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Khadija Faddladdeen,1 Soad Shaker Ali,2,3 Safia Bahshwan,4 Nasra Ayuob5,6 1Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt; 4Biology Department, College of Science and Arts in Al-Makhwah, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia; 5Medical Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt; 6Yousef Abdullatif Jameel, Chair of Prophetic Medical Applications (YAJCPMA), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Nasra AyuobMedical Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Damietta University, Damietta, EgyptTel +201066513745Email nasraayuob@gmail.comBackground: Altered status of thyroid hormones, which have a key role in regulating metabolism, was reported to affect glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion.Objective: This study was designed to assess the impact of propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism on the pancreatic islet cells and the efficacy of thymoquinone (TQ) in alleviating this impact and explore the mechanism behind it alleviating oxidative stress and affecting β-catenin expression.Materials and Methods: PTU (6 mg/kg/body weight) was used to induce hypothyroidism in Wistar rats. Four groups of rats (n=6 each) were utilized in this study. Untreated hypothyroid and TQ-treated hypothyroid groups (50 mg/kg/body weight for 4 weeks) were included. Thyroid functions, antioxidant profile and pancreatic β-catenin and IL-10 mRNA were measured. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of the pancreas was performed.Results: PTU administration induced a hypothyroid status that was associated with a marked disturbed oxidant/antioxidant status and a significant hyperglycemia (p< 0:001), hypoinsulinemia (p=0.01) and decreased HOMA-β-cell (p< 0.001). Islet cells of hypothyroid pancreas showed many degenerative changes with increased apoptosis, reduced insulin β-catenin immunoexpression. Administration of TQ alleviated these effects on the thyroid function, antioxidants, structure of pancreatic islet cells. Up-regulation of β-catenin, IL-10 and CAT gene expression in pancreatic islets after treatment with TQ supported its antioxidant and preserving β-cell function and viability mechanistic action.Conclusion: TQ alleviated PTU-induced hypothyroidism changes in insulin homeostasis and pancreatic β cells mostly through its antioxidant effect as well as up-regulation of pancreatic β-catenin expression.Keywords: Nigella sativa, pancreas, hypothyroidism, insulin, glucose, caspase-3

Background. The association between hypothyroidism and renal diseases has been described in many studies. Nigella Sativa was among the recently reported natural product that has the potential to prevent renal tissue damage and fibrosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of thymoquinone on the structure of the renal cortex of hypothyroid rats and explore the mechanism behind it. Methods. An experimental model of hypothyroidism was induced in adult male Wistar rats by administration of propylthiouracil (6 mg/kg/body weight). One hypothyroid group was treated with thymoquinone at the dose of 50 mg/kg/body weight and compared to the untreated group. Thyroid function and oxidant/antioxidant status were assessed in the serum. Catalase gene expression was assessed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction. The kidney was assessed both histologically and immunohistochemically. Results. Administration of propylthiouracil resulted in a significant decrease in the serum levels of nitric oxide, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase activity while the level of malondialdehyde significantly (p<0.001) increased. Administration of thymoquinone alleviated this effect on the thyroid hormones and significantly increased the serum levels of antioxidants. Thymoquinone significantly (p<0.001) upregulated catalase transcription by about 24-fold and could block the hypothyroidism-induced glomerular and tubular injury. Conclusion. Thymoquinone may have a potential protective effect against hypothyroidism-induced renal injury acting through the attenuation of the oxidative stress and upregulation of renal catalase gene expression.

Diabetes mellitus is a common global health problem. Among the complications that are frequently associated with DM are the alternation of sexual function and fertility, especially in young men. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of nanoparticles of

BackgroundMusk (Moschus moschiferus) has been described to have a significant impact on the central nervous system, as well as anticonvulsion and antidepressant effects. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of musk in alleviating alterations induced in olfactory bulb of depressed mice exposed to chronic stress and identify the mechanism behind it.MethodsFifty male albino mice were divided into five groups (n= 10 each): control, musk, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), fluoxetine-treated, and musk-treated groups were included in this study. Behavioral changes and serum levels of corticosterone and proinflammatory cytokines included tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and oxidant/antioxidant profile were assessed at the end of the experiment. Main olfactory bulb (MOB) has been processed for histopathological examination. Gene expression of caspase-3, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and Ki67 were assessed in the MOB using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.ResultsThe study showed that musk inhalation significantly reduced (p< 0.001) corticosterone level, immobility time, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers in CUMS-exposed mice compared to the untreated CUMS group. Musk lessened CUMS-associated neuronal alterations in the MOB and significantly reduced apoptosis and enhanced neural cell proliferation (p< 0.001) comparable to fluoxetine. Musk significantly enhanced the level of antioxidants in the serum and significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of musk and its constituents seemed to be behind its neuroprotective effect observed in this study.ConclusionMusk effectively ameliorated the chronic stress–induced behavioral, biochemical, and neuronal structural changes in MOB mostly through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect.

Background: Depression and contact dermatitis (CD) are considered relatively common health problems that are linked with psychological stress. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant activities of pumpkin were previously reported.Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the combined topical and oral application of pumpkin fruit (Cucurbita pepo L.) extract (PE) in relieving CD associated with chronic stress–induced depression and compare it to the topical pumpkin extract alone and to the standard treatment.Materials and Methods: Forty male albino rats were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 4 weeks for induction of depression and then exposed to (1-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene, DNFB) for 2 weeks for induction of CD. Those rats were assigned into 4 groups (n = 10 each); untreated, betamethasone-treated, PE-treated and pumpkin extract cream, and oral-treated groups. Treatments were continued for 2 weeks. All groups were compared to the negative control group (n = 10). Depression was behaviorally and biochemically confirmed. Serum and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS, were assessed. Oxidant/antioxidant profile was assessed in the serum and skin. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments of affected skin samples were performed.Results: Pumpkin extract, used in this study, included a large amount of oleic acid (about 56%). The combined topical and oral administration of PE significantly reduced inflammatory and oxidative changes induced by CD and depression compared to the CD standard treatment and to the topical PE alone. PE significantly alleviated CD signs and the histopathological score (p < 0.001) mostly through the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the upregulation of antioxidants.Conclusion: Pumpkin extract, applied topically and orally, could be an alternative and/or complementary approach for treating contact dermatitis associated with depression. Further studies on volunteer patients of contact dermatitis are recommended.

