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This study aimed to assess the effect of the frozen and refrozen storage durations on the sensory and microbial quality of broiler chickens’ meat. A total of 40 breast muscle of broilers meat were dividing into two treatments (freezing and refreezing treatments). The meat in the first treatment was subdivided into three equal parts and subjected into 0 (without freezing), 1-, 2- and 3-months freezing storage periods while the meat samples in the second treatment was subjected into 1, 2 and 3 months freezing then thawing overnight at 4°C and refreezing for 1, 2, and 3 months before evaluation microbial count and sensory quality of meat. Results showed that refreezing storage duration had affected undesirably on flavor, juiciness, and tenderness significantly (P≤ 0.05) at (2 and 3), (1 and 3) and 3 months of refrozen storage respectively, whereas the data of overall acceptability were significantly (P≤ 0.05) reduced when the duration of frozen and refrozen at (1, 2 and 3) months storage increased compared to fresh samples (without freezing). The data of microbial counts were significantly (P ≤0.05) increased with prolonging the duration of frozen and refrozen storage in comparison with control treatment. In conclusion, the significant differences between fresh, thawed and refrozen meat in this study should give consumers concerns about buying frozen meat or consuming thawed meat.

Although the significance of a positive social classroom climate in face-to-face learning has been established, its role within online and technology-enhanced learning environments is unclear. The central aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the findings of empirical studies which have examined any aspect of the social classroom climate in online and technology-enhanced learning environments in primary and secondary schools. Appropriate search terms were entered into ACM Digital Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and ERIC in November 2021. Articles were included if they were relevant for the aim, reported primary data, sampled primary/secondary school students and/or teachers, and were published in journals, conference proceedings, or book chapters in English. Furthermore, articles were excluded if they focused on the development/testing of measurement tools. The thematic narrative synthesis includes 29 articles, comprising of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies. A quality assessment checklist was completed for all. The findings encompass examinations of the social classroom climate in online learning before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, in blended learning environments and a comparison between them. Furthermore, associations between the online social classroom climate and academic variables is explored, as is the fostering thereof through synchronous/asynchronous discussion groups and social media. We discuss the theoretical framing of the studies, the impact of a positive classroom climate in online and technology-enhanced learning environments on students, as well as practical approaches and new opportunities in leveraging technologies. Based on the findings and the studies' limitations we outline implications and future research, such as the need to consider students' voices and diversity, technology perspectives, a transdiciplinary approach and the reconceptualization of boundaries.

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of an extension of use of oil from Schizochytrium limacinum (strain FCC‐3204) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The extension of use pertains to the use of the NF as a food ingredient in protein products at a maximum use level of 1 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in 100 g of product. The Panel considers that the information provided on the composition and the production process is sufficiently described and does not raise safety concerns. S. limacinum was attributed the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status with the qualification ‘for production purposes only’. Data provided demonstrated the absence of viable cells in the NF. Under the proposed extension of use, the highest intake estimate (at the 95th percentile) of DHA from the NF in protein products is 6.3 mg DHA/kg bw per day for adolescents. The Panel notes that the exposure to DHA from the new intended use of the NF in protein products is very low compared to the exposure to DHA from the already authorised food categories (excluding food supplements). The Panel concludes that the NF (oil from S. limacinum (FCC‐3204)) is safe under the new intended use.

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of adding ascorbic acid, nitrate and nitrite, sodium phosphate, lactic acid and acetic acid at different concentrations on the growth of some pathogenic bacteria that contaminate the locally manufactured "basturma" during storage period under natural climate conditions from March till June 2006, and also on aflatoxins content . Results indicated that the additives decreased the growth of some studied microorganisms during storage based on the type and concentration of the additives . In general, using different concentrations of ascorbic acid decreased the content of Staphylococcus aureus, coliform sp., , Bacillus sp., and Clostridium sp.bacteria, and resulted in a complete inhibition of Salmonella sp., and Shigella sp. growth along with the period of storage. Different concentrations of nitrate and nitrite played a general role in reducing the counts of Coliform sp.and Bacillus sp., and complete inhibition of Salmonella sp., Shigella, S. aureus and Clostridium. Using different concentrations of sodium phosphate decreased the counts of S.aureus, Coliform sp. and Bacillus sp., however at higer concentrations, this compound inhibited most types of these bacteria and resulted in ellimenate Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and Clostridium sp..Combination of ascorbic acid plus nitrate and nitrite resulted in reducing S. aureus and ellimination of Coliform, Salmonella, Shigella, and Bacillus. The treatment of meat before grinding with 5% of both acetic acid and lactic acid generally led to the decrease of Coliform sp. count, and a complete inhibition of Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp., S.aureus, Salmonella sp.and Shigella sp.. Results demonstrated that the content of aflatoxin B1 and G1 in basturma was significantly reduced during storage period

