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Purpose Chicken eggshell as a byproduct of the egg product industry makes serious problems to the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eggshell as a potential option in supplementing of the organic matter and improvement of soil conditions in the pot culture and the area. Method Two pot experiments were carried out to estimate the effects of CD and CDES vermicomposts provided from cow dung and cow dung + eggshell’s powder, respectively, on symbiotic relationships of Serendipita indica with wheat and soil enzyme activities tested under sterilized and non-sterilized soil conditions, respectively. Two in vitro experiments were also conducted to test the effects of eggshell extract and humic and fulvic acids extracted from CD vermicompost on S. indica growth.Results CDES vermicompost improved soil enzyme activities of urease, phosphatase and invertase. Root colonization of wheat with multiple species of mycorrhiza and facultative symbiont S. indica was improved by CDES. S. indica growth was induced by eggshell extract. Humic and fulvic acids increased in S. indica mycelia mats dry yield. Results revealed when cow dung was amended with eggshell powder provided a better condition for earthworm growth and enhancing the colonization percentage of wheat root with indigenous mycorrhizal fungi. CDES vermicompost caused the increase in soil basal respiration and soil enzymatic activities.Conclusion Eggshell powder growth promoting effect can be attributed to the biologically active compound that exists in eggshell extract.

Fault slip rate is the amount of displacement of one wall relative to another fault wall over a period of time. The duration of this shift can be measured using the luminescence dating method. To determine the age by luminescence dating method, two dose parameters equivalent to normal dose and annual dose are needed. By dividing the dose equivalent to the natural dose by the annual dose rate, the age value is determined per structural unit. To determine the dose equivalent to the normal dose, a protocol for measuring luminescence signals (data) and a program for analyzing the data are required. Data analysis was performed using R software. Because the usual international program to do this is analytics software. Data were also analyzed with analyst software. The results of these two softwares and their effect in determining the slip rate of Rafsanjan fault were compared. The amount of displacement measured on the Rafsanjan fault is 48 ± 4 meters. The age was estimated to be 97-118thousand years using R software and 101-129 thousand years by analyst software. Slip rates were obtained by R software and analysts, 0.41 to 0.53 and 0.36 to 0.48 mm / year, respectively. Slip rates were obtained by R software and analysts, 0.41 to 0.53 and 0.36 to 0.48 mm / year, respectively.

IntroductionZinc (Zn) as an essential micronutrient and cytokinin as phytohormone not only regulate plant growth but also play fundamental roles in plant tolerance against drought stress. Understating the function and the role of cytokinin in combined with an essential micronutrient, Zn, could improve the choice of a sustainable strategy for improvement of plant drought stress. The objective of this field research was to determine the effect of post-flowering foliar application of ZnSO4 and 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) on grain yield and quality of winter wheat under water deficit condition.MethodsExperiments were conducted under filed condition. Drought was imposed by with holding irrigation at the beginning of flowering till the signs of temporary wilting/leaf rolling appeared, after which all plots were irrigated to field capacity. The foliar treatment consisted of (1) foliar application of water, as control treatment; (2) foliar application of 10 g ha-1 6-BAP; (3) Foliar application of 20 g ha-1 6-BAP; (4) Foliar application of 10 g ha-1 6-BAP plus foliar application of 6 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 solution and (5) foliar application of 10 g ha-1 6-BAP plus foliar application of 6 kg ha-1 ZnSO4 solution 2 days before drought imposition. Data were collected on grain and straw yield, yield attributes, harvest index, flag leaf fresh matter and dry matter weight, TaCKX6-D1 expression, phytic acid content in grains, mycorrhiza colonization rate and succinate dehydrogenase (SD) activity.ResultsAccording to ANOVA, the factor ‘Zn’ significantly affected leaf relative water content (p < 0.001). Relative water content for plants foliar applied with 6-BAP was not statistically significant. Applying Zn increased yield, straw dry weight, and kernel weight relative to plants sprayed with water alone. Increased grain yield due to foliar application of Zn was associated with decrease in cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (TaCKX) and increase in kernel weight. Results showed that the drought stress significantly decreased 1000-grain weight that was accompanied with over-expression of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (TaCKX). Foliar application of Zn increased the concentration of Zn in grains. The experimental data on the zinc content of grain indicated no significant difference between the 6-BAP at 10 mg L-1 and control treatment. The phytate to Zn molar ratio was significantly affected by foliar applied Zn, but not significantly by applied 6-BAP. In the present study, SD activity of the hyphae of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (IAMF) associated with plant roots was also assayed. Results disclose that SD activity of IAMF was significantly affected by Zn treatments during grain filling stages.DiscussionIn summary, both foliar applied Zn and 6-BAP had the significant effects on all measured parameters in winter wheat. However, spike number, harvest index and mycorrhizal colonization rate were neither significantly affected by Zn nor 6- BAP. Foliar application of Zn at 0.6% (6 kg ha-1) and higher 6-BAP (20 mg L-1 m-2) promoted wheat growth and performances under imposed drought stress condition. Plant that only foliar sprayed with water showed higher level of TaCKX6-D1 expression as compared to Zn treated plants, indicating these plants were more affected by imposed drought relative to those plants treated with Zn. The results of this study provides evidence that a combination of Zn and 6-BAP could be an effective in improvement of drought tolerance of wheat and prevents grain yield from further reduction in terms of quality and quantity due to drought stress.