BackgroundAcute and chronic stresses affect the salivary glands which are the source of plasma BDNF during stressful conditions. Pumpkin is a medicinal plant with an evident antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and potential antidepressant effects. This work was conducted to assess the impact of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on the structure of albino rats’ salivary glands and evaluate the role of pumpkin extract (Pump) in ameliorating this effect. MethodsFour groups (n=10 each) of male albino rats included in this study; the control, CUMS, CUMS+fluoxetine and (CUMS+Pump). Corticosterone, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α & IL-6) and the oxidant/antioxidant profile were all assessed in the serum. BDNF mRNA level was measured in the salivary glands using qRT-PCR. Histopathological changes of the salivary glands were also assessed. ResultsDepression was confirmed behaviorally and biochemically. Exposure to CUMS significantly (p< 0.001) up-regulated the level of serum corticosterone. CUMS induced degenerative changes in the secretory and ductal system, atrophy of acini and increased apoptosis of the acinar and ductal cells. Both fluoxetine and Pump significantly up-regulated (p

Acute and chronic stresses affect the salivary glands, representing the source of plasma BDNF during stressful conditions. Pumpkin is a medicinal plant with an evident antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and potential antidepressant effects. Objective To assess the structural and biochemical effects induced by exposure to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on salivary glands of albino rats, and to evaluate the role of pumpkin extract (Pump) in ameliorating this effect. Methodology Four groups (n=10 each) of male albino rats were included in this study: the control, CUMS, Fluoxetine-treated and Pump-treated. The corticosterone, the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the oxidant/antioxidant profile were all assessed in the serum. The level of BDNF mRNA was measured in the salivary glands using qRT-PCR. Histopathological changes of the salivary glands were also assessed. Results The depressive-like status was confirmed behaviorally and biochemically. Exposure to CUMS significantly up-regulated (p

Statins are among the first line of pharmacological treatment of lipid disorders and lowering serum cholesterol, but they have many side effects.The study aim was to evaluate the role of raisins in protecting the thyroid function and structure in a rat model of hypercholesterolemia, through biochemical and histopathological investigation.Thirty male rats were randomly divided into three groups (Feeding HCD resulted in hypercholesterolemia in rats after 13 weeks as evidence by lipid profile. Ingestion of raisins along with HCD resulted in a significant (Simultaneous administration of raisins along with HCD, administrated for a short time, could modulate the negative effect on thyroid gland structure and function.

Pumpkin has received significant attention due to its nutritional compounds that have antioxidant, antifatigue, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study is aimed at assessing the antidepressant-like effect of L. Cucurbita pepo, sweet pumpkin, in an animal model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and investigating its effect on the histological structure of hippocampus compared to fluoxetine. Forty male albino rats assigned into the negative control, positive control (CUMS), and Flu-treated and pumpkin-treated groups ( n = 10 ) were utilized in this study. Exposing rats to CUMS continued for 28 days, and treatments used were applied during the last 14 days of exposure. Behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological changes were assessed after 28 days. In this study, pumpkin significantly reduced the immobility time ( p = 0.02 ), corticosterone ( p < 0.001 ), TNF-α, IL-6 ( p < 0.001 ), and malondialdehyde ( p = 0.003 ), whereas it significantly increased the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the serum of rats exposed to CUMS. Pumpkin markedly relieved the degenerative and atrophic changes observed in the CA3 region and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. It significantly reduced caspase-3 and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoexpression in the CA3 and DG. In conclusion, administration of pumpkin extract improved the behavioral, biochemical, and hippocampal pathological alternations induced in rats after exposure to CUMS in a comparable pattern to fluoxetine. This study highlighted the potential efficacy of pumpkin in alleviating depression disorder either alone or in conjugation with conventional antidepressant therapy.

This review aimed to summarize the different histopathological techniques and procedures utilized during investigating the different animal models of depression in order to explore the pathophysiological aspect of depression and testing the efficacy of the antidepressant drugs or new treatments. This will be helpful while designing researches aiming to achieve these objectives. It was found that the major obstacle during investigating the animal models of depression was the restricted availability of validated animal models. The chronic stress models have face, construct, and predictive validity. It was found that the histological techniques used in investigating the animal models of depression that was described in the literatures fall under three categories; the light microscopic, the electron microscopic and the molecular biological studies. The light microscope studies were performed using the routine histological staining and immunohistochemical technique that aimed to describe the hippocampal histopathological changes induced by depression. Establishment of a preclinical behavioral science laboratory is highly recommended. It will encourage and support the conduction of high quality, multidisciplinary researches targeting anxiety and other psychiatric disorders and will indirectly improve the health care provided to the psychiatric patients. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Chronic stress models are valid ones. Light microscope was utilized to examine the routinely or immunohistochemically stained sections in hippocampus of animal models of depression while electron microscope was utilized to examine its ultrastructure.