This study was conducted to study the effect of using some food additives like ascorbic acid, nitrate and nitrite, sodium phosphate, lactic and acetic acid with different concentrations upon some chemical and quality properties of local basturma during storage within open climate temperature from march to june. The results of the study revealed that the value of pH was decreased in most of the treatments during storage period with increase in some treatments at the last month of storage. Treating with vitamin C with different concentrations resulted in the decrease of peroxide value, free fatty acids (FFA) and amino nitrogen during the storage period and decrease of pH from April till June. When nirate and nitrite were used , an increase of pH value, peroxide value, FFA and amino nitrogen during the storage were risen. The compact treatment {Vitamin C + nitrate and nitrite} increased significantly pH value in comparison with the control. It was found that the highest value of pH was 6.7 and 6.8 when sodium phosphate was added in concentration of 0.3% during May and June, respectively . The treatment with acetic and lactic acids resulted in a decrease of pH value, peroxide value and amino – nitrogen and an increase in the free fatty acids .

The effect of using some food additives like ascorbic acid, nitrate and nitrite , sodium phosphate, lactic acid and acetic acid with different concentrations upon some chemical characteristics of local manufacture basturma during storage within open climate temperature from March to June, was studied. Significant differences were found in the values of the moisture content of different treatments of the stored basturma during storage period. The moisture content of stored basturma decreased simultaneosly with the increase of storage period which led to increase of protein and fat ratio significantly. Treatment with ascorbic acid resulted in the decrease of moisture content and the increase of protein quantity and slight changes in fat content during storage period. An increase in the ratio of protein was appeared when nitrate and nitrite were used. Generally, the use of sodium phosphate led to maintaining of the moisture content of the stored basturma during storage. The treatment with 5% of lactic and acetic acid did not affect significantly on moisture content in comparison with control and significant increase in protein content

The aim of the current investigation was to compare the association between attachment and behaviour problems in children attending regular schools and children attending special education schools with a focus on emotional and social development. We draw upon data collected from 169 children attending regular schools (M[subscript age] = 9.66), and 91 children attending special education schools (M[subscript age]= 10.52). The children completed the "Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Revised" (ECR-RC), which assess their maternal attachment-related anxiety and avoidance. Parents completed the "Child Behaviour Checklist" (CBCL/6-18 R) which captures their child's internalising and externalising problems. Special education children showed higher levels of attachment-related anxiety and avoidance, than regular education children. Furthermore, regular and special education children showed different associations between attachment and internalising and externalising problems. Our results have implications for the transferability of previous research findings from children without to children with special needs and highlight the importance of considering maternal attachment for children attending special education schools.

Adolescence is a time in which peers gain in importance and more time is spent engaging in social interactions with them. Within these interactions, adolescents will also be confronted with moral dilemmas, in which moral decisions need to be taken. The aim of the current study was to examine two factors that may influence moral decisions, namely moral identity and social goal orientations. The sample consisted of 455 adolescents (251 girls), with ages ranging from 10 to 18 (M[subscript Age] = 14.11, SD[subscript Age] = 1.79), who completed questionnaires. In line with the hypotheses, there was a significant positive association between moral identity and moral decisions, and communal goals and moral decisions; there was also a significant negative association between agentic goals and moral decisions. We propose that both moral identity and social goal orientations be added to the social information processing-moral decision-making framework, and further theorize about the relation between constructs in the database. We discuss the findings from a development perspective and provide first ideas for practical implications.

