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Nutrient enrichment in water and sediments due to excessive anthropogenic activities in recent years has caused excessive algal growth in the Caspian Sea. The current study was conducted to determine the abundance of phytoplankton community, the dominant species and chlorophyll-a [Chl-a] concentration during algal blooms in the Iranian coastal waters of Caspian Sea through four seasons from 2013 to 2014. The minimum and maximum phytoplankton abundance recorded were 73±31 and 505±55 million cells m-3 in summer and winter, respectively. The median concentration of Chl-a increased to 5.81 mg m -3 in autumn, as compared to the annual median value (2.43 mg m^-3 ). The results indicated that the bloom started in autumn and it continued falling with a low concentration during winter (Chl-a: 2.59 mg m^-3). The three species Stephanodiscus socialis, Binuclearia lauterbornii and Thalassionema nitzschioides were classified in medium bloom class (100-1000 million cells m^-3) in spring, summer and autumn, respectively. While in winter Pseudonitzschia seriata (harmful species) and Dactyliosolen fragilissima were classified in medium bloom class with high relative frequency. The scaling of bloom abundance revealed that bloom initiation coincided with 10 million cells m^-3 of the dominant phytoplankton species. The bloom at the regions with more than 100 million cells m^-3 of total phytoplankton abundance and dominant species was overlapped with the bloom regions based on Chl-a concentration.

This study was conducted to determine heavy metals (Cu, Mo, As, Hg) in fish species of Aras River (East Azerbaijan) at four stations (From Julfa to 25km after Nourdos border) during four seasons from 2015 to 2016. Thirty eight specimens of fish were collected by using of electrofishing as the main method for sampling. The amounts of heavy metals were measured by using an atomic spectrophotometer in the muscle tissue of specimens. Bioaccumulation factor was also calculated for each species. The amount of bioaccumulation factor for molybdenum was the highest and the arsenic had the lowest amount. The highest concentration of copper was in Barbus lacerta with a mean of 13.6 ± 11.3μg /g dry weight and for the molybdenum, Alburnoides bipunctatus had the highest mean concentration (11.7±4.9) μg / g dry weight. The average concentration of mercury (13.1 ± 1.5 μg / kg dry weight) was highest in Alburnus alburnus. Regarding the arsenic elements, as it was analyzed in a small number of specimens, the highest concentrations were recorded in Alburnoides bipunctatus. According to ANOVA, there were a significant difference between mean concentration of copper in different species (p

Different studies on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) has performed in Iran, but less noted in water quality conditions. Water quality, in addition to creating optimal environment for the growth of vannamei shrimp, as well as cause the live food production and improve economic performance are produced. This study was conducted to evaluate the water quality environment vannamei shrimp in the south of Caspian Sea (Mazandaran province) and in the Caspian Ecology Reaserch Center. The results showed that the enrichment of water out of the ponds, can provide favorable conditions for water quality in the culture of vannamei shrimp with different densities.As a result, Mazandaran province environmental conditions (particularly temperature and salinity of the Caspian Sea) has perfectly suited for optimal growth vannamei shrimp. Therefore, vannamei shrimp (PL12) achieved a final individual weight of 21.1gr in a period culture of 85-day with a density of 35 ind/m2. Also, The nutrients and water quality parameters (Temperature: 27.4±1.79 ° C, Transparency: 10.7±1.2 cm, Salinity: 10.57±0.78 psu, pH: 8.42±0.38, Dissolved Oxygen 8.04±1.35 mg per liter) were within normal limits during the cultuer peirod. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

This study was conducted to determine water quality and sediment of Aras River based on environmental parameters, metals (Mo, Cu, As, Hg) and determine of heavy metals in fish species at four stations (From Julfa to 25km after Nourdos border) during four seasons from 2015 to 2016. All samples were carried out standard methods using titration and spectrophotometer instruments. Result showed that range of water and weather temperature, DO, BOD5, COD, EC, Turbidity, TA, CO2, pH, DIP, NH4/N, NO2/N, NO3/N and IRWQI were observed 200-24.00, 3.00-28.00 C, 8.90-15.01, 1.77-13.41, 2.00-86.00 mg/l, 1.00-1.34 ms/cm, 2.4-638.0 NTU, 116-247 mg/ CaCO3 l, 0.20-2.20 mg/l, 8.06-8.79, 0.026-0.195, 0.330-0.575, 0.005-0.026, 3.640-6.474 mg/l, and 31.10-48.02, respectively. Mean of whole parameters (TA, NO2 - and NO3 - ) were significant between seasons and (p0.05). Result showed that range of Mo, Cu, As, Hg in water and sediment were observed 0.10-23.01, 3.0-40.0, 0.02-0.81, 23.7-104.6 µg/l, 0.1-111.6, 17.5-482.5, 0.001-0.145, 46.8-303.6 µg/g.dw, respectively.As a conclusion, water quality of Aras River was classified in class III (moderate pollution) based on mean concentration of Cu and As concentration was observed less than threshold level. Water quality of Aras River was classified in class IV and II based on mean value of Hg and As, respectively. Maximum value of Mo and Cu at surface sediment was registered at stations 3 and 4 during all seasons which it is because of effluent of sewage from Mo, gold and other metals mines in Armenia country. Mean concentration of As at surface sediment was higher than standard value, but concentration of Hg was lower than threshold value. Bioaccumulation factor was also calculated for each species.The amount of Bioaccumulation factor for molybdenum is the highest and the arsenic metal has the lowest amount. The highest concentration of copper in Barbus lacerta with a mean of 13.6 ± 11.3 μg / g dry weight and for the molybdenum, Alburnoides bipunctatus had the highest mean concentration (11.7 ± 4.9) μg / g dry weight. The average concentration of mercury (13.1 ± 1.5 μg / kg dry weight) was highest in Alburnus alburnus. Regarding the arsenic element, as it was analyzed in a small number of specimens, the highest concentrations were recorded in Alburnoides bipunctatus . According to ANOVA, there is a significant difference between mean concentration of copper in different species (p