Background: Salivary glands are affected in acute and chronic stressful conditions. Ocimum basilicum (OB), basil, possesses anxiolytic and antidepressant like effect so this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on the structure of salivary glands of mice and the efficacy of OB in relieving this effect.Material and Methods: Forty male mice were distributed equally into four groups; the control, CUMS (exposed to the CUMS for 4 weeks), CUMS+Fluoxetine (treated with Fluoxetine after exposure to CUMS), CUMS+OB (treated with OB after exposure to CUMS). Treatments continued for 2 weeks. Behavioral changes and serum corticosterone level were assessed at the end of the experiment. Submandibular and parotid glands were histopathologically examined and stained with anti-alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA) and anti-brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) antibodies.Results: A depressive behavior was observed in mice exposed to the CUMS. Serum corticosterone level significantly increased in these mice compared to the control (130.9±8.8 versus 21.03±2.1, p

This study aimed to evaluate the effect induced by musk on Alzheimer's disease-such as neurodegenerative changes in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS).Forty male Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups (n = 10); control, CUMS, CUMS + fluoxetine, CUMS + musk. At the end of the experiment, behavior of the mice was assessed. Serum corticosterone level, hippocampal protein level of the glucocorticoid receptors, and brain-derived neurotropic factor were also assessed. Hippocampus was histopathologically examined.Musk improved depressive status induced after exposure to CUMS as evidenced by the forced swimming and open field tests and improved the short-term memory as evidenced by the elevated plus maze test. Musk reduced both corticosterone levels and the hippocampal neurodegenerative changes observed after exposure to CUMS. These improvements were comparable to those induced by fluoxetine.Musk alleviated the memory impairment and neurodegenerative changes induced after exposure to the chronic stress.

Background Depression is one of the important world-wide health problems. Objectives This study aimed to assess the ameliorative effect of Ocimum basilicum (OB) essential oil on the behavioral, biochemical and histopathological changes resulted from exposure to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). It also aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism in an animal model of depression. Materials and methods Forty male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups (n = 10): control, CUMS (exposed to CUMS for 4 weeks), CUMS plus fluoxetine, and CUMS plus OB. At the end of the experiment, behavioral changes, serum corticosterone level, protein and gene expressions of brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the hippocampus was all assessed. Immunoexpression of surface makers of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ki67, Caspase-3, BDNF and GR in the hippocampus were estimated. Data were analyzed by using the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). Results OB alleviated both behavioral and biochemical changes recorded in mice after exposure to CUMS. It also reduced neuronal atrophy observed in the hippocampal region III cornu ammonis (CA3) and dentate gyrus and restored back astrocyte number. OB decreased apoptosis in both neurons and glial cells and increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus in a pattern comparable to that of fluoxetine. Increased BDNF and GR gene and protein expressions seems to be behind the antidepressant-like effect of OB. Conclusion Ocimum basilicum ameliorates the changes induced after exposure to the chronic stress. Assessing Ocimum basilicum efficacy on human as antidepressant is recommended in further studies.

We investigated the efficacy of Ocimum basilicum (OB) essential oils for treating depression related behavioral, biochemical and histopathological changes caused by exposure to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in mice and to explore the mechanism underlying the pathology. Male albino mice were divided into four groups: controls; CUMS; CUMS plus fluoxetine, the antidepressant administered for pharmacological validation of OB; and CUMS plus OB. Behavioral tests included the forced swim test (FST), elevated plus-maze (EPM) and the open field test (OFT); these tests were performed at the end of the experiment. We assessed serum corticosterone level, protein, gene and immunoexpression of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) as well as immunoexpression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ki67, caspase-3 in the hippocampus. CUMS caused depression in the mice as evidenced by prolonged immobility in the FST, prolonged time spent in the open arms during the EPM test and reduction of open field activity in the OFT. OB ameliorated the CUMS induced depressive status. OB significantly reduced the corticosterone level and up-regulated protein and gene expressions of BDNF and GR. OB reduced CUMS induced hippocampal neuron atrophy and apoptosis, and increased the number of the astrocytes and new nerve cells. OB significantly increased GFAP-positive cells as well as BDNF and GR immunoexpression in the hippocampus.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of Zingiber officinale, commonly referred to as ginger, in preserving the structural integrity of testis in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats compared to the efficacy of metformin, the traditional effective antidiabetic drug. STZ was utilised for the induction of diabetes mellitus in male Sprague Dawley rats. The study included five groups (n = 6 each), namely the normal control, ginger-treated normal, nontreated diabetic, metformin-treated diabetic and ginger-treated diabetic groups. Biochemical assessment of fasting blood glucose level (BGL) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was performed. Histopathological assessment of the testes was performed using routine and immunohistochemical techniques. Fasting BGL significantly (p = .01) reduced, whereas TAC significantly increased (p < .001) in metformin- and ginger-treated diabetic rats compared to those in untreated diabetic rats. Metformin and ginger reduced the degenerative changes observed in the testes of diabetic rats, significantly reduced (p < .001) caspase-3 immunoexpression, and significantly increased (p < .001) the immune-expression of androgen receptors and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Ginger has antidiabetic effects and preserves testicular structural integrity and, thus, is recommended as an adjuvant therapy for male diabetic patients in the reproductive period.

This study aimed to assess the impact of high cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced hypercholesterolemia on the rat thyroid gland and investigate the role of grape juice (GJ) in reducing such impact through biochemical and histopathological methods.Thirty male Wistar rats sorted into three groups (the control, HCD-fed group, and the HCD+GJ fed group for 13 weeks) were used in this study. Lipid profile, blood glucose and insulin, thyroid hormones, some oxidants/antioxidants parameters were assessed. After the end of the experiment, thyroid glands were dissected out and processed for histopathological assessment using the light and electron microscopy.Based on the lipid profile, HCD induced hypercholesterolemia in rats after 13 weeks. This resulted in significant (p0.001) increase of the levels of insulin, blood glucose, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (596.4±17 IU∕mL), thyroxine (T4) (202.8±14.1 ng∕mL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (21.2±4.9 nmol∕mg protein), while the levels of triiodothyronine (T3) (12.6±1.9 ng∕mL) and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) (21.2±4.9 U∕mg protein) decreased in HCD-fed rats compared to that of the controls. Structurally, thyroid gland follicles of HCD-fed rats showed cytoplasmic vacuolation, stratification and increased thickness of some lining cells. Ultrastructurally, some of follicular and parafollicular cells showed heterochromatic nuclei, degenerated mitochondria, intracytoplasmic lipid droplets and deposition of collagen fibers between the follicles. GJ could improve the lipid and antioxidants profiles, reduced blood glucose level, thyroid hormones, and alleviated the HCD-induced structural changes in the thyroid.GJ administrated simultaneously with HCD ameliorated the negative impact of the function and structure of the thyroid.