Emotion dysregulation is a transdiagnostic factor in the development of various mental and behavioral disorders, thus requiring ample evidence for prevention and intervention approaches. The aim of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the association between parenting dimensions/styles and emotion dysregulation in childhood and adolescence. Following the PRISMA guidelines, the review was registered (PROSPERO CRD42021251672) and search terms were entered in Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed in May 2021. Articles needed to report on empirical studies that examined the association between parenting dimensions/styles and emotion dysregulation in children/adolescents with primary data, and be published in English in a peer-reviewed journal. Additionally, articles were excluded based on certain designs and focus on special populations. The narrative synthesis includes 30 articles, and of which 27 are included in the meta-analysis. An NHLBI tool with 14 items (e.g., validity) was utilized for assessing the quality of the included studies. General trends indicate that positive parenting (e.g., warmth, supportiveness) is negatively associated with emotion dysregulation, whilst negative parenting (e.g., psychological control, authoritarian) is positively associated. The meta-analysis reveals an overall small yet significant effect, however, the heterogeneity of the studies is moderate to high. A funnel plot demonstrated no evidence of publication bias. Limitations include the varying conceptualizations of emotion dysregulation, as well as a lacking focus on specific types of emotion. Although more research is needed, addressing factors such as culture, gender, and age, the review provides first indications of the significance of parenting dimensions/styles for emotion dysregulation., Author(s): Naska Goagoses [sup.1] , Tijs Bolz [sup.1] , Jule Eilts [sup.1] , Neele Schipper [sup.1] , Jessica Schütz [sup.1] , Annika Rademacher [sup.1] , Christina Vesterling [sup.1] , Ute [...]

Abstract Background This paper discusses whether baseline demographic, socio-economic, health variables, length of follow-up and method of contacting the participants predict non-response to the invitation for a second assessment of lifestyle factors and body weight in the European multi-center EPIC-PANACEA study. Methods Over 500.000 participants from several centers in ten European countries recruited between 1992 and 2000 were contacted 2–11 years later to update data on lifestyle and body weight. Length of follow-up as well as the method of approaching differed between the collaborating study centers. Non-responders were compared with responders using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Overall response for the second assessment was high (81.6%). Compared to postal surveys, centers where the participants completed the questionnaire by phone attained a higher response. Response was also high in centers with a short follow-up period. Non-response was higher in participants who were male (odds ratio 1.09 (confidence interval 1.07; 1.11), aged under 40 years (1.96 (1.90; 2.02), living alone (1.40 (1.37; 1.43), less educated (1.35 (1.12; 1.19), of poorer health (1.33 (1.27; 1.39), reporting an unhealthy lifestyle and who had either a low (25, 1.08 (1.06; 1.10); especially ≥30 kg/m2, 1.26 (1.23; 1.29)). Conclusions Cohort studies may enhance cohort maintenance by paying particular attention to the subgroups that are most unlikely to respond and by an active recruitment strategy using telephone interviews.

Abstract Background To examine the association of education with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Method This study included 141,230 male and 336,637 female EPIC-participants, who were recruited between 1992 and 2000. Education, which was assessed by questionnaire, was classified into four categories; BMI and WC, measured by trained personnel in most participating centers, were modeled as continuous dependent variables. Associations were estimated using multilevel mixed effects linear regression models. Results Compared with the lowest education level, BMI and WC were significantly lower for all three higher education categories, which was consistent for all countries. Women with university degree had a 2.1 kg/m2 lower BMI compared with women with lowest education level. For men, a statistically significant, but less pronounced difference was observed (1.3 kg/m2). The association between WC and education level was also of greater magnitude for women: compared with the lowest education level, average WC of women was lower by 5.2 cm for women in the highest category. For men the difference was 2.9 cm. Conclusion In this European cohort, there is an inverse association between higher BMI as well as higher WC and lower education level. Public Health Programs that aim to reduce overweight and obesity should primarily focus on the lower educated population.

Research Findings: A successful transition from preschool to elementary school requires a high level of behavioral adaptation. The aim of our study was to analyze child-related factors in preschool that facilitate a positive behavioral adaptation in the transitional period to elementary school. A cluster analysis was conducted with the data from 406 preschoolers, in order to identify profiles based on self-regulation skills, social-emotional competences, and externalizing behavior problems. Using structural equation modeling, we then tested a regression model to examine which preschool profile adequately manages to adapt their behavior for elementary school. The profile clustering showed that behavior problems occurred when self-regulation skills were low, despite existing (moderate) social-emotional competences. Moreover, low levels of self-regulation skills in preschool predicted difficulties in behavioral adaptation at school, especially concerning hyperactivity, even when children possessed moderate social-emotional competences. Practice or Policy: Most notably, the results reinforce the relevance of promoting early self-regulation skills to support children in their behavioral adaptation process during the transitional period from preschool to elementary school.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between adolescents' social support, their internalising and externalising behaviour problems, and their alcohol consumption. Adolescents attending Grade 7-10 (N = 329), answered questionnaires regarding their perceived social support (from parents, teachers, classmates, and friends), internalising (emotional and peer problems) and externalising behaviour problems (hyperactivity and conduct problems), and alcohol consumption (monthly frequency of consumption, beverage consumption on the weekend, and problematic consumption). Building a structural equation model, we found negative associations between parent support and all internalising and externalising behaviour problem scales. Furthermore, social support from classmates was negatively associated with the internalising behaviour problem scales. In turn, peer problems were negatively associated with alcohol consumption, and conduct problems were positively associated with alcohol consumption. Both parent and teacher support had a direct effect on alcohol consumption, and parent support also had an indirect effect via behaviour problems. The findings highlight the importance of parents and teachers for alcohol consumption during adolescence.

