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This article attempts to examine the role of creativity on carbon intensity in case of Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries. The panel estimation techniques are used for annual data for the period of 1990-2018. The empirical evidence affirms that patent rights and innovation act as a policy factor in controlling carbon intensity, i.e. creativity leads to energy-efficient and environment friendly society. However, innovations have higher magnitude compared to patent. Contrarily, urbanization and economic growth are the key determinants in enhancing carbon intensity, while renewable energy has insignificant impact on carbon intensity. The empirical analysis, especially for creativity, can add practical implications for related authorities in controlling carbon intensity and improving energy efficiency.

There is a continuing unmet medical need to develop neuroprotective strategies to treat neurodegenerative disorders. To address this need, we screened over 2000 compounds for potential neuroprotective activity in a model of oxidative stress and found that numerous antifungal agents were neuroprotective. Of the identified compounds, fluconazole was further characterized. Fluconazole was able to prevent neurite retraction and cell death in in vitro and in vivo models of toxicity. Fluconazole protected neurons in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited efficacy against several toxic agents, including 3-nitropropionic acid, N-methyl D-aspartate, 6-hydroxydopamine, and the HIV proteins Tat and gp120. In vivo studies indicated that systemically administered fluconazole was neuroprotective in animals treated with 3-nitropropionic acid and prevented gp120-mediated neuronal loss. In addition to neuroprotection, fluconazole also induced proliferation of neural progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo. Fluconazole mediates these effects through upregulation and signaling via the insulin growth factor-1 receptor which results in decreased cAMP production and increased phosphorylation of Akt. Blockade of the insulin growth factor-1 receptor signaling with the selective inhibitor AG1024 abrogated the effects of fluconazole. Our studies suggest that fluconazole may be an attractive candidate for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases due to its protective properties against several categories of neuronal insults and its ability to spur neural progenitor cell proliferation.

PurposeThis study examines the connection between investor sentiment and corporate innovation in the United States, considering the magnitude of corporate information asymmetry, the implied cost of capital and the financial constraints.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ a two-step GMM framework to examine the hypotheses of this study by utilizing annual data from 2001 to 2021 for US corporations.FindingsThe empirical evidence demonstrates a significant impact of investor sentiment on corporate innovation for firms with a lower information asymmetry and implied cost of capital than those with a higher information asymmetry and cost of capital. Although the financial constraint channel remained positive, it had little impact on the innovations of US corporations. Overall, the study's results show that companies make more valuable and high-quality patents when investors are optimistic.Practical implicationsThis research has policy implications for all managers, investors, analysts and state officers, particularly in the USA and other developed countries. Managers and investors of all types should predict the role of corporate innovation in increasing shareholder wealth.Originality/valueTo the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationship between investor sentiment and corporate innovation in the United States, considering the extent of corporate information asymmetry, the implied cost of capital and the financial limitations. The study's empirical findings uniquely contribute to the existing literature on corporate innovation and investor sentiment in the current context.

Objective: The objective is to determine the adequacy of early cholecystectomy (EC) versus interval cholecystectomy (IC) in terms of recurrence, duration of hospital admission, and perioperative complications after mild acute biliary pancreatitis (MABP). Methodology: After endorsement from the ethical committee, clinical data and files of all the admitted patients having MABP in the general surgery department of Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, was collected retrospectively from August 2017 to July 2020. The patients’ demographic profile, clinical findings, diagnostic investigations, timing of cholecystectomy, operating surgeons, operative time, biliary complications, intraoperative bleeding, conversion rate, duration of admission, and recurrence were reviewed. Patients presented with abdominal pain, vomiting, jaundice, or fever. The diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of a CT scan of the abdomen showing an inflamed pancreas and stones in the gallbladder. Outcomes were compared and reviewed between the two groups. Results: In this research proposal, 263 patients admitted were analyzed. EC was performed were discharged after conservative management and followed up after 12 weeks for interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy (IC). It was observed in patients of IC (EC 2 [1.2%] vs IC 7[7%]; p value