To assess the efficacy of thymoquinone (TQ), the most active constituent in Nigella sativa, which is a medicinal plant from the Ranunculaceae family, in restoring the normal liver structure after 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism and explore the mechanism behind this.Hypothyroidism was induced in rats by injection of PTU [6 mg∕kg body weight (b.w.)] for six weeks. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups; the control, TQ-treated at the dose 400 mg∕kg b.w., untreated hypothyroidism and TQ-treated hypothyroid groups. Serum levels of thyroid hormones and antioxidant profile were measured. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess gene expression of catalase (CAT). Liver was histopathologically examined using routine and immunohistochemical techniques.Livers of rats with hypothyroidism displayed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the form of steatosis as well as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Moreover, there was an intralobular inflammatory reaction associated with significant (p0.05) increases in the density of resident hepatic macrophages [cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68)+ cells], as well as in activated hepatic stellate cells, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) index in livers with hypothyroidism. Resolution of hypothyroid NAFLD was observed in livers after treatment with TQ. The significantly increased (p0.05) steatosis, lobular inflammation, NAFLD activity scores, α-SMA index as well as CD68+ cells induced by hypothyroidism were corrected after TQ administration. Up-regulation of the CAT gene in livers with hypothyroidism after treatment with TQ supported our hypothesis of its antioxidant mechanistic hepatoprotective action.TQ efficiently restores the normal liver histology in hypothyroid rats with up-regulation of the antioxidant CAT gene.

This study assessed the impact of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on the structure of mouse salivary glands and the role of musk in alleviating this impact. Forty male albino mice were distributed equally into four groups; control (untreated), CUMS (exposed to CUMS for 4 weeks), CUMS+fluoxetine (FLU) (exposed to CUMS then treated with FLU, CUMS+musk (exposed to CUMS then treated with musk). Behavioral changes and serum corticosterone levels were assessed at the end of the experiment. The submandibular and parotid glands were dissected out and processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical examination using antibodies against alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA) and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF). Exposure to CUMS significantly (P < 0.001) increased the serum corticosterone level and induced depression. CUMS also induced vacuolation in acinar cells along with a significant (P < 0.001) reduction of ASMA immunoexpression, indicating an effect on myoepithelial cells, and a significant (P < 0.001) increase of BDNF expression in the gland ductal system. Both FLU and musk alleviated the CUMS-induced behavioral, biochemical and histopathological changes in the salivary glands. In conclusion, musk ameliorates stress-induced structural changes in mouse salivary glands. This effect might be mediated through up-regulation of BDNF secretion by the glands.

Depression is a significant public health concern all over the world, especially in modern communities. This study aims to assess the efficacy of musk in alleviating the behavioral, biochemical and histopathological changes induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in an animal model of depression and to explore the underlying mechanism of this effect. Male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups (n = 10): control, CUMS, CUMS+fluoxetine and CUMS+musk. At the end of the experiment, behavioral tests were administered and serum corticosterone and testosterone levels were assessed. Surface markers, proteins and gene expressions of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the hippocampus were assessed. The immunoexpression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, Ki67 and caspase-3 was also assessed. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Musk alleviated the behavioral changes caused by CUMS and reduced elevated corticosterone levels. It reduced CUMS-induced neuronal atrophy in the CA3 and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and restored astrocytes. Musk reduced the neuro- and glial apoptosis observed in stressed mice in a manner comparable to that of fluoxetine. Musk induced these effects through up-regulating both BDNF and GR gene and protein expressions. Musk has an antidepressant-like effect in an animal model of depression, so it is advisable to assess its efficacy in people continually exposed to stressors.

BackgroundAlthough the physiological and biochemical effects of hypothyroidism on salivary glands were frequently studied in previous research, its histological aspects have not been sufficiently studied.AimThis study aimed to assess the histopathological changes caused by experimentally induced hyp

Although empathy is considered one of the essential attributes of professionalism for medical students, the empathy level of the Saudi medical students was not assessed till now while it was assessed worldwide. This study aimed to determine the level of empathy among medical students in different study years at Faculty of Medicine (FOM), King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, and to explore in depth the factors that affect it. This comparative cross sectional study used a translated Arabic version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-student version (JSPE-SV). It was distributed to all medical students in different study years at KAU during the academic year 2014-2015 and the response rate was 58.3 %. Data were collected and analyzed using the statistical package of Social sciences (SPSS) version 22. The mean empathy score was 106.55±19.16 and it was higher, but nonsignificant, in females than males. It increases along with the study year and its level among the 6th year students was significantly higher (p=0.004) than that of the 2nd year. Intact marital status of parents (p=0.012), satisfactory relationship with mother and father (p=0.009, p=0.012), having a patient in the family (p=0.002) were significantly associated with higher empathy level. Students empathy level was relatively low but it was increasing throughout the study years denoting the positive impact of the medical curriculum. More highlights on the patients physician relationship all through the medical curriculum is needed to emphasize and promote empathy of the student. [Med-Science 2016; 5(2.000): 484-95]