School is a complex environment, in which students develop and maintain interpersonal relationships and participate in daily social interactions, whilst continuously engaging in academic activities and learning. The current systematic review provides a configurative overview of the empirical research which explores the association between social goals and academically oriented variables in elementary, middle, and high school. Web of Science, Scopus, and PsychINFO were searched for articles, with thematically relevant keywords. A screening of the articles ensued according to the eligibility criteria. We report a thematic synthesis of 27 articles published between 1993 and 2019. We identified 12 social goals, and categorised these into thematically similar groups, based on their orientation towards friendship, status, support, conformity, and competence. Our synthesis confirms that the social goal types have different associations with academic variables, which included academic achievement, school engagement and effort, as well as learning strategies. The significance of these findings are discussed, with an emphasis on the uniqueness of social goals and the need for clarity, structuring, and theoretical embedment of the construct. Social goals provide a novel motivational perspective, complementing and expanding previous achievement and social theories within the field.

Bullying and cyberbullying is a severe problem afflicting adolescents worldwide, underscoring the need to understanding of the mechanisms behind bullying perpetration. In the current study, we examined the association between callous-unemotional traits, social goal orientations, and bullying/cyberbullying behaviours. The current study draws upon a sample of 435 adolescents, who completed an online questionnaire. A path model, which separately included the dimensions of callous-unemotional traits, revealed that callousness and agentic goals had a direct positive association with bullying and cyberbullying behaviours; uncaring also had a direct positive association with cyberbullying behaviour. There was a direct positive effect from callousness and uncaring onto agentic goals, and a negative effect onto communal goals. Unemotionality had a direct negative effect onto both agentic and communal goals. There was an additional indirect effect, linking callous-unemotional traits to bullying/cyberbullying behaviour via social goal orientations. We discuss the findings, drawing upon motivational, evolutionary, and social-emotional deficiency perspectives.

Considering that externalising behaviour problems are one of the most prominent psychopathologies, it is important to investigate the interplay of individual and environmental factors that are associated with such behaviours. Although previous literature revealed associations between parenting dimensions, callous-unemotional traits, and externalising behaviour problems, only a few studies examined these simultaneously during adolescence. The current study investigated the association between parental warmth/coercion and aggression/rule-breaking behaviour, and to determine whether these associations are mediated by callous-unemotional trait dimensions. A sample of 462 adolescents completed a questionnaire assessing callous-unemotional traits and externalising behaviour problems, and their parents completed a parenting style questionnaire. A path model revealed that parental warmth had a negative direct effect on the dimensions callousness and uncaring, which in turn had a positive effect on aggression and rule-breaking behaviour. Parental coercion had a positive direct effect on unemotionality, which was not associated with aggression and rule-breaking behaviour. Only parental warmth had an indirect effect onto externalising behaviour problems via callous-unemotional traits. Our findings demonstrate that even during adolescence, parenting remains an important factor for callous-unemotional traits and externalising behaviour problems. The unique differences between the parenting dimensions and the callous-unemotional trait dimensions have interesting implications for future research.

The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the association between parental attachment and externalizing behavior is parallelly mediated by dysfunctional emotion regulation and callous-unemotional traits. The community sample included 296 adolescents (M[subscript age]?=?14.90, SD[subscript age]?=?1.31), who completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire, and the Youth Self-Report Child Behavior Checklist. A mediation analysis revealed both direct and indirect effects. Secure attachment representations were negatively associated with internal- and external dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies and callous-unemotional traits, which in turn were positively associated with externalizing behavior problems. The current study expands previous research by simultaneously investigating familial and cognitive factors that foster externalizing behavior problems. An attachment-based perspective offers new possibilities for theory expansion, research directions, and the development of interventions.