The aims of this study were to determine: (1) the competence of vocational high school (SMK) teachers in applying Technological, Pedagogical And Content Knowledge (TPACK) to productive learning in Makassar City; (2) The effect of TPACK knowledge, motivation and commitment of SMK teachers in implementing TPACK, attitudes towards TPACK, and the social conditions of teachers together on teacher competence in applying TPACK. This type of research is correlational research. The research location is a Vocational High School (SMK) in Makassar City. The sample size is 180 productive teachers, selected by the Cluster Random Sampling method. The dependent variable in this study is the competence of SMK teachers to apply TPACK in learning (Y). The independent variables are: Knowledge about TPACK (X1), motivation to apply TPACK (X2), attitude towards TPACK (X3), teacher commitment to implementing TPACK (X4), and the teacher's social environment (X5). The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis and infrensial statistical analysis. The analysis model is multiple regression. The results of the research are: (1) The competence of SMK teachers in applying TPACK in learning and knowledge of TPACK is in the medium category; attitudes, motivation, and commitment to implementing TPACK are in the low category; and the teacher's social environment is in the high category. (2) TPACK knowledge, attitudes, motivation, commitment, and the teacher's social environment influence together and make a real contribution to the competence of SMK teachers to apply TPACK in learning.

Sustainability has become an integral part of today's business environment and decision-making processes. At all levels of the organizational structure, awareness of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) practices is now a priority. This paper investigates the potential relationships among environmental sustainability, innovation capacity, and stakeholder relationships of business organizations in the context of SSCM. A mixed methods approach is proposed and designed to understand and assess these complex relationships. Data were collected from 57 firms in Pakistan. The results show that organizational innovation and supplier relations are significant enablers of sustainable practices. Moreover, cluster analysis depicts that service industry lags the production industry in adopting sustainable practices. The analysis of the proposed model also reveals that the role of supply chains in Pakistan towards achieving credible environmental sustainability is still at its infancy and that supplier relationships and organizational innovation are the predecessors of environmental sustainability.

Transposable elements (TEs) are active in neuronal cells raising the question whether TE insertions contribute to risk of neuropsychiatric disease. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) serve as a tool to discover genetic loci associated with neuropsychiatric diseases, unfortunately GWAS do not directly detect structural variants such as TEs. To examine the role of TEs in psychiatric and neurologic disease, we evaluated 17,000 polymorphic TEs and find 76 are in linkage disequilibrium with disease haplotypes (P 10

Human endogenous retroviruses have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Expression of human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) subtype HML-2 envelope (Env) in human neuronal cultures and in transgenic mice results in neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration, and mice expressing HML-2 Env display behavioral and neuromuscular characteristics resembling ALS. This study aims to characterize the neurotoxic properties of HML-2 Env.Env neurotoxicity was detected in ALS cerebrospinal fluid and confirmed using recombinant Env protein in a cell-based assay and a mouse model. The mechanism of neurotoxicity was assessed with immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry and Western blot, and by screening a panel of inhibitors.We observed that recombinant HML-2 Env protein caused neurotoxicity resulting in neuronal cell death, retraction of neurites, and decreased neuronal electrical activity. Injection of the Env protein into the brains of mice also resulted in neuronal cell death. HML-2 Env protein was also found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with sporadic ALS. The neurotoxic properties of the Env and the cerebrospinal fluid could be rescued with the anti-Env antibody. The Env was found to bind to CD98HC complexed to β1 integrin on the neuronal cell surface. Using a panel of compounds to screen for their ability to block Env-induced neurotoxicity, we found that several compounds were protective and are linked to the β1 integrin pathway.HERV-K Env is released extracellularly in ALS and causes neurotoxicity via a novel mechanism. Present results pave the way for new treatment strategies in sporadic ALS. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:545-561.