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most serious type of glioma with the highest tumorigenesis rate. Studies have found that the increased expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to tumor cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, disseminated tumor growth, neovascularization, and anti-tumor immune surveillance inhibition. The prognostic value of the MMP gene family in different cancer types is becoming more apparent. As a result, the current study sought to perform a complete bioinformatics analysis to clarify the prognostic value of this family in GBM. Consequently, univariate, multivariate Cox, and time-dependent receiver operating curve analyses were performed on the data. Further, UALCAN, GEPIA2, cBioPortal, GeneMANIA, Enrichr, and TIMER were used for various analyses. We found that the mRNA expressions of MMP1/2/7/9/11/14/15/16/25 were all meaningfully upregulated in GBM relative to normal cases. Additionally, the overexpression of MMP2/10/11/13 and MMP1/9/10/14/19 was substantially linked to shorter overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS), respectively. Likewise, the high levels of MMP21 and MMP23B were correlated with longer OS and RFS, respectively. Our results provide new ideas for the role of MMPs in GBM, which may advance the use of MMPs as prognostic biomarkers in clinical applications.

Background and objectives: Relinquishment to pay maintenance is criminalized in law and if husband fails to pay maintenance, he will be prosecuted. According to the majority of Imamiyya jurists, any husband who refuses to pay the alimony of his wife, while having financial capability, will be sentenced to imprisonment. Accordingly, Article 642 of Penal Code also convicts such husband to imprisonment. But given the negative effects that these sentences can have on the basis of the family and the relationships between couple, the question arises as to whether these laws are subject to revision or modification Methodology: The study is descriptive-analytical and library method is used for data collection. Findings: The evidence used for permission of husband's imprisonment is based on traditions that report Ali (AS) imprisoned husbands who refused to pay the alimony of their wives. Some also referred to narrations that generally refer to the husband's imprisonment if he did not pay for his wife's alimony. Conclusion: The given narratives do not permit imprisonment of an insolvent husband nor the one of unknown state or one who claims insolvency unless his claim is proved; discretionary sentencing merely applies on an insolvent husband who refuses to pay the alimony of his wife and does not have actual property. Therefore, because of negative consequences of sentencing, criminal rules on family matters, particularly the general policies on family, shall be reviewed.

Background and Objectives: Careers related to body products are targeted toward saving patients from certain death. Such careers serve a necessary and important role. In case of the incidence of any human fault and organizational failure within the irreparable course of body product manufacturing, the negligent person is liable to pay compensation according to the principle of Tasbeeb (causation). Althoughno negligence has occurred in almost all cases, in case of incidence, it is impossible to prove. Regarding this, the present study aimed to find a good solution to vindicate the rights of patients under such circumstances. Methods: The review study was conducted using the library recourse for data collection. Results: If infectious products are transferred directly, the conductor does not need to have committed the fault to prove liability according to the principle of Itlaf (wasting). On the other hand, if causes involved in the transfer of products are found to have committed a the fault, their liability can be proved under the principle of Tasbeeb. Conclusion: When the causing agents involved in the transfer of products have not committed a the fault, or their fault is not proved, the principle of Ghorur (deception) will be a good solution that protects the deceived victims. Patients who trust a wide and complex organization and its equipment, which is solely responsible for the important task of transferring the body products, and refer to it with confidence, are actually deceived by its appearance, and this brings about the means of deception rule to be enforced.

Oxygen deficiency, referred to as hypoxia, can be divided into two categories of environmental (exogenous) which is sensitized by respiratory cells, and microenvironmental (endogenous) responses by other cells in the body, like cancer cells. Cell responses to oxygen fluctuations are mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Lung is known as the first organ that encounters the exogenous and environmental oxygen after breathing. However, data are limited for HIF respiratory pathways of environmental oxygen sensing inside the lung cells. Thus, we evaluated the role of both HIF-1 and HIF-2 isoforms in environmental hypoxia sensation by pulmonary vascular and bronchial cells. Then, we introduced the role of HIFs in microenvironmental and endogenous oxygen sensation in tissues and cells other than respiratory cells as well as all of involved molecular mechanisms in those non-lung cells and tissues. Next, a detailed emphasize was put on the strict role of HIF molecule in tumor cells and cancer stem cells.

Wood and charcoal were key sources of energy during early industrialization in Europe (18th century), preceding the large-scale exploitation of fossil coal. Past timber harvesting implied land transformation and woodland resources management. Therefore, relict charcoal kilns and historical documents of forest management are important sources of information about past woodland composition and structure. However, ancient charcoal kilns are poorly documented in temperate woodlands in the lowlands of western Europe, especially combined with historical written sources. In this study, charcoal production was investigated in an area in NE France, by combining charcoal and historical sources analysis, along with innovative dating methodologies. Thus, by using both radiocarbon and optically-stimulated luminescence dating, we showed that the activity lasted until recent times (19th–early 20th centuries) and Carpinus was the dominant taxon in charcoal assemblage. Moreover, kiln attributes seemed to be independent of topographical variables. Woodlands in this area were subject to a coppice-with-standards management, where small diameter wood was preferred to produce charcoal and large diameter stems, mainly Quercus and Fagus, were traded as timber. The dominance of Carpinus is rather uncommon in charcoal studies but supports the importance of Carpinus as fuelwood since the Middle Ages, as confirmed by many written sources.