Background: Red grape juice (RGJ) and dark raisins (DR) are rich in polyphenols and antioxidants. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of RGJ and DR in protec- ting the renal tubules against hypercholesteraemic-induced pathological changes. Materials and methods: Forty albino rats divided into four groups (n = 10) were utilised in this study. They included the control, high cholesterol diet (HCD)-fed, HCD+RGJ-fed, and HCD+DR-fed groups. Body weight gain, food and water in- take, blood and insulin levels, lipid profile and kidney functions were assessed at the start of the experiment and after 12 weeks. The right kidney was dissected out and processed for both light and electron microscopic examination. Desmin and cytokeratin antibodies were utilised as histologic markers to assess the integrity of the proximal (PTs) and distal tubules (DTs) of the kidney. Results: Administration of HCD resulted in hypercholesterolaemia in rats as evi- denced by the lipid profile. The PTs of hypercholesteraemic rats appeared dilated with hyaline casts and mitochondria in most of the tubular cells were affected. Immunohistochemical assessment revealed affection of both PTs and DTs. Both RGJ and DR, when administered along with the HCD for 12 weeks, improved the lipid profile, kidney functions as well as the histologic and cellular changes-induced by hypercholesterolaemia in the rats. The effect of raisins was superior to RGJ which might be due to its high contents of fibres and proteins. Conclusions: This study highlighted the importance of supplementation of red grape and raisins in protection against the harmful effects induced by deposition of fat on the renal tubules’ structure and function.

Background: During the last 15 years large number medical schools have been launched in Saudi Arabia in order to compensate for the shortage of Saudi physicians. Till now the reasons for choosing the medical profession by Saudi students were not thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to investigate the reasons for study medicine at King Abdulaziz University (KAU); and if there is any difference in these reasons between the junior and senior medical student. Factors helping in profession selection as well as the future specialty selection were also investigated. Methods: This comparative cross section study was conducted at KAU during the year 2014-2015 using a self-administered questionnaire distributed to all the 2 nd and 6 th year medical students. Results: Like to help patients, interest in medical field and being prestigious career were the commonest causes of choosing the medical profession among the 2 nd year students and they were significantly rated higher ( 0.031, 0.001, 0.028) in 2 nd year students compared to the 6 th year. Getting a high GPA was rated significantly higher (p=0.01) by the 6 th year students than the 2 nd year students. Publications and internet sources was the significant (p=0.001) helpful factors rated by the 2 nd year students. Surgery, Pediatric and Internal medicine were the commonest future specialties that had been chosen by both 2 nd and 6 th year students. Conclusions: Comprehensive and structured programs directed to the secondary school and preparatory university year students to guide them to the proper career with the highlight of Medicine as one of the profession strongly needed in Saudi Arabia.

Background: Chronic pain may be associated with diabetes mellitus and/or depression. Use of therapies that target both comorbidities is encouraged. Objective: This study was designed to investigate the potential antinociceptive, neuroprotective, and antidepressant effects of combinations of pioglitazone or metformin with fluoxetine in chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. Study Design: Experimental trial in rats. Setting: University lab in Saudia Arabia. Methods: Two sets of experiments were performed. In each one, 9 groups of rats (n = 8) were used: sham, CCI, and 7 CCI-treated groups. Treatments were given orally starting on day 7 post-surgery as follows (mg/kg/day): fluoxetine (10, 20, and 40), pioglitazone (20), metformin (50), fluoxetine (20) + pioglitazone, and fluoxetine (20) + metformin. In the first set, on day 14 post-surgery mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and serum cytokines were measured. Moreover, immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, a marker for astrocytic activation) in the spinal cord was assessed and histopathological changes in the ipsilateral sciatic nerve were examined. In the second set, on days 14 and 21 post-surgery the forced swimming test was done. Results: In the first set, all treatments significantly decreased mechanical allodynia while all treatments except F10 and F20 significantly decreased thermal hyperalgesia compared to the CCI group. The F20+M group showed the highest decreases, however still significantly lower than those of the sham group. The treatments didn’t impair motor function in the rotarod test. All treatments significantly decreased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 while increasing the level of interleukin-10. The CCI-induced marked increase of GFAP immunoexpression has been reduced to moderate with fluoxetine (40) and pioglitazone, and to mild with metformin and the combination groups. The CCI-induced changes in sciatic nerve were less in fluoxetine (40), pioglitazone, and metformin groups, and least in the combination groups. In the second set, the immobility duration was significantly reduced by F20, F40, P, F20+P, and F20+M compared to the CCI group. The F20+P group showed the highest decrease, however still significantly lower than that of the sham group. The treatments didn’t affect locomotor activity in the open field test. Limitations: Measuring the cytokines levels only in blood and not in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve and measuring the outcome measures in the first set of experiments at only one time-point. Conclusions: Co-administration of pioglitazone or metformin with low-dose fluoxetine improved mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and neurohistopathological changes while coadministration of pioglitazone, but not metformin, improved the depressive-like behavior in the peripheral nerve injury model of neuropathic pain in rats. Extrapolation of the current results to clinical reality could be beneficial for pain patients with diabetes and/or depression, however this needs further confirmatory studies. Key words: Antidepressant, antinociceptive, chronic constriction injury, fluoxetine, GFAP, metformin, neuroprotective, pain, pioglitazone, sciatic

Objectives To assesses the effects of long term exposure to low dose of acrylamide (0.4 μg/g) in post-weaning Sprague–Dawley rats on the structure of the reproductive organ as well as DNA integrity. Methods The histological changes in the male and female reproductive organs the morphological changes in sperms as well as the genotoxic effect of acrylamide were assessed. The effect acrylamide on pregnancy outcome was evaluated. Results Testes of acrylamide-fed rats showed decreased number of seminiferous tubules containing mature sperms and degenerative changes in sperm germ cell layers. Some sperms of epididymal cauda showed head deformity. In female, acrylamide included cystic ovarian changes, degenerative changes of zona pelluida, granulosa cells and oocytes. Post implantation loss and decrease in the number of full term fetuses were detected. Resorption sites showed necrotic fetal tissue with vacuolation of amniotic cells. Conclusion Acrylamide cause harmful effect on the reproductive organ structure, fertility and cause extensive DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes.