This study investigates the effectiveness of the blended learning model in improving critical thinking and communication skills of students at university. This is a quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group design involving one experimental group and one control group. The research population comprised students sitting in the Entrepreneurship class at the Department of Electronic Engineering Education, who were selected purposively. The data were about critical thinking skills that were gathered using a test, while the data about communication skills were obtained through observations. The data were analysed using a paired sample t-test and an independent sample t-test. The findings show that: (1) the implementation of the blended learning model effectively increases the critical thinking skills; (2) the use of the blended learning model effectively improves students’ communication skills and (3) according to the independent sample t-test, students’ critical thinking skills and communication skills in the experimental class had a significant difference from those in the control class. Keywords: Blended learning model, critical thinking skills, communication skills.

In Kashmir, the entrenchment of political violence in the everyday has marked a shift from understanding Kashmiris as passive receivers of violence to agentic beings; however, much attention has not been paid to the experiences of children. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in one of the downtown neighbourhoods in Srinagar, this article would look at the everyday of children by focusing on their game playing. Analysing two games, that is, Military-Mujahid and PUBG (Player Unknown’s Battlegrounds), the article highlights how playing blurs the lines between spectacular and everyday, and actual and virtual/imaginary, establishing itself as a part of children’s everyday reality.

Nosheen Ali. 2019. Delusional States: Feeling Rule and Development in Pakistan’s Northern Frontier. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press. xiv + 304 pp. Maps, figures, notes, bibliography, index. ₹795 (hardback).

This study evaluates the effectiveness of inter-organizational collaboration in response to the Army Public School (APS) Shootings that happened on December 16th, 2014 in the city Peshawar, Pakistan. After reviewing the major changes in terrorism related policies and frameworks before and after September 11, 2002, this article applies a social network analysis to compare the disaster response networks enacted in the formal disaster management plans with the actual response networks formed during the APS attacks. Data were gathered from content analysis of the APS Shootings incident, national and international newspapers, situation reports and after-action reports. The timely response to shootings is attributable to the long term planning efforts of law enforcement agencies. However, for improved results, the response and relief efforts should have been coordinated with the national disaster management framework under the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) - the lead authority for disaster management in Pakistan.

Air quality is a social, economical, and health issue for fast-developing countries such as China. Due to the overuse of nonrenewable energy, industrialization, and the population put pressure on air quality, which seriously threatens public health and economic growth. This study focuses on air quality and also aims to investigate the short-and long-run correlation between foreign direct investment, energy consumption, domestic credit, and financial development. The Autoregressive distributed lag model and the Granger non-causality test were carried out over the period from 1985 to 2018. The main findings of this study show a positive and significant long-run impact of energy consumption on air quality. In addition, domestic credit and financial development similarly show a significant positive short-run association with air quality. Moreover, the unidirectional causality correlation running from foreign direct investment and domestic credit to air quality was concluded by the Granger non-causality test. Considering the empirical analysis, this study suggests that domestic financial institutions should offer credit to industries at a low-interest rate in order to help them to switch from non-renewable to renewable energy consumption towards the promotion of sustainable and healthy air quality.

After signing the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership trade agreement, China became a proposed signatory to another important trilateral free-trade agreement - the China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Agreement. In the context of the agreement, we explore the potential effect and internal influencing mechanism of trade openness on this region's carbon emissions from 1970 to 2019. We further detect the impact of the agreement by splitting the full sample into two subsamples, one subperiod before the agreement was signed and the other after it was signed. Then we separately analyze the impacts of imports and exports on carbon emissions and find that: (i) Trade openness positively affects the greenhouse effect, and the signing of the agreement can reduce the promotion effect of trade openness on carbon emissions; (ii) imports contribute to increased carbon emissions while exports significantly reduce carbon emissions in a country; and (iii) expanding trade openness not only directly affects carbon emissions directly, but also has indirect impacts by affecting three main effects (i.e., scale effect, technical effect, and structure effect). Finally, several important policy suggestions are provided to mitigate the greenhouse effect and promote high-quality trade openness.