Aim: As most substance use prevention programs are offered at school, it is important to explore which group of students might be at increased risk. Both researchers and educators have often maintained that students with special educational needs due to emotional and behavioral disorders (SENs-EBD) are particularly vulnerable. Hence, the aim of the current systematic review was to examine the alcohol and cannabis use by students with SENs-EBD in comparison to students without SENs or other types of SENs. Methods: Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, the review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023375799) and search terms were entered in Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, and PubMed in December 2022. Publications were required to report on empirical quantitative studies (primary data) that assessed alcohol and/or cannabis use by adolescent students with SENs-EBD and a comparison group, and be published in English-language journal articles, conference papers, or book chapters from 2000 onwards. The QuADS tool was used for quality assessment. Results: Based on these criteria, six articles (sample sizes N = 61 to N = 122,180) were included for the thematic narrative synthesis. The studies revealed that the percentage of students with SENs-EBD consuming alcohol and cannabis was higher compared to students who did not have SENs or attended mainstream schools. Conclusion: The small number of heterogeneous studies, with limitations concerning the sample size, missing effect sizes, and influence of control variables, demonstrates the need for more research. The systematic review provides guidance for such future research endeavors, as well as preliminary notions for practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle childhood marks an important phase for moral and social-emotional development, yet little research has focused on a combined focus within this age range. A person-centered research approach could capture the complex co-development of the moral self and behavior problems. We thus sought to determine exploratively what emergent subgroups/profiles exist when examining combinations of moral self, emotional, conduct and peer problems in middle childhood. For the study, we recruited 369 children aged five to eleven (Mage = 8.19, SDage = 1.30) in Germany. Children completed a questionnaire to assess their moral self (i.e. ascribed importance of moral characteristics), and their parents/caregivers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Using cluster analytic strategies, three profiles were identified. Profile 1 (high moral/high problems) comprised children exhibiting high moral self, emotional problems, peer problems, and average conduct problems (24.12%). Profile 2 (low moral/high problems) included children with low moral self and high emotional, peer, and conduct problems (14.91%). Profile 3 (moderate moral/low problems) encompassed children with average moral self and lower emotional, peer, and conduct problems (60.98%). We discuss the findings and note that future research should strive for a comprehensive understanding of children's social-emotional and moral development, considering the intricate interplay between moral self and behavior problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pressure global food systems exert on the environment has amplified over time, following the growth of the human population, changes in the food consumption patterns and intensification of the production systems. Without changes in food systems, an overpressure on agriculture and food production will be unavoidable, with inevitable consequences for the environment and human health. Animal‐derived protein production like meat and milk is among the most important drivers of this impact. Under this context, the evaluation of the health and sustainability impacts of alternatives for animal‐based food proteins are central aspects of this discussion. Health risk‐benefit assessment (RBA) of foods estimates the overall human health impact following exposure to a particular food or food component, integrating risks and benefits in comparable measures. Methods that simultaneously consider the environmental impact of the food production systems were needed to perform a sustainable holistic assessment. "ALTERNATIVA | Alternative protein sources in the European diets – integrating health risk‐benefit and sustainability" aimed to develop a holistic approach to assess the impact of alternative protein sources, integrating health and sustainability assessment. This project, considering five complementary work packages, developed activities to enhance the capacity‐building among members of the consortium in applying methodologies related to the health RBA and sustainability impact assessment; to develop, in collaboration with different stakeholders, a protocol to integrate the assessment of the impact of foods/diets on health and on sustainability; to apply the derived framework to a case study, to validate it with a real case scenario, estimating the health and sustainability impacts of replacing red meat consumption by pulses in two different countries; and to disseminate and promote the established method of integrated health and sustainability assessment to other potential EU users. This external scientific report summarizes the main outputs and results obtained in the context of the ALTERNATIVA project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of an extension of use of oil from Schizochytrium limacinum (strain FCC‐3204) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The extension of use pertains to the use of the NF as a food ingredient in protein products at a maximum use level of 1 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in 100 g of product. The Panel considers that the information provided on the composition and the production process is sufficiently described and does not raise safety concerns. S. limacinum was attributed the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status with the qualification 'for production purposes only'. Data provided demonstrated the absence of viable cells in the NF. Under the proposed extension of use, the highest intake estimate (at the 95th percentile) of DHA from the NF in protein products is 6.3 mg DHA/kg bw per day for adolescents. The Panel notes that the exposure to DHA from the new intended use of the NF in protein products is very low compared to the exposure to DHA from the already authorised food categories (excluding food supplements). The Panel concludes that the NF (oil from S. limacinum (FCC‐3204)) is safe under the new intended use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the challenges of accurately estimating nutrient intake, specifically preformed vitamin A, from less frequently consumed foods using the EFSA Comprehensive Food Consumption Database. It highlights the limitations of current dietary assessment methods in capturing high intakes of nutrients found in foods consumed irregularly, such as liver and fish. The article suggests implementing multiple assessment methods and statistical modeling to improve intake estimates for risk assessment purposes. Additionally, it outlines future initiatives by EFSA to enhance data collection and analysis methods for more reliable nutrient intake estimates. [Extracted from the article]