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Does chronic administration of nicotine by different routes affect gastric hormonal secretions and morphology in rats? What is the main finding and its importance? Chronic nicotine administration increased levels of gastrin, ghrelin and histamine but decreased prostaglandin E2. Nicotine administered orally and by inhalation had a marked negative impact on the histological structure of the gastric mucosa compared with intraperitoneal administration. The negative impact of nicotine administration on gastric structure was associated with an increased concentration of gastrin and decreased prostaglandin E2, which might be the cause of gastric/peptic ulcers in heavy smokers. The increase in ghrelin concentration and its effect following chronic nicotine administration needs further investigation. The aim was to assess the effects of different routes of chronic nicotine administration on gastric morphology and hormonal secretion; mainly gastrin, ghrelin, histamine and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Forty adult male albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups (10 rats per group), treated for 21 days as follows: control group (given standard rat pellets and water only); oral nicotine-treated group [50 μg (ml drinking water)−1]; intraperitoneal nicotine-treated group [0.5 mg (kg body weight)−1]; and inhaled nicotine-treated group [0.5 mg (kg body weight)−1]. Concentrations of gastrin, ghrelin, PGE2 and histamine in serum and gastric tissue homogenates were assessed using ELISA kits. Stomach fundus was processed for histopathology and immunohistochemistry using light and electron microscopy. Different routes of chronic nicotine administration resulted in a significant increase in serum and gastric homogenate gastrin and ghrelin concentrations and a significant decrease in serum and homogenate PGE2 concentrations compared with the control group. Moreover, nicotine administration via oral and inhalation routes caused gastric erosion, transformation of peptic cells into the mucous variety, a significant increase in parietal cell numbers and an increase in expression of gastrin. In conclusion, the negative impact of nicotine administration on gastric structure that is associated with an increased concentration of gastrin and decreased concentration PGE2 might be the leading cause of gastric/peptic ulcers in heavy smokers. The increased ghrelin concentration and its effect following nicotine chronic administration needs further investigation. Based on these findings, we suggest that the alteration in gastric structure following chronic administration of nicotine can be prevented by reducing gastrin secretion and/or targeting its receptors.

Background: In 2007 Faculty of Medicine (FOM), King Abdulaziz University (KAU) reoriented the medical curriculum and integrated professionalism. This study was conducted to assess the perception of professionalism attitudes by medical graduates who graduated from the new curriculum that incorporated the professionalism module and compare it to those who did not. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at the teaching hospital of the FOM, KAU using a modified version of the well-constructed questionnairedesigned to assess the student’s attitudes toward professionalism was distributed to all interns in the academic year of 2013-2014. Statistical analysis was carried out using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 16. Results: Higher mean scores with significant differences in all aspects of professionalism were observed in interns graduated from the new curriculum when compared to those of the old one and was previously reported by Eldeek et al., (2012). The importance of adhering to high ethical and moral behavior and the need of humanity in the efficacy of the medical practice were the most significant attributes with effect size of 0.64 and 0.58 respectively. Studying in the clinical years represented the first helpful source of the participant to develop their perception about professionalism. Conclusion: The new developed curriculum at the FOM succeeded to improve the graduate perception about professionalism.

Background: Little is known about the factors that influence the choice of medical specialty by male and female senior medical students at King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah so this study was conducted to investigate these factors . Methods: In this cross sectional study, data was collected through a questionnaire that was adapted to the Saudi culture from. It was distributed to three hundred male and female medical students in their sixth year and the response rate was 79.6%. Data analysis was carried out by using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version during the years 2013-2014. The percentages and the significances of the most and the least factors that influence the choice of medical specialties by the sample of the study were computed. Results: Study showed that 91 out of 121 senior male students and 88 senior female students out of 118 agreed that joining medical school was their first interest. Results illustrated that helping patients is the most considerable reason to choose medicine by the majority of the students (93% of senior male students and 91% of senior female students) whereas family enforcement was the least influential reason to choose medicine (28% of senior male students and 23% of senior female students). Internal medicine was chosen by the majority of the sample of the study as their first interest after graduating from medical school (43 male and female senior students). While only one male medical student chose community medicine . Conclusions: Medicine was the first choice for the majority of both male and female medical students who entered university. Internal medicine was the most desirable specialty following graduation. Most of the graduates have no plan in pursuing a career in general practice. It is advocated to establish a career advising committee at KAU. The committee should focus on medical students during their final clinical years. The lack of physicians in some specialties and its effect on the community should be addressed.

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To evaluate the effect of using peer role-playing in learning the communication skills as a step in the development of the communication skills training course delivered to pre-clinical medical students.This study was conducted at the King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between September 2014 and February 2015 and comprised medical students. Mixed methods design was used to evaluate the developed communication skills training course. Tests were conducted before and after the communication skills training course to assess the students' self-reported communication. After the course, the students completed a satisfaction survey. Focus groups were conducted to assess the behavioural and organisational changes induced by the course. SPSS 16 was used for data analysis..Of the293 respondents, 246(84%) were satisfied with the course. Overall, 169(58%) subjects chose the lectures as the most helpful methods for learning the communication skills while 124(42%) considered practical sessions as the most helpful method. Besides, 237(81%) respondents reported that the role-play was beneficial for their learning, while 219(75%) perceived the video-taped role-play as an appropriate method for assessing the communication skills.Peer role-play was found to be a feasible and well-perceived alternative method in facilitating the acquisition of communication skills..

Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the progressive neurodegenerative diseases might be associated with exposure to stress and altered living conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Ocimum basilicum (OB) essential oils in improving the neurodegenerative-like changes induced in mice after exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Forty male Swiss albino mice divided into four groups (n = 10); the control, CUMS, CUMS + Fluoxetine, CUMS + OB were used. Behavioral tests, serum corticosterone level, hippocampus protein level of the glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and brain-dreived neurotropic factor (BDNF) were determined after exposure to CUMS. Hippocampus was histopathologically examined. Data were analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) and P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. OB diminished the depression manifestation as well as impaired short term memory observed in the mice after exposure to the CUMS as evidenced by the forced swimming and elevated plus maze test. OB also up-regulated the serum corticosterone level, hippocampal protein level of the glucocorticoid receptor and the brain-derived neurotropic factor and reduced the neurodegenerative and atrophic changes induced in the hippocampus after exposure to CUMS. Essential oils of OB alleviated the memory impairment and hippocampal neurodegenerative changes induced by exposure to the chronic unpredictable stress indicating that it is the time to test its effectiveness on patients suffering from Alzheimer disease.

BackgroundMany drugs that lower circulating cholesterol levels are available, but they are frequently associated with severe side effects.AimThis study was conducted to investigate the possible protective effect of raisins against a high-cholesterol-diet-induced nephropathy using biochemical and his

Many studies are aimed towards a solution for erectile dysfunction which is a worldwide health problem. Medicinal and natural herbal medications have been prescribed but their long-term effects are not well known. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the chronic administration of F. hermonis root extract on the structure of the male mice reproductive organs and their fertility and to study the possible protective role of vitamin C. Sixty male albino mice were divided into 3 groups: the control, the experimental group that received F. hermonis root extract orally (6 mg/kg) for six weeks, and the treated group that received F. hermonis plus vitamin C for six weeks. Serum testosterone level and mice fertility were assessed. At the end of the experiment mice were sacrificed; testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle were dissected and processed for routine histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. The chronic administration of F. hermonis extract significantly decreased the level of testosterone and partially impaired fertility. Histopathological degenerative changes and a significant reduction in estrogen receptor (ER)β expression were observed in testes, epididymis, and seminal vesicle. Vitamin C administration did not completely protect the testis from these harmful effects. Although F. hermonis roots are recommended to improve erectile and fertility problems, it should be used for short periods and with extreme caution. Further clinical studies to assess safety and efficacy are needed.

This study aimed to characterise the structural changes in liver of an alloxan-induced diabetic rat and to explain such changes in terms of the biochemical changes in free radicals and antioxidants. In addition, it aimed to determine the potential ability of garlic oil to alter these changes. The study groups were: control (n=12), alloxan-induced diabetic rats (n=10) and alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with garlic oil (10 mg/kg body weight (n=10)). Markers of oxidative stress were assessed. Small pieces of the liver were processed for transmission electron microscopic study. Garlic oil caused a significant decrease in levels of LPO in plasma (0.26 vs 0.53), erythrocyte lysate (14.4 vs 24.8) and liver tissue homogenate (1.04 vs 2.08), whereas those of thiols were significantly elevated (1.2 vs 0.46), (24 vs 15) in plasma and erythrocyte lysate respectively. SOD activity and G-S-T activity were significantly elevated in erythrocyte lysate (5.7 vs 3.3) (377 vs 179) and liver homogenate (1.4 vs 0.5) (752 vs 623) respectively after garlic oil administration. Ultrastructural study of the liver confirmed the ability of garlic to retard lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes induced by oxidative stress associated with diabetes. Therefore, garlic could normalise oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

This study aimed to assess if simultaneous administration of vitamin E, selenium and aluminium could alleviate the latter’s immunologic impact on the spleen. Twenty eight virgin albino Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into two main groups: control (n = 12) and experimental (n = 18). These groups were divided into two subgroups each. The first control group received distiled water and the second one vitamin E and selenium for 3 months through intragastric tubes. Of the two experimental subgroups, the first received oral aluminium chloride (AlCl3) at a dose 150 mg/kg of body weight/day, and the second received AlCl3 plus vitamin E and selenium for 3 months. Sixteen (out of eighteen) subject rats became pregnant. At day 20 of gestation, dams were sacrificed, and spleens were dissected and processed for histologic examination with routine and immunohistologic staining and semi-quantitative assessment. Aluminium administration induced a significant decrease in the number and density of T-lymphocytes and macrophages in the spleen as well as splenic fibrosis during pregnancy. Vitamin E and selenium reduced but did not completely prevent these changes.

Faculty of Medicine (FOM), King Abdulaziz University (KAU), requested for international recognition by the Laison Committee of Canadian Medical Education (LCME) during the period 2008-2010. Selection of medical students was a must standard in LCME. After obtaining a written permission from higher administration at KAU, a committee for the establishment of multiple-mini-interview (MMI) was formed and they conducted workshops to train faculty members at FOM on such process. The interviews were set up in a manner similar to that of an objective-structured clinical evaluation (OSCE), with the applicant moving from one station to another. The applicant was either asked to discuss a scenario or respond to direct questions. The interviewers used a standardized scoring form to rate candidates. When the data were analyzed, it was found that the performance of men students was insignificantly higher than that of women students in stations concerned with personnel character and professionalism. The performance of women students was significantly higher in all other stations (those considered motivation, morals and bioethics, team work and communication skills and behaviors). The women's overall performance was significantly higher than men.