When Zika virus emerged as a public health emergency there were no drugs or vaccines approved for its prevention or treatment. We used a high-throughput screen for Zika virus protease inhibitors to identify several inhibitors of Zika virus infection. We expressed the NS2B-NS3 Zika virus protease and conducted a biochemical screen for small-molecule inhibitors. A quantitative structure-activity relationship model was employed to virtually screen ∼138,000 compounds, which increased the identification of active compounds, while decreasing screening time and resources. Candidate inhibitors were validated in several viral infection assays. Small molecules with favorable clinical profiles, especially the five-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor, MK-591, inhibited the Zika virus protease and infection in neural stem cells. Members of the tetracycline family of antibiotics were more potent inhibitors of Zika virus infection than the protease, suggesting they may have multiple mechanisms of action. The most potent tetracycline, methacycline, reduced the amount of Zika virus present in the brain and the severity of Zika virus-induced motor deficits in an immunocompetent mouse model. As Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, the tetracyclines could be quickly translated to the clinic. The compounds identified through our screening paradigm have the potential to be used as prophylactics for patients traveling to endemic regions or for the treatment of the neurological complications of Zika virus infection.

Stem cells are capable of unlimited proliferation but can be induced to form brain cells. Factors that specifically regulate human development are poorly understood. We found that human stem cells expressed high levels of the envelope protein of an endogenized human-specific retrovirus (HERV-K, HML-2) from loci in chromosomes 12 and 19. The envelope protein was expressed on the cell membrane of the stem cells and was critical in maintaining the stemness via interactions with CD98HC, leading to triggering of human-specific signaling pathways involving mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT1)-mediated epigenetic changes. Down-regulation or epigenetic silencing of HML-2 env resulted in dissociation of the stem cell colonies and enhanced differentiation along neuronal pathways. Thus HML-2 regulation is critical for human embryonic and neurodevelopment, while it's dysregulation may play a role in tumorigenesis and neurodegeneration.

The chapter explores the everyday lived realities of a Kashmiri downtown neighbourhood and attempts to make sense of ‘living in violence’ rather than encounters of violence. It complicates the understanding of the neighbourhood as a monolith, which is essentialized as a ‘stone-throwing’ hub in the media and literary discourses – either showing the inhabitants as deviants/fringe groups indulging in stone-throwing or as victims/resisters of state violence. It instead underlines the nuanced experiences of suffering and survival; sociability and discord; thus highlighting the continuities and ruptures emerging from collective political subjectivity and individual subjectivity. The everyday here is described via the temporality of curfew that magnifies the relationship between ordinary and extraordinary times and underscores the state of negotiation that characterizes the neighbourhood.

In a supply chain setting, the manufacturer's strategy to offer mail-in rebates directly to customers or retailer rebates to retailer is pivotal. Retailer may pass some fraction of such retailer rebates to end customers. We discuss two important implications for rebates: 1) For both type of rebates, we analyze the case of explicitly defined wholesale and retail price. We show that retailer rebate can coordinate supply chain under special arrangements. Mere wholesale price discount does not confer supply chain coordination mechanism and retailer has to pass significant portion of discount to the end customers and hence, such coordination is more of a collusion. Our numerical insights show that instead of coordination, there is a collusion as the arrangement allows only one supply chain member to take all the extra profit. 2) We compare rebates efficiency for targeted-sales rebate scenario. Under such scheme, threshold exists for both the parties and depends upon redeemers' proportion for the manufacturer. Using this strategy, the manufacturer is in a better position to determine the type of promotion. For the manufacturer, retailer rebate is a useful tool for controlling retail price while with mail-in rebate, he discriminates price among customers based on rebate sensitivity.

The study was to generate a valid, practical and effective competence-based training model for the electricity program vocational high school teachers. The type of the study was research and development that referred to the development stages proposed by Plomp. The data gathering instrument for the study consisted of: (1) validation sheet; (2) observation sheet; and (3) response questionnaire for the training participants and the trainers. In order to measure the level of reliability and the level of agreement consistency among the raters, the researcher implemented the Cohen’s Kappa coefficient statistics has a minimum value of ≥ 0.70. The subjects of the study were the electricity program vocational high school teachers in the City of Makassar and the Regency of Gowa totaling 22 people. The results of the study were as follows: (1) the training model had fulfilled the criteria of validity so that the model might be implemented for the training activities of electricity program vocational high school teachers; (2) the training model had fulfilled the criteria of practicality that were measured from the level of model stage (syntax) implementation; (3) the training model had fulfilled the criteria of effectiveness that had the following indicators: (a) the level of knowledge and understanding exposed by the training participants, (b) the level of teaching skills exposed by the training participants, (c) the quality of training participants’ portfolio and (d) the response of the training participants and the trainers.