Embedded within social dynamics and social‐information processing, the current qualitative study explores the social goal orientations, self‐perceptions and perceptions of popularity of students attending regular and special education schools in Germany. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with seven students in Grade 8, of which three were attending a special educational school specialised in supporting social‐emotional development. Students' endorsement of leadership, intimacy, nurturance and popularity goals were determined, with a focus on the strategies they employ for attainment within everyday social encounters. A range of strategies emerged, including communication strategies, humour and prosocial spending, which expands on past literature that only focused generalised behavioural tendencies and responses to conflict situations. Furthermore, students named both agentic and communal traits when describing how their peers view them. Lastly, students' perspective of popularity characteristics was explored, which thus far has only received minimal inquiry in Germany. This resulted in a collection of conditions, traits and behaviours required for popularity, with both similarities and differences in comparison to other European countries. The inclusion of both students attending regular and special education schools, offered new perspectives and contributed towards addressing knowledge gaps, generating insights and conceptual understandings, as well as offering directions for future research endeavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission requested EFSA to update the scientific guidance for the preparation of notifications for authorisation of traditional foods, previously developed following the adoption of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 on novel foods. This guidance document provides advice on the scientific information needed to be submitted by applicants when submitting traditional food notifications pursuant to Article 14 and traditional food applications pursuant to Article 16 of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The safety of a traditional food should be substantiated by data on its composition, its experience of continued use and its proposed conditions of use. Its normal consumption should not be nutritionally disadvantageous. The applicant should integrate the information on the composition and the experience of continued use and provide a concise overall consideration on how this substantiates the history of safe use of the traditional food and how this relates to the proposed conditions of use for the EU. Potential health hazards identified on the basis of compositional data and/or data from the experience of continued use should be discussed. On the basis of the information provided, EFSA will assess the safety related to the consumption of the traditional food under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission requested EFSA to update the scientific guidance for the preparation of applications for authorisation of novel foods, previously developed following the adoption of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 on novel foods. This guidance document provides advice on the scientific information needed to be submitted by the applicant towards demonstrating the safety of the novel food. Requirements pertain to the description of the novel food, production process, compositional data, specifications, proposed uses and use levels and anticipated intake of the novel food. Furthermore, information needed in sections on the history of use of the novel food and/or its source, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicological information, nutritional information and allergenicity is also described. The applicant should integrate and interpret the data presented in the different sections to provide their overall considerations on how the information supports the safety of the novel food under the proposed conditions of use. Where potential health hazards have been identified, they are to be discussed in relation to the anticipated intake of the novel food and the proposed target populations. On the basis of the information provided, EFSA will assess the safety of the novel food under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the adoption of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 on food information to consumers, the European Commission requested EFSA to update its 'Guidance on safety evaluation of sources of nutrients and bioavailability of the nutrient from the sources' regarding the scientific principles and data requirements for the scientific assessment of all new forms of micronutrients and to derive a conversion factor for new micronutrient sources or forms of micronutrients to be authorised for addition to foods, including food supplements. This guidance outlines the scientific principles that the NDA Panel will consider for the assessment of the safety and the quantification of the relative bioavailability of new sources of micronutrients, which applicants are requested to consider when preparing their applications. It also outlines the data requirements for dossiers. Applicants should integrate the data presented in different sections to provide their overall considerations on how the information provided supports the safety of the new micronutrient source and the quantification of its relative bioavailability compared to a reference source under the proposed conditions of use. As preparatory work for the development of this guidance, EFSA launched an Expert Survey and held an online workshop on 9th March 2023 inviting scientific input from stakeholders and scientific experts, the report of which is now available online in the EFSA's webpage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]