA and cox1 sequences from N. pallidus clustered in a clade with other sequences of Ischnocera species. In the present study, a new record of the louse N. pallidus in central-western Brazil was provided, along with new insights into the morphological features of this species, with the first morphology contribution of nymphal and eggs stages., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this work was to describe the morphology of the male genital organs in Nasua nasua. Five coati from the CECRIMPAS Scientific Breeding School were used (UNIfeob). The humanely sacrificed animals were fixed in formaldehyde solution 10% and were subsequently dissected. For light microscopic examination, pieces from the genital organs were used that had been processed and immersed in paraffin, cut and stained, for photo documentation. Macroscopically, the penis of the Nasua nasua was not suspended, but was stuck to the abdominal skin in two of the sexually immature animals, while in the three other mature animals, the penis was suspended between the pelvic members. Surrounding the most distal portion of the prepuce, a gland with a white, pasty secretion was observed. The head of the penis presented a proximal dilatation, hard to the touch, that was constituted on the widest part of baculum. The position of the testes inside the scrotum was horizontal. The prostate gland was in globoid form surrounding the urethra. Microscopically, the testes were coated by dense connective tissue, the tunica albuginea. The ductus epididymis was coated by pseudostratified epithelia with stereocilia. The urethra of the penis was surrounded by the corpus spongiosum and the remaining portion presented a corpus cavernosum (erectile tissue).

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The White-nosed coati or tejon, Nasua narica, is relatively common within terrestrial mammal communities though little information on its population ecology has been gathered in certain regions. This study evaluates the band size, activity pattern and occupancy of N. narica at Los Chimalapas, in the eastern region of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, a biodiverse region. It is expected that band size will be greater and activity time will differ from that of predators. Camera traps were used to record the species (2011–2013) in a rainforest at Southeastern Mexico. Band size and activity pattern were calculated based on photographic records. Activity pattern was compared between seasons and with that of predators. The spatial distribution of activity, as well as relationship to the proximity of water, populated areas, crops and the presence of predators, was evaluated with occupancy models. Average band size was 9.03±0.52 individuals. As expected, N. narica presented principally diurnal activity and its activity patterns did not differ seasonally, but differed significantly from those of its predators. The occupancy probability of N. narica was 0.66 and the detection probability was higher in proximity to the nearby village. The population of N. narica at Los Chimalapas may be considered similar to other regions, particularly the band size; predator activity patterns may be an important factor in the activity of N. narica, but not in its occupancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Trypanosoma cruzi is dispersed in nature through many transmission mechanisms among a high diversity of vectors and mammalian species, representing particular behaviors and habitats. Thus, each locality has a unique set of conditions underlying the maintenance of this parasite in the wild. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the life-cycle of T. cruzi in free-ranging coatis from the central region of the Brazilian Pantanal using a multi-factorial approach. Methods: Three methodological blocks were used in the present study: (i) We evaluated T. cruzi infection using serological (ELISA) and parasitological (hemoculture) tests in free-ranging coatis captured from October 2010 to March 2012. In addition, we characterized T. cruzi isolates as DTUs (Discrete Typing Units); (ii) We evaluated Trypanosoma infection in species of Triatoma and Rhodnius inhabiting coati arboreal nests from May to September 2012 using parasitological and molecular assays; and (iii) We analyzed a set of longitudinal data (from 2005 to 2012) concerning the effects of T. cruzi infection on this coati population. Herein, we investigated whether seasonality, host sex, and host age influence T. cruzi prevalence and patterns of infection. Results: The 2010-2012 period presented high seroprevalence on coatis (72.0 % ELISA) and a high percentage of individuals with infectivity competence (20.5 % positive hemoculture). All isolates presented TcI band patterns, occurring in single (n = 3) and mixed infections (1 TcI/T. rangeli; 4 with undefined characterization). Both male and female individuals presented the same transmission potential, expressed as positive hemoculture, which was only detected in the summer. However, overall, the data (2005-2012) highlighted the importance of females for T. cruzi maintenance in the winter. Moreover, twenty-three (67.6 %) bugs from five coati nests (71.4 %) were infected with flagellated forms. Seventeen samples were characterized as T. cruzi (TcI and TcIII genotypes). Conclusion: In the Pantanal region, T. cruzi is transmitted in a complex, multifactorial, dynamic and non-linear transmission web. The coati nests might be inserted in this web, acting as important transmission foci at the arboreal stratum to different mammal species with arboreal or scansorial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of Clostridium perfringens for most wild animal species remains unclear. This study aimed to isolate and genotype C. perfringens in stool samples from free-living South American coati ( Nasua nasua) in Brazil. Forty-six free-living N. nasua were trapped and stool samples were collected. Two different protocols for C. perfringens isolation were tested: direct plating onto selective agar and pre-enrichment in broth followed by plating in selective agar. Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from 15 (32.6%) animals by direct plating and 36 (78.3%) animals by broth PE, and the rate of isolation was significantly different between these two methods ( P < 0.01). Twelve of the 36 (33.3%) isolated strains by the PE protocol were positive for the β-2 toxin-encoding gene ( cpb2) whereas the enterotoxin-encoding gene ( cpe) and necrotic enteritis like-B toxin gene ( netb) were not found. These results suggest that C. perfringens is commonly part of the microbiota of free-living coatis. Additionally, the use of a PE protocol appears to be essential for studies on C. perfringens in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Nasua nasua is broadly distributed geographically and relatively common, it is still little studied. This paper reports observations of coatis in an Atlantic Forest area, the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB) in São Paulo State, Brazil. The social structure of coatis at PECB seems to be the same related in the literature. The mating season appears to be August-September and the pups are born in October-November. Coatis are mainly arboreal at the PECB, contrasting with habits reported in the data from other areas. This preference for the arboreal stratum no doubt is related to their foraging in epiphytic bromeliads, which occurred in 90.6% of the instances in which they were observed feeding. Bromeliads are a rich food source much more common in the Atlantic Forest than in other areas where coatis have been observed. This result suggests that this species is able to adjust its foraging and strata preferences to different environments without changing its basic social structure.