Dyspnea or shortness-of-breath (SOB) is a subjective sensation that is uncomfortable and often results in anxiety when it is felt that the SOB is out of proportion to a given level of exertion (1,2).

Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a pediatric brain tumor with a high mortality rate characterized by mutations in/ deletions of SWI/SNF matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin sub-family B member 1 (SMARCB1). We previously showed that loss of SMARCB1 causes up-regulation and release of HML-2 subfamily of human endogenous retrovirus K envelope protein (HML-2 ENV), resulting in maintenance of pluripotency. Here, we investigated intracellular trafficking and release of HML-2 ENV. Further, we demonstrate two potential therapeutic strategies to decrease intracellular HML-2 ENV: 1) inhibition of calcium influx by ouabain, a cardiac glycoside toxic to neural stem cells, and 2) targeted inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which is restricted to neurons by p35, its activator protein, by TP5. ATRT cell lines and tumor tissue obtained from patients were confirmed for SMARCB1 loss and increased HML-2 ENV. Cell viability and intracellular HML-2 ENV concentration were measured after treatment with ouabain and TP5 (CDK5 antagonist). We evaluated the calcium-mediated effect of ouabain on HML-2 intracellular concentration by treating the cells with ouabain, the calcium chelators calcimycin and EGTA, and calpeptin, a calpain inhibitor, which activates CDK5, and measuring HML-2 ENV and p35. We evaluated HML-2 ENV for a CDK5 consensus phosphorylation site and performed co-immunoprecipitation to evaluate direct interaction. We evaluated activity of CDK5 in ATRT cell lines by autoradiography. Both Ouabain and TP5 caused a decrease in cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Further, ouabain treatment decreased HML-2 ENV intracellular concentration. We found that HML-2 ENV contains a consensus phosphorylation site for CDK5. We discovered that HML-2 ENV was bound to CDK5. We established that ATRT cell lines had hyperactive CDK5. Finally, we established that the effect of ouabain on HML-2 ENV was due to indirect inhibition of calcium-mediated activation of calpain and thus CDK5.

After signing the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership trade agreement, China became a proposed signatory to another important trilateral free-trade agreement – the China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Agreement. In the context of the agreement, we explore the potential effect and internal influencing mechanism of trade openness on this region's carbon emissions from 1970 to 2019. We further detect the impact of the agreement by splitting the full sample into two subsamples, one subperiod before the agreement was signed and the other after it was signed. Then we separately analyze the impacts of imports and exports on carbon emissions and find that: (i) Trade openness positively affects the greenhouse effect, and the signing of the agreement can reduce the promotion effect of trade openness on carbon emissions; (ii) imports contribute to increased carbon emissions while exports significantly reduce carbon emissions in a country; and (iii) expanding trade openness not only directly affects carbon emissions directly, but also has indirect impacts by affecting three main effects (i.e., scale effect, technical effect, and structure effect). Finally, several important policy suggestions are provided to mitigate the greenhouse effect and promote high-quality trade openness.

This study uses the data from 157 countries from 1960 to 2014 to analyze the relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, oil prices, capital, and labor. The economic growth of developing countries with industrial infrastructure has a more significant association with electricity consumption than oil prices. We use oil prices and electricity consumption jointly to study highly predictive observations for economic growth. The data are categorized by income, OECD and regional levels. The panel cointegration, long-run parameter estimation, and Pool Mean Group tests are used to analyze the cointegration and short-run and long-run relationships between the variables. The empirical results indicate the presence of cointegration between the variables. The presence of feedback effects between electricity consumption and economic growth, oil prices and economic growth is valid. These findings confirm that in spite of the oil prices, developing countries rely heavily on electricity consumption for economic growth. In the short run, growth and feedback effects suggest that more vigorous electricity policies should be implemented to attain sustainable economic growth for the long-term.