Background: Health research plays a vital role in promoting medical students’ interest in academic medical careers, and increases their postgraduate research productivity. Scientific research skills were integrated into the developed medical curriculum implemented at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) in 2006-2007 and its impact on students’ research practices was not assessed till now. Objectives: this study aimed to assess the effect of integrating scientific research skills into the medical curriculum on research practices and perception among senior medical students at KAU. Subjects and methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the KAU in the academic year 2014-2015. A validated questionnaire was distributed to all the sixth year medical students (n=307) and 60% (n=184) of them responded. Data was analysis by using the Statistical Package of Social Science. Results: About 51% of the students have started their own research projects and 17% have completed and published their articles, 14.7% of them got accepted manuscript for publication. Career progression (75%) was the main students’ motive to conduct research and the lack of dedicated time for research was the most reported obstacle to participate in research (73.4%). Students reported that inclusion of one-month rotation dedicated for research in the internship will enhance their research activity (68.5%) and agreed that research publication will greatly improve their postgraduate acceptance chances (95.1%). Conclusion: A large percent of KAU senior medical students have started their research project but only small percent succeed to complete it. Providing dedicated time for conduction research, more research opportunities and devoted supervisors are recommended to further boost students’ involvement in research.

To describe and evaluate an innovative approach for developing leadership skills in a cohort of medical students through an extracurricular programme.The study was conducted at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from April to June of the academic year 2014-15, and comprised medical students from all batches. Mixed-method design was used to evaluate the leadership development programme. Pre- and post-tests were conducted to assess students' learning and their satisfaction was evaluated at the end of the programme. Focus groups were conducted to assess the programme's impact on participants' behaviour. Data analysis was done using SPSS 16.Of the 55 participants, 45(82%) responded to the evaluation survey. Of them, 29(65%) reported intended changes in their leadership practices immediately after the programme, with 8(28%) of them reporting more than one change. The mean students' satisfaction with the overall performance of the speakers and programme organisation was high at 4.12±0.91 and 4.54±0.89, respectively.Early experience of the leadership development programme produced positive results. An intense programme analysis is required to fully understand this significant organisational need.

Depression has become a common public health problem that is showing increasing prevalence. Slow onset of action, low response rates and drug resistance are potential limitations of the current antidepressant drugs. Alternative therapy using natural substances, specifically aromatherapy, is currently tried to treat depression. This work aimed to assess the efficacy of musk in relieving the behavioral, biochemical and hippocampal histopathological changes induced by exposure to chronic mild stress in mice and explore the possible mechanism behind this antidepressant-like effect. Forty male albino mice were divided into four groups (n = 10): control, a group exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and two groups exposed to CUMS and then treated with fluoxetine or musk. Behavioral changes and serum corticosterone levels were assessed at the end of the experiment. Protein and gene expressions of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the hippocampus were assessed using ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Histopathological examination of the hippocampus and immunohistochemical techniques using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Ki67, caspase-3, BDNF and GR were performed. Inhalation of musk had an antidepressant-like effect in an animal model of depression. Musk alleviated the behavioral changes and elevated serum corticosterone levels induced by exposure to chronic stress. It reduced the hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and stimulated neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Musk's action may be related to the upregulation of hippocampal GR and BDNF expressions. Musk is considered a potential antidepressant so it is advisable to assess its efficacy in treating depressed patient.

Background and aim: Humans may be susceptible to acrylamide poisoning that may induce genotoxicity and testicular toxicity. Studies on recovery from acrylamide-induced reproductive toxicity are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the natural recovery of testicular and genotoxicity caused by subacute exposure to acrylamide in rats. Materials and methods: Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six acrylamide-treated groups and one control group. They were dosed orally once a day with acrylamide at 45 mg/kg/day for 5 days and then held for different recovery periods (3, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 55 days). The parameters examined were sperm count and morphology, hormonal assay, histopathology, comet assay, and apoptosis detection in testis. Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way analysis of variance using the SPSS software (significance was considered at P

Background Medical students can play a vital role in health research at any institute. Moreover, scientific publication by medical students is a strong indicator of students' knowledge, skills and attitudes towards scientific research. Very little information exists, however, on this matter in Saudi Arabia. Subjects and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the publication practices of medical interns who graduated from King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine and to investigate barriers to conducting and publishing research during their medical studies. A questionnaire was distributed to 394 interns and 249 (63.2%) responded. Results About 31% of the responding interns started research during their undergraduate study years. About 12% discontinued their research, whereas only 7% submitted their research for publication. Only 3.2% of the interns had their research papers published and 3.2% had their research paper accepted for publication; 2% had research papers under revision. Interns had positive attitudes towards research, although only a few of them had submitted their papers for publication. Furthermore, interns expressed the need for training in research design, scientific paper writing and publication practice. They recommended devoting slots in medical school curriculum, in addition to other extracurricular training workshops, to teach and train students on such practices and also to provide more convenient opportunities for student participation in conferences. Conclusion and recommendations Interns in King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Medicine have a positive attitude towards research; however, few students submit papers for publication. Lack of time and training in research methods were the main obstacles cited by the interns for conducting and publishing research. Interns welcome training in research, scientific writing and publication practice. These requirements will be issued to the main curriculum committee at the faculty of medicine and recommendations on possible actions will be discussed with the administration.

This study aimed to describe the vascular and cellular histopathological changes that occurred in post-mastectomy seroma in an animal model. Unilateral mastectomies were conducted on 45 female albino rabbits. On day seven, the skin flap and the underlying tissues of the mastectomy regions were dissected and processed for histopathological examination using immunohistochemical staining of the T- and B-lymphocytes and macrophages (CD3, CD20, and CD68 respectively), and the vascular endothelia. The post-mastectomy regions in the seroma group showed a large number of inflammatory cells and newly formed blood vessels that lost the integrity of their endothelial cell linings, as revealed by the von Willebrand factor staining, as well the basement membrane, as revealed by the histochemical stain. The post-mastectomy seroma beds showed many CD3 and CD20+ve lymphocytes and CD68+ve macrophages. These macrophages were producing angiogenic factors, resulting in the persistent and continuous formation of new blood vessels. These new blood vessels were defective and represented an underlying cause of seroma formation.