According to the law, upon the marriage, the husband is obligated to pay alimony to the wife and this legal obligation continues until the end of marital relationship, but in some cases despite of divorce and disbandment of marriage relation, the spouse's obligation to pay alimony continues. According to the Article 1109 of the Civil Code, in the case of revocable divorce absolutely and in all circumstances, and in irrevocable divorce and termination of marriage, if the wife is pregnant, alimony must certainly be paid by husband. The purpose of this study is to determine the entitled alimony for pregnant women, which has been done by descriptive-analytical and inferential methods and by collecting data in a library. In this regard two main views have been proposed; some believe the pregnant woman is entitled to receive alimony and others believe that the unborn child is, and they cited to the specific reasons to prove their point of view. The first view was followed by the legislator. Although accepting this point of view is more suitable, but, the interests of the fetus require that an independent legal system be established to guarantee fetal alimony. The alimony which is paid by the husband to divorced woman in the waiting period of Divorce (Oddah) is the effects of previous marriage that still exists. When the alimony is paid to divorcee, she benefits it directly and the unborn child indirectly benefits from it indirectly.

زمینه و هدف: ترکیبات آلی فرار از مهمترین آلایندههای هوا در شهرهاي صنعتي و همچنن در داخل ساختمان هستند که بر کیفیت هوای یي داخل ساختمان و سلامت انسان تأثیر میگذارند. در این تحقیق ارتباط میان ترام تركبات آلي فرار داخل و خارج از دو ساختمان اداري در يك مرز تهران مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. مواد و روشها: تراکم ترکیبات آلی فرار در 143 اتاق اداري از ساختمانهاي شماره 1 و 2 سازمان بهداشت و درمان شرت نفت در فصل ك زمستان اندازهگري شد. ملاحظات اخلاقی در اخذ مجوزهای لازم از سوی مدیریت سازمان برای اندازه گیریها مورد توجه قرار گرفت. ي اندازهگیری تراکم ترکیبات آلی فرار با استفاده از دستگاه First Check مدل 6000 انجام شد. مزان تهوه طبعي از طرق برآورد مزان نفوذ يييييهوا به داخل ساختمان و با استفاده از جداول ارائه شده از سوي سازمان های مرتبط برآورد گردد.ي یافتهها: نسبت ترکیبات آلی فرار در داخل به خارج از ساختمان شماره یک بین 1 تا 2 و این نسبت در ساختمان شماره 2 بین 5/0 تا 1 بود. تراکم کل ترکیبات آلی فرار اندازهگیری شده در ساختمان شماره 179.39±1006.23 ppb ،1 و در ساختمان شماره 42 ppb ،2 645.44±123.42 بود. نت جهگری: تراکم اغلب ترکیبات آلی فرار در داخل ساختمانهای مورد مطالعه بیش از تراکم آنها در خارج از ساختمان گزارش گردید. تراکم یی ترکیبات آلی فرار در داخل ساختمان شماره 1 از ساختمان شماره 2 بالاتر بود. در واحدهای با تعداد یک و نیم تعویض هوا در ساعت، میزان آلاینده ها کمتر از واحدهای با یک تعویض هوا در ساعت بود.

Forage legumes are used to enhancement soil fertility of the agro ecosystem. Understanding effect of them on agro ecosystem soil status during when these legumes growing and after that is essential. In one experiment the effects of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Glomus mosseae, and mixed cropping systems (MCS) on forage biomass yield, nitrogen production, nitrogenase activity and after harvesting on soil microbial activity were studied at various mixed cropping ratios of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L., B) to Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L., P) (B:P = 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3). In the second experiment, the effect of treatments on soil microbial activity were studied by soil collection after clover harvesting and 8-week soil incubations in the laboratory. MCS had positive effects on root and shoot dry weight. The effects of AMF on plant yield were positive. AMF affected the fraction root and the vertical root distribution. Plants colonized by AMF showed shorter roots than control plants. At cut 1, with the AMF colonization, the greatest nitrogenase activity (79.61 μmol C2H4 g dwt−1 h−1) of root nodule was observed with B:P = 3:1. At cut 2, the Persian clover plants colonized by G. mosseae in the mixed crop (1:3) had a higher nitrogenase activity (77.38 μmol C2H4 g dwt−1 h−1). The greatest nitrogen accumulation in the aboveground biomass, 23.5 mg g−1 forage dry matter, was obtained with mixed cropping (B:P = 1:1) in the presence of the AMF colonization. Microbial activity measured as substrate-induced respiration and activities of dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase enzymes responded positively to AMF colonization; with the greatest activities for B:P = 1:3.