This article investigates a two-level supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and a retailer. The retailer’s ordering patterns are highly influenced by his risk preferences. We discuss ordering policies when the manufacturer has limited demand information and propose a production-commitment contract, which mitigates double marginalization under imperfect information. Demand distribution is private information of the retailer and the manufacturer only assumes an educated guess about the mean and variance. Production-commitment contract is an attractive option for make-to-stock scenarios where quantity is confirmed after the demand is realized. We show that lack of information may not have an adverse effect. We also prove analytically that informational advantage may not necessarily be a supply chain advantage and also provide numerical insights for a win-win situation.

This study analyzes sectoral integration among the top ten sectors listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE), using a market value-weighted index and daily stock price data for 2001–14. Since the literature shows that domestically diversified portfolios outperform globally diversified ones, the study’s results have implications for the construction of well-diversified domestic portfolios among individual and institutional investors. We find that, apart from automobiles and cement, all other sectors listed on the KSE provide good diversification opportunities. The Granger causality test shows that cement, chemicals and banking cause most other sectors uni-directionally, while oil and gas, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, textiles, and electricity are caused by most other sectors. From a domestic investor’s perspective, the KSE provides reasonable diversification opportunities across different sectors.

This study investigates the effect of foreign direct investment and education on environmental quality for Asian countries by controlling income, energy consumption, and urbanization for the period of 1990-2018. We have applied panel cointegration techniques to probe for long-run associations among the variables. The empirical results indicate the existence of cointegration between the variables. Dynamic ordinary least square and fully modified least square methods are applied to estimate long-run elasticities. The empirical results confirm that environmental quality is sensitive to foreign direct investment, education, and urbanization. Income and energy consumption deteriorate environmental quality by increasing CO

Cytotoxicity is a critical parameter that needs to be quantified when studying drugs that may have therapeutic benefits. Because of this, many drug screening assays utilize cytotoxicity as one of the critical characteristics to be profiled for individual compounds. Cells in culture are a useful model to assess cytotoxicity before proceeding to follow up on promising lead compounds in more costly and labor-intensive animal models. We describe a strategy to identify compounds that affect cell growth in a tdTomato expressing human neural stem cells (NSC) line. The strategy uses two complementary assays to assess cell number. One assay works via the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthizol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) to formazan as a proxy for cell number and the other directly counts the tdTomato expressing NSCs. The two assays can be performed simultaneously in a single experiment and are not labor intensive, rapid, and inexpensive. The strategy described in this demonstration tested 57 compounds in an exploratory primary screen for toxicity in a 96-well plate format. Three of the hits were characterized further in a six-point dose response using the same assay set-up as the primary screen. In addition to providing excellent corroboration for toxicity, comparison of results from the two assays may be effective in identifying compounds affecting other aspects of cell growth.

This study examines the role of cleaner energy, technological innovation and militarization on green economic growth (GEG) under different economic conditions in the context of Turkey. To this end, we apply Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) under the assumption of symmetric and asymmetric adjustment approaches to analyse a time series data over the period 1980–2017. We initially examine GEG by adding merit goods and deducting natural resources depletion, the damage of carbon emissions and other particulate emissions impairments from gross domestic product (GDP). Our analysis demonstrates that cleaner energy and technological innovation are driving factors in promoting GEG in the long-term. Militarization is found to be detrimental for GEG in the Turkish economy in the long run. The research further finds that the impacts of cleaner energy, technological innovation, militarization and population density on GEG follow an asymmetric adjustment in the long run. Our findings provide important policy implications for promoting GEG in Turkey.

The post-flood relief and recovery activities in the Punjab region of Pakistan provide an informative case to reflect on the need for realistic need assessment in humanitarian fields. Humanitarian Emergency Settings