The aim of this study is the feasibility of introducing suitable species of fish (native and exotic) for rearing in cages in the southern region of the Caspian Sea. This study from the perspective of economic efficiency and maintaining ecology were analyzed. The results showed that the southern Caspian Sea has the ability to aquaculture fish. However, due to the yearly temperature variations of water (from surface to a depth of 50 meters), the talent of aquaculture area is preferred for fish in cold water than warm water fish due to possibility rearing over the years. The survey showed that the current conditions and due to unfavorable changes in the ecology of the area in the last decade, the use of non-native fish culture in cages is not recommended. Many species of native fish are suitable for rearing in cages. Nevertheless, there is no infrastructure suitable for the production of all of them. Therefore, respectively species of Salmo caspius, Huso huso and Common carp of Caspian Sea for cultivation of in cages was suggested. In the current situation, this fish for their ability to grow faster than the need for selectivity. It is noteworthy that detailed environmental assessments and species risk assessments before the final introduction of any fish species (native and exotic) for rearing in cages in the Caspian Sea ecosystem is essential.

Concentration of chlorophyll-a and quantitative feature of phytoplankton are major concern in primary production estimation and prediction of probably algal blooms in aquatic ecosystems. The subject has important role in development and sustainable exploitation of marine culture. The goals of the project are study of chlorophyll-a concentration changes and its relations to variations of phytoplankton community structure parameters and abiotic factors (environmental and nutrients matters) in the costal waters of the Caspian Sea- Goharbaran region during 2013-2014. Monthly water samples were collected from different layers (surface, 5 and 10m) and depths (5, 10 and 15 m). The minimum mean (±SE) of abundance and biomass reported in spring (39± 9 million cells/m^3) and summer (94± 40 mg/m^3) respectively. The results showed maximum abundance (553± 58 million cells/m^3) and biomass (1209± 106 mg/m^3) in winter season. The minimum and maximum mean (±SE) values of chlorophyll-a recorded in spring (0.60± 0.05) and autumn (4.56± 0.23) mg/m^3, respectively. The changes trend of field chlorophyll-a concentration was confirmed by satelit data. Bacillariophyta showed the highest percent abundance in all seasons except in summer which it was for chlorophyta phylum. Pyrrophyta was the second dominant phylum in winter as well as spring; however its contribution in phytoplankton abundance of winter was low. The first dominant abundance species in spring, summer, fall and winter were Prorocentrum cordatum, Binuclearia lauterbornii, Thalassionema nitzschioides and Pseudonitzschia seriata respectively. Based on the results the species of Prorocentrum (scutellum+ proximum+obtusum) in spring and fall seasons, Cyclotella menenghiniana in summer and Pseudonitzschia seriata in winter showed the highest role in phytoplankton biomass forming. chlorophyll-a concentration showed significant Pearson correlations with biomass of total phytoplankton, bacillariophyta, pyrrophyta and chlorophyta phyla, dominant species, size cells of dominant species, water temperature, clearancy, nutrients matters. The study showed that chlorophyll-a cells content of winter dominant species was lower than fall dominant species. The Change of seasonal taxonomic phytoplankton pattern showed important role in relationship between chlorophyll-a cells content with biotic and abiotic factors. Meanwhile the values of temperature, nutrient matters, pH, pattern of dominant phytoplankton species showed significant roles on decoupling between chlorophyll-a and biomass changes pattern. The critical time of algal bloom recorded from September to January and March based on chlorophyll-a concentration. Spatial critical algal bloom was more obvious on surface water from October to December based on chlorophyll-a concentration. Pseudonitzschia seriata and Binuclearia lauterbornii species classified in medium bloom threshold (in winter and summer respectively) in all sampling depths. However Thalassionema nitzschioides (in fall) was in medium bloom threshold in 10 and 15m depths. As conclusion, in order to estimate logic primary production and predict algal blooms in the cage and pen culture sites it is necessary that all phytoplankton parameters such as chlorophyll-a concentration, biomass, abundance, shape, size, biological and ecological chracterstics of dominant species are considered. Because changes in the chlorophyll-biomass relationship could lead to obviouse errors interpretation of results and as well as unexpected field observations.

The present study is carried out to investigate the fungal species present in water of Shahid Rajaeii damlake in Sari, (Mazandaran province). Samples were taken from five stations including, Station 1: Input of Shirinrud river, station 2: Input of Sefidrud river, Station 3: The confluence of the two branches, Station 4: dam crest and stations 5: Output dam from June to February 2012. Every sample was diluted by sterile saline (10-1 and 10-2) and 0.5 mL from each dilution was cultured on SD and incubated at 27-30°C for 3-5 days. Finally, the number of colonies wasrecorded as (colony forming unit = CFU) per 100 mL. Identification of fungal agents were conducted by slide culture preparation and stained in lacto-phenol blue. The results showed that in August and February were significantly highest and lowest rates of fungal colonies were isolated from water in different stations respectively. Moreover, the number of fungal colonies in the crown and the output was significantly higher than other stations. The frequency of identified fungi were: Aspergillus species (31.4%), various types of yeast (mainly Candida) (24.2%), Penicillium sp. (19.3%), Cladosporium sp.(10.3%), Mucor sp. (5.4%), Fusarium sp. (2.9%), sterile hype (2.8%), Alternaria sp. (2.3%) and Paecilomyces sp. (1.4%). Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of natural reproduction of indanger fish in the southern Caspian Sea in Tajan, Haraz,Sardabrood and Chalos rivers, and identify suitable habitats for this species in the study area as a genetic reserve.Sampling of physical and chemical parameters of water, macrobenthic invertebrates and fish fauna was conducted seasonaly in each rivers at selected stations from febrary 2010 during one year. Macrobenthic invertebrate sampling were used bySorber sampler and fish was collected by gill net and electroshocker set with a voltage of 1.7 A and 100-300 V. A total of 53 taxa of macrobenticinvertabrateshave been identified in the four mentioned rivers, in which Tajanriverconsisted of 47 taxa with highest richness.20 species of fish were determined in the studied rivers that 6 of them were non-native species.The results showed that the predominant identified fish species were native in the river. The fish species diversity increases as one moves from the headstream towards the estuaries of the two studied Sardabrud and Chalus rivers.The results of this study showed that the relative abundance of fish species resistant to pollution and hard environmental conditions were much more that sensitive species. physicochemical parameters of water such as; water temperature, DO, BOD5, pH, TSS, TDS, EC, turbidity, nutrients, biodiversity index such as Shanon index, EPT, HFBI, EPT/CHIR, nutrition functioning group and present or absent of fish species showed that there are significant decrease in water qualities from upstraem ratio to down stream (For example, in Tajan river water turbidity varied from 0 at station 1 to 333 NTU at station 6, Which is strongly influenced by sand workshops. As well as the activities of a significant impact of fish farming workshop on the Haraz river water quality). The minimum of HFBI index was 2.84 at station 1 and the maximum was recorded at station 5 with 6.01, and there is not any possibility to natural reproduction of migrated species that are dominant and indanger at downstream. Conditions for natural reproduction of this species in the rivers of srdabrood and Chalus there is to some. In Shahid- Rajaei dam the maximum relative abundance of fish species belonged to Capoeta capoeta, Luciobarbus capito and Squalius cephalus, respectively. These species have different age, length and weight stuctures at Shahid- Rajaei dam inhabitant, and the resourval of this dam and it,s upstream have been preparing auch a favorabile condition that seems there are potentioal of introductionand inhabitant of some of the Migratory and indanger fish species such as Barbels, Sturgeon, Alburnus chalcoides and etc. as genetic reserve for biodiversity preservation. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Abnormal algal bloom is a global issue. So the Caspian Sea such as the other aquatic environment is at risk of algal bloom. Thus the present study in 2013-14, was conducted to get goals, firstly determination of temporal and spatial variation of phytoplankton abundance and biomass with emphasis on dominant species with bloom potential and secondly detemination of chlorophyll-a concentration. Mostly sampling conducted in mid-seasons in 4 transects (Anzali, Tonkabon, Nowshahr and Amirabad) at surface, 10 and 20m layers in depths of 5, 10 and 20m. Based on the results the annual mean±SE of phytoplankton abundance was 219 ± 33 million cells/m^3. The minimum and maximum valus of abundance recorded in summer (73 ± 31 million cells/m^3) and winter (505 ± 55 million cells/m^3) respectively. Totally 147 phytoplankton species identified which classified in 7 phyla and small phytoflagellates group. The major portion of abundance formed by Bacillariophta (81%). The minimum and maximum seasonal phytoplankton biomass were in summer (90 ± 20 mg/m^3) and winter (1777 ± 201mg/m^3) respectively. The annual median of chlorophyll-a concentration was 2.43 mg/m^3 at surface layer and its seasonal value in spring, summer, fall and winter recorded 1.54, 1.18, 5.81 and 2.59 mg/m^3 respectively. Therefore algal blooms started in fall and it was followed with lower intensity in winter. Mean of phytoplankton abundance and biomass in winter were 3-6 folds to other seasond. But chlorophyll-a concentration in winter was low and closed to the values in spring and summer. Probably, decreasing of ligh availibity and low chlorophl content of dominant species showed important roles in decreasing of chlorophyll-a concentration in winter. As conclusion, the abundance of Stephanodiscus socialis, Binuclearia lauterbornii and Thalassionema nitzschioides classified in the fair level of bloom (100-1000 cells/ml) in spring (in Anzali transect), summer and fall (in Amirabad transect) respectively. In winter, Dactyliosolen fragilissima،(in all transect except Nowshahr) and Pseudonitzschia seriata were in this group. The presence of Thalassionema nitzschioides (as valuble food in food chain) in dominant species list (same patern to the stability year of Caspian Sea) and decreasing of percent abundance of harmful species from 68% (in 2008-2009) to 43% (in this study) are good signs of water quality from Caspian Sea. On the other hand, Pseudonitzschia seriata as a harmful alga (ability to produce toxin and bloom forming) has important role in environmental issues. In current study, Pseudonitzschia seriata expanded from cold season to other seasons (even in summer). Also, it had high percent frequency (100%) and abundance (294 ± 30 million cells/m^3) in winter which indicate to unsuitable condition of water quality in Caspian Sea.

In this study, the characteristics of physico-chemical parameters of water done in coastal part of the southern Caspian Sea during 2010-2011 (four seasons) in 8 transects (Astara, Anzali, Sefidrour, Tonkabon, Noshahr, Babolsar, Amirabad and Torkman). For measurement of water quality parameters, 480 samples were collected in different water layers by using of APHA standards methods. According to modeling and statistical methods was used multivariate for evaluation of factor analysis (MFA) in general groups and discriminant analysis (MDA) for spatial and temporal with water quality parameters. The statistical procedure of MFA was used for data reduction and finally six factors selected with about 80.48 percent of total variances related to them. The statistical procedures of MDA were used for the role of spatial and temporal of water quality parameters in different water layer. The function one gave eight parameters (pH, salinity, EC, DO, NO^3-, water temperature, NH^4+ and N^-total) affording more than 80, 67, 80, 77 and 71 % correct assignations (return to the same transects) in spatial analysis. In all transects during four seasons, function one gave five parameters (water temperature, salinity, EC, NO^2- and NH^4+) to afford 100, 100, 100, 97 and 97 % correct assignations in temporal analysis. The results showed that, the average amounts in light penetration layers during four seasons were for EC(15.04±0.18ms/cm), pH(8.38±0.01unit), salinity (10.31±0.16g/l), DO(5.67±0.09ml/l) and water temperature (18.28 ±0.72°C). The average amount of nutrients for parameters such as organic and inorganic phosphorus, total phosphorus, NO^2-, NO^3-, NH^4+, N^-Total and SiO_2 were 0.50±0.02, 0.32±0.01, 0.82±0.02, 1.76±0.10, 0.10±0.01, 1.51±0.10, 46.82±1.80 and 8.60±0.29µM, respectively. The average amounts in dark layers during four seasons were for EC (15.46±0.38ms/cm), pH (8.34±0.03unit), salinity (10.70±0.35g/l), DO (4.55±0.13ml/l) and water temperature (9.62 ±0.16°C). The average amount of nutrients for parameters such as organic and inorganic phosphorus, total phosphorus, NO^2-, NO^3-, NH^4+, N^-Total and SiO_2 were 0.54 ±0.05, 0.33 ±0.02, 0.87±0.06, 1.92±0.21 , 0.08± 0.01, 1.55±0.25, 45.10±3.25 and 10.05±0.62 µM, respectively. The average amounts of light penetration in all transects during four seasons 4.49±0.38 meters. The maximum light penetrations during spring, summer, fall and winter seasons were 9, 8, 8.20 and 7 meters, respectively. The maximum water temperatures in light and dark layers were 32.36 and 11.50°C. Also, the maximum differences about thermocline temperature during summer and fall seasons were 19.6°C and 10°C, respectively in southern part of Caspian Sea. Data in spatial analysis were not significant (p>0.05), it means if add or removed any transect did not change occurred. But in temporal analysis were significant (p

Shahid Rajaee Dam was constructed on Tajan River (basin of the Caspian Sea) and it is two arch typed. The major objectives of dam instruction are flood control, irrigation purposes, and electricity power. However the dam is going to supply drinking water for the people. In order to prevent threats of unsuitable water to human health risks and economic losses, it is necessary to monitor the water quality before offering it to people. Many of algal blooms happening in Dams indicate that microbial evaluation is necessary but it is not sufficient.in water quality assessmens. Therefore in order for comprehensive evaluation of water quality, phytoplankton structure and population studied in the reservoir, then some water quality indices calculated based on the obtained information. Seasonal sampling was carried out in the year of 2012. However in summer monthly sampling was performed due to the increasing of algal blooms probability. Water samples were collected in 4 stations which were located entrances of Shirin Rood and Sefid Rood to the lake of dam, Cross of the two entrances and near the crest respectively. Based on the results, 107 phytoplankton species were identified during the period of study. The species were classified in 8 divisions namely Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Xantophyta and Cryptophyta. The numbers of species were 27, 22, 17, 26, 10, 3, 1 and 1 respectively in each phylum. Maximum and minimum values of mean (SE) abundance observed in July and January, 661 (±286) and 10 (±2) million cells/m^3 respectively at the surface layer. The values for biomass were 9264(±3242) and 103(±15) mg/m^3 which were recorded at the same months. The One way analysis of abundance and biomass data showed temporal significant variances (P< 0/05), however the spatial variances of data were not significant (P> 0/05). Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta formed more than 95% of phytoplankton abundance and biomass. Abundance percentage of Bacillariophyta was slightly higher than Pyrrophyta While biomass percentage of Pyrrophyta was about 3 fold of the Bacillariophyta. 3 dominant species namely, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Goniaulax polyedra and Ceratium hirundinella formed about 70% of phytoplankton aboundance. Comparison of diversity indices (Shannon and Evenness) showed higher values in May and January; however the indices reached its lowest level (0.58 and 0.16) in August. Water quality assessment using Shannon index showed the lowest quality of water (moderately to high polluted) in July and August. This index demonstrated the highest water quality (slightly polluted) at station 1 and 4 respectively. The results of the water quality assessment using Saproby index (based on the resistant phytoplankton species to organic pollution) also indicated to organic pollution of water in the months of summer. The saproby assessment in stations categorized most of the stations in “moderately polluted” class of organic pollution except at station 4 which was in "slightly polluted" class. In conclusion, the removal (transfer) place and time of water to the water treatment plants.are impratnt because of temporal and spatial variation of water quality due to changes of phytoplankton structure in Shahid Rajaee Reservoir.

Thirty to 40% of total fish catch is converted to waste. Using different methods of hydrolysis of the protein can be recovered of fish waste and increase the amount of protein efficiency. In this study, the four enzymes Alcalase , protamex , pepsin and trypsin were used for hydrolysis of four fish species including common carp (Cyprinus carpio) , silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) , grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and the Big head (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis). The effects of pH, temperature and hydrolysis time on the rate of hydrolysis were studied on soluble proteins and degree of hydrolysis (phase I ). In the second step, proximate factors of peptone been evaluated and eventually replace commercial peptone media MRS ( Lactobacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus delberuki , Lactobacillus casei , Streptococcus thermophilus ) and TSB ( Listeria monocytogenes, two species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas, Streptococcus faecium) and the optical density of bacteria at different times were compared with control samples . Results showed that the highest degree of hydrolysis and soluble proteins were referred to alcalase and protamex, pepsin and trypsin respectively. The highest value of hydrolysis, in all treatments, was attributed to grass carp and silver carp, common carp and big head respectively. The best pH and temperature for alcalase, protamex, pepsin and trypsin 8.5and 55, 7.5 and 55, 3.5, 37, 7 and 37 respectively. Best time to achieve the highest degree of hydrolysis and soluble protein was 90 minutes. Qualitative analysis showed that the highest and lowest amounts of protein and fat in the treatment of alcalase (about 70 % protein and less than 0.5 % fat ) and protamex, pepsin and trypsin was then . The results of bacteria culture showed that the highest percentage growth of lactic acid bacteria was referred to Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus casei had the lowest rate of growth. In other bacteria, Pseudomonas and Bacillus species were the highest percentage of growth and Listeria monocytogenes and Streptococcus faecium respectively. In all treatments, alcalase had the best results and the peptone prepared from fish waste grass carp had the best condition for growth of used bacteria. It seems that the initial substrate , the parameters used such as temperature, pH, and enzyme hydrolysis time , have a significant effect on the quality of peptone and protein content in the final product is determined value of protein for culture of bacteria. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

In this study, the Tagan and Sorkh rod River in province in the northwest region of Iran, were consider and physico-chemical water parameters, phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos cumunity, were identify and were measured also measured some organoic toxin (in water) during a year (2011 )all conducted was done at three stations. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of water for aquaculture activities and realizing fingerling fish. In most cases between Physico-chemical parameters in Tagan and Sorkhrod river in EC, TDS ,SAL,NH4, Ca, Mg difference was statistically significant (P

One of the country's dams is dam Shahid Rajaee Sari. In this study it was evaluated some bacterial indices. Some bacterial parameters including total bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci , Sulphitereducing Bacteria (SRB) in the water behind the dam Shahid Rjaee for one year at five stations (the entrance Shireenrood branches, input branch of the Sefidrood, cross the river and sweet Sefidrood in the tank, close to the Taj (zero, 15 and 30) and the output reservoir) and seven samples collected during six periods (June, July, August, September, November and February) were tested in 1391. Analysis of water samples for bacterial plate count agar medium (total bacteria count) ECC were inoculated (total coliforms and fecal), SPS (sulfite reducing bacteria) and KF (bacteria Inserts fecal streptococci) was performed using the culture surface culture method. ECC in both 37 and 44 ° C medium temperature Tc, KF and SPS at 37 ° C for 72-24 hours were incubated. The results showed that the mean log of bacteria in different months of CFU / 100ml12 / 0 ± 85/6 1n September months to CFU100ml15 / 0 ± 65/4 is variable in February, the mean total coliform Log in of the CFU / 100ml15 / 0 ± 63/4 in September to CFU / 100ml44 / 0 ± 27/3 in February are variable, the mean log Clostridium Clostridium CFU / 100ml89 / 0 ± 17 / 4 in September to CFU / 100ml13 / 0 ± 07/3 in February is variable, ranging from the mean log reduction in fecal streptococci in different months CFU / 100ml19 / 0 ± 59/3 in September CFU / 100ml17 / 0 ± 10 / 3 in February is variable. The results showed that bacterial indicator pollution load of the dam in more stations in August and September months. . Compare the results of the surface water standards indicate that indicator bacteria have been studied in the standard range. If the water behind the dam is intended to be used for drinking, it has need for more treatments during the final purification for drinking purposes. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

The Shahid Rajaei Reservoir constructed for various purposes such as drinking water supply. In this context, and also because of the importance of the bloom events and eutrophication process in dams, this paper is to survey the relations between some of physicochemical parameters and phytoplankton composition and density, chlorophyll-a and some water quality indices (Trophic, Saproby, Shannon) using mono and multivariate statistical analysis. Water samples collected from 4 stations during May, June, July, August, September, November and February in 2012-2013. According to the results, the maximum concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton abundance, trophic and saproby indices observed in a month of summer which it was accompanied to the minimum value of species diversity index (Shannon). Pearson analysis revealed direct correlation between abundance of Goniaulax polyedra, Goniaulax digitale and trophic index. In the other words, higher abundance of the two species decreased the water quality. Also based on the PCA analysis, the significant correlation observed between abundance of Cyclotella meneghiniana with Shannon and saproby indices which were negative and positive, respectively. This result indicates to the relation of degradation of water quality with increasing the abundance of Cyclotella meneghiniana. Meanwhile, the presence of the three parameters (abundance of Cyclotella meneghiniana, Shannon and saproby indices) in first component of PCA indicated the important role of Cyclotella meneghiniana and two biological indices in determining of water quality in Shahid Rajaei Reservoir.

Shahid Rajaee Dam was constructed on Tajan River (basin of the Caspian Sea) and it is two arch typed. The major objectives of dam instruction are flood control, irrigation purposes, and electricity power. However the dam is going to supply drinking water for the people. In order to prevent threats of unsuitable water to human health risks and economic losses, it is necessary to monitor the water quality before offering it to people. Many of algal blooms happening in Dams indicate that microbial evaluation is necessary but it is not sufficient.in water quality assessmens. Therefore in order for comprehensive evaluation of water quality, phytoplankton structure and population studied in the reservoir, then some water quality indices calculated based on the obtained information. Seasonal sampling was carried out in the year of 2012. However in summer monthly sampling was performed due to the increasing of algal blooms probability. Water samples were collected in 4 stations which were located entrances of Shirin Rood and Sefid Rood to the lake of dam, Cross of the two entrances and near the crest respectively. Based on the results, 107 phytoplankton species were identified during the period of study. The species were classified in 8 divisions namely Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Xantophyta and Cryptophyta. The numbers of species were 27, 22, 17, 26, 10, 3, 1 and 1 respectively in each phylum. Maximum and minimum values of mean (SE) abundance observed in July and January, 661 (±286) and 10 (±2) million cells/m3 respectively at the surface layer. The values for biomass were 9264(±3242) and 103(±15) mg/m3 which were recorded at the same months. The One way analysis of abundance and biomass data showed temporal significant variances (P< 0/05), however the spatial variances of data were not significant (P> 0/05). Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta formed more than 95% of phytoplankton abundance and biomass. Abundance percentage of Bacillariophyta was slightly higher than Pyrrophyta While biomass percentage of Pyrrophyta was about 3 fold of the Bacillariophyta. 3 dominant species namely, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Goniaulax polyedra and Ceratium hirundinella formed about 70% of phytoplankton aboundance. Comparison of diversity indices (Shannon and Evenness) showed higher values in May and January; however the indices reached its lowest level (0.58 and 0.16) in August. Water quality assessment using Shannon index showed the lowest quality of water (moderately to high polluted) in July and August. This index demonstrated the highest water quality (slightly polluted) at station 1 and 4 respectively. The results of the water quality assessment using Saproby index (based on the resistant phytoplankton species to organic pollution) also indicated to organic pollution of water in the months of summer. The saproby assessment in stations categorized most of the stations in “moderately polluted” class of organic pollution except at station 4 which was in "slightly polluted" class. In conclusion, the removal (transfer) place and time of water to the water treatment plants.are impratnt because of temporal and spatial variation of water quality due to changes of phytoplankton structure in Shahid Rajaee Reservoir. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

In this survey the Physical and Chemical factors, heavy metals, agricultural pesticides and microbial contaminations were studied in mohammadiye channel extending Eslamshahr, Robat karim and Shahriar cities of Tehran Province during the 2011.Specimens were obtained from 5 different stations .The measured factors were temperature, DO, Cl, HCO_3, COD, BOD, CO_2, Mg,... The analysis of Physical and Chemical factors of Mohammadiye channel water showed that except water temperature, all factors in comparison to the standards were at the standard level, So they are suitable for aquaculture. The result of measurements of heavy metals including lead, copper, Iron, Cadmium, Zinc and mercury in spring, summer and fall in comparison to existing standards showed that unfortunately except copper the amount of other heavy metals are higher than standard levels in the most of stations , Lead amounts at stations 2,3,4 and 5 . zinc at stations 1 and 5 , Iron at stations 1,3 and 5 , cadmium and mercury in all stations were higher than the standards for fish culture. The measured amounts of organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides and result of microbial contaminations culture were less than standard levels. Due to mean of water temperature that is high from middle of Spring to the end of summer, It is suitable for culture of warmwater fishes and because of low water temperature in the station No1 It is recommended for culture of coldwater fishes by using of 50-70gr of young fishes .

Since phytoplankton are the base of life and productivity of aquatic ecosystems, sustainable ecological study of the Caspian Sea, particularly the distribution and identification of species composition, density and biomass, seasonal and regional variations in phytoplankton before each study seems necessary. Due to various circumstances physical and chemical rivers leading to the sea, seabed topography in different situation appears to be of primary production in the eastern and western between the Caspian Sea in the season, may be altered.Identifying species and determining the distribution and biomass of the changes and how they are affected by environmental changes and we are environmentally conscious. We also compare the current situation with previous studies, we find that the number and types of plankton biomass have been what it is. During 1389 in spring, summer, autumn and winter, in a study of 8 transects of 40 stations. In each transect from Astara to the Turkmen. 5 stations at depths of 5. 10. 20. 50. 100 m were selected for sampling. The total number of 182 species from seven branches Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Xantophyta and Chrysophyta phytoplankton were identified. Including 81 species of Bacillariophyta, 33 Cyanophyta, 25 Pyrrophyta, 31Chlorophyta, 9 Euglenophyta, 1 Xantophyta and Chrysophyta had 1 specie. Studies have shown that density and biomass of Bacillariophyta were 228 (± 471) per cubic meter × 106) and 6157 (± 290) mg per cubic meter) respectivity and Pyrrophyta were 28/17( ± 27/14) cubic meter × 106in cubic meters) and 3349 ( ± 336) mg per cubic meter) and Cyanophyta 120/40 (± 123/87 ) per cubic meter × 106 per cubic meter), biomass (55 ± 57mg per cubic meter) were the branches of the dominant phytoplankton. Abundance and biomass in different seasons have been significant differences (p

This study was conducted to determine growth parameters, catch and fishing effort trends, stock assessment and Acceptable Biological Catch (ABC) of bony fishes in the Iranian coastal waters of Caspian Sea in the years 2010-2011 and 2011-2012. According to the result, the numbers of beach seines were 131 and 128 and their fishing efforts were observed 50184 and 42255 beach seining during 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. The catch per unit of effort CPUE) was calculated 182.9 and 205.6 kg/haul during two sampling periods, respectively. The total catches (including illegal fishing) were also obtained 16601.5 mt and 17034.1 mt during 2010-11 and 2011-12, respectively. The highest proportion of catch was belonged to kutum and golden grey mullet (86% and 88%, respectively) in two fishing seasons aforementioned above. Growth parameters of kutum were estimated as K=0.21/yr, L∞ = 60.0 cm, t0 = 0/yr. The Growth parameters were K=0.18/yr, L∞ = 61.1 cm, t0 = -0.14/yr for golden gray mullet and were K=0.12/yr, L∞ = 73.6 cm, t0 = 0.92/yr for common carp. Based on catch-at-age data, in the years 2010-2011 and 2011-2012, the total biomass, from the biomass-based cohort analysis were estimated 41700mt and 34400 mt for kutum and 14600 mt and 14400 mt for golden grey mullet, respectively. The reference points of F0.1 and F35% were 0.41/yr and 0.34/yr for kutum and 0.36/yr and 0.33/yr for golden grey mullet, respectively. Stock enhancement plays an important role in recovery of kutum stocks in the Iranian coastal waters of Caspian Sea. There is a significantly negative correlation between fingerlings released and condition factor (CF) and recruitment and CF. The different trends for fingerlings, recruitments and CF suggest that CF may be partly density-dependent, declining at high population sizes due to intra-specific competition. Therefore, more research should be conducted to determine the desirable level of artificial propagation. Food consumed by fish species, Rutilus frisii kutum, Rutilus rutilus caspicus, Cyprinus carpio, Liza auratus and Liza saliens were included Foraminifera, Porifera, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, filamentous algae, fish eggs and detritus.The results showed that Rutilusfrisii kutum generally feed on Balanus and Cerastorderma. The main food item for Cyprinuscarpio, Liza auratus and Liza salienswas detritus. Based on available models, the ABCs were estimated as 6600-7400 mt for kutum and 2200-2800 mt for golden grey mullet (with precautionary approach 6600 mt and 2200 mt for kutum and mullet, respectively) in 2011-12. Two species (kutum and golden grey mullet) are vulnerable to environmental factors, and these factors should be considered in the stock assessment and management of the fish. For two species, the ABC with a lower andmore accurate value based onmore information, should be selectedfor the implementation of a precautionary management approach. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Indicator of bacteria such total coliforms and fecal coliforms are one of the most important environmental factors that effect on water quality. Haraz river is one of three rivers in north of country and it originate from central Alborz. Overall, discharge of unborn sewage, agriculture pesticides, seasonal raining was caused decreasing of quality of the river. Therefore, quality and quantity of the grandwater, surface water and sewage in different zone of this river such Mangol dam is necessary. In this study, total coliforms and fecal coliforms and nematode ovary in 13 stations of Haraz including Sorkhrood, Klodeh, Amol Esar Town, Helomsar, Mangol dam, Karesang, Jalav bridge, Norroud, Tehran 115, Larijan, Abeask, Lasem, Lar (pleur) were surveyed. ECC Chrome agar was used for counting and isolation of coliforms groups and nematode ovary counting was done as formal – ether sedimentation method. The results showed that maximum and minimum of total coliforms in surface water was observed in Sorkhrood (9.4 CFU/100ml) and Lasem (4.2CFU/100ml) and also maximum and minimum of fecal coliforms in Sorkhrood (3/2 CFU / ml) and Lasem (1/1CFU/100ml) respectively. Maximum and minimum of these bacteria in ground water were Abeask (4 CFU /100ml) and Helomsar (9/1 CFU/100ml) (for total coliforms) and Abeask (7/1 CFU/100ml) and Helomsar, Klodeh and Larijan (2/1 CFU/100ml) (for fecal coliforms) respectively. Maximum and minimum of total and fecal coliforms in sewage were Norroud (1/3 CFU/100ml) and Amole Esar Town (2/2 CFU/100ml) (for total coliforms) and Norroud (6/1 CFU/100ml) and Amole Esar Town and Tehran 115 (2/1 CFU/100ml) (for fecal coliforms) respectively. Ovary of Nematode in sewage was 30 and 124 in Norroud and Amole Esar Town respectively. The conclusion of this study was showed that quality of Haraz is low level and not proper for drinking and swimming. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

The use correct of non-agricultural land due to saline and waternon fresh for rearing of aquatic animals, especially fish, in good seasons, can generate for employment and provide fertile ground . This study aimed to assess the ability of Rainbow Trout reared in earthen ponds potential using brackish water stub area south of North Khorasan province in cold seasons (autumn and winter) have been conducted. Farming operations in three earthen ponds, each with an area of 3,000 square meters and two water wells within 160 days of the initial electric Bahdayt 8400 and 18100 µs was conducted. Average initial weight of juveniles when introduced into soil ponds 32.0±1.0 and 22.7±1/7 grams and density drop in the of ponds 5 and 7 number per cubic meters . Feeding on pond done recipes nutrition standards Related to fish size and water temperature was during the period culture . To help improve the water quality during the breeding ponds of cyclic change in volume of pond water (20-15%) and two aeration SPLASH with errive fresh water to form rain fall in each pond was used. The results obtained during the period of measurement water physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients, total dissolved substances, acidity) shows changes in the mean amplitude of these factors has been tolerated for raising trout The results showed that children reared trout have been introduced since the introduction of nteroperability with brackish water in the pond also grown to over 14 thousand have salt and water changes physical and chemical factors have endured. The results showed that fish farming in addition to works by adapting the environment had to foster the growth of the pond water . So in 5 months, with a mean survival of 87 percent hindrance develop marketable size with an average weight of 340±12-390±13and 470 ±17grams and have a total production of more than 20 tonnes. All of it has been confirmed, the study area (SFRAIEN)is very suitable for the breeding Rainbow trout of pond during the fall and winter seasons . Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

The Study of phytoplankton in the Caspian Sea was substantially started in the 1990s with the aim to produce and record data. phytoplankton study in this area became more important because of the occurance of some ecological events in recent years (such as bloom and arrival invader species). The study was seasonally conducted in western (Giulan province) to eastern coast (Golestan province) at 8 transects (Astra, Anzali, Sefidrud, Tonekabon, Nowshahr, Babolsar, Amirabad and Bandar Turkman) from inshore (5 m depth) to offshore (100 m). 476 samples were collected to study quantification and qualification of phytoplankton in 2009-2010. Results showed that 195 species of phytoplankton were identified in 8 phylums which were classified to Bacillariophyta (81 species), Pyrrophyta (33 species), Cyanophyta (28 species), Chlorophyta (38 species), Euglenophyt (11 species), Xantophyta (1 species), Chrysophyta (2 species) and Haptophyta (1 species). Abundance and biomass of phytoplankton were significantly different between euphotic layer (0 to 20m depths) and aphotic layer (50 to 100m depths) (p0.05). In spring, Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta with 40% and 29% of total abundance were dominant phylum at euphotic layer. In fall, Bacillariophyta (57% of total abundance) and Cyanophyta (28% of total abundance) were the first and second dominant phyla. While in summer and winter the predominant phyla was made by Cyanophyta (92% of total abundance) and Bacillariophyta (94% of total abundance) respectively. Species richness in western, central and eastern regions was 119, 141 and 147 respectively. Shannon index was 2.39 and 2.04 at euphotic layer and below photic layer, respectively. Shannon and evenness indices in eastern region was lower than western and central regions. Meanwhile, Shannon index in spring and autmn (2.50 and 2.39) was higher than summer and winter (0.21 and 0.36). In photic layer, dominant species were Stephanodiscus hantzschii Chrysochromulina sp. and Exuviaella cordata in spring. While Oscillatoria sp. was the predominant species in summer. In fall, dominant species contained Thalassionema nitzschioides and Oscillatoria sp. Finally, Pseudonitzschia seriata and Cerataulina pelagica made the most abundance species in winter. The dominant species in the below phoyic layer was very similar to photic layer. The mean abundance of Pseudonitzschia seriata , Oscillatoria sp. and Dactyliosolen fragilissima was higher than other species in all regions of study area (west, middle and east). Seasonal succession of dominant species were under the influence of natural factors such as sunlight, heat, river currents, wind and vertical mixing of water. However it seems that the invasion of ctenophore into Caspian Sea (with change in nutrient levels and decline of phytoplankton predator) and also human activities (i.e. water balance of ships and discharge of sewage) are severely impact on seasonal dominant species, pattern of species composition and relative abundance of species. These changes mainly accompany with appearance of new and harmful species (with the ability of severe proliferation) and displacement of native and dwell species. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Reproduction period, spawning peak and sexual maturity in anchovy kilka were investigated during the year 2006 for sustainable yield assessment in Iranian waters of the Caspian Sea. The mean fork length, total weight and age were 118±5.9mm, 11±1.7g and 4.6±1.2 year, respectively. Mean (±SD) absolute fecundity was 12625±5533 ovules. More than 50 percent of the fish specimens matured when their length exceeded 92.5mm. The results showed that reproduction of anchovy kilka occurred in autumn, and spawning occurred throughout the year and especially in winter. The length and age ranges were found to be shortened compared to the past years with many older fish and less younger ones (< 2 years) in the catch which sharply decreased recruitment. This phenomenon is thought to be due to overfishing synchronized with invasion of M. leidyi pushing kilka to spawn in winter, which all cause collapse of anchovy kilka stocks in the Caspian Sea. We postulate that anchovy kilka has adopted the strategy of spawning year round to mitigate the negative effects of overfishing and invasion of M. leidyi.

The project was carried out between March of 2007 and November of 2009.Five laboratories of research center (Clinical pathology, Plankton, Molecular genetics, Pollutants, Analysis Instrument were selected for accreditation. The main stages for establishment of the system consisted of: 1-Conducting a gap analysis to compare the present state of the laboratories with ISO/IEC 17025 Training 2 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories Validation of methods Estimation of uncertainty Internal audits 3- Performing of technical and management requirements 4-Submit of quality manual to Iran Accreditation System (IAS) in order to accredit In January of 2010 the laboratories were accredited by Iran Accreditation System (IAS). The main results were including: 1-Increase the accuracy of measurement 2-Improvement of the Repeatability and Reproducibility of the test methods 3-Traceability and standardization of test methods 4- Calibration of measurement instruments 6- Updating of test methods 7-Standardization of physical condition of the laboratories 8- Getting the certification from Iran Accreditation System (IAS).

The project was carried out between March of 2007 and November of 2009.Five laboratories of research center (Clinical pathology, Plankton , Molecular genetic, Pollutants , Analysis Instrument were selected for accreditation. The main stages for establishment of the system consisted of: 1-Conducting a gap analysis to compare the present state of the laboratories with ISO/IEC 17025 Training 2 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories Validation of methods Estimation of uncertainty Internal audits 3- Performing of technical and management requirements 4-Submit of quality manual to Iran Accreditation System (IAS) in order to accredit In January of 2010 the laboratories were accredited by Iran Accreditation System (IAS). The main results were including: 1-Increase the accuracy of measurement 2-Improvement of the Repeatability and Reproducibility of the test methods 3-Traceability and standardization of test methods 4- Calibration of measurement instruments 6- Updating of test methods 7-Standardization of physical condition of the laboratories 8- Getting the certification from Iran Accreditation System (IAS). Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Published

Chlorophyll-a is a main pigment for photosynthetic process in marine phytoplankton and by it either amount of biomass can be estimated or can be considered as an index for trophic level of aquatic ecosystem. In year 1996, 81 secchi disc depth were measured and 1601 samples of chlorophyll-a were collected seasonaly from the southern Caspian Sea. The results showed that average chlorophyll-a in seasonals of spring, summer, autumn and winter were 1.072, 0.550, 1.848, 0.966 mg/m3 and depth of transparency were 6.42, 8.86, 5.62 and 5.22m, respectively. The statistical analysis showed a significant correlation (P

Due to the recent destructive pressures on the Caspian environment, an effect on phytoplankton communities is expected in different aspects such as cell size and form. This paper aims to survey the size and form in the dominant phytoplankton species in the years of 1996, 2001, 2006, 2009, 2011 and 2012 in the Iranian coast of the Caspian Sea. Results of current study showed that the dominant species and along with it their sizes and forms remained quite similar in the fall of different years, but the greatest shift in size and form were observed during spring, summer and winter. It is suggested that these changes reflect an ecological disturbance and instability in the Caspian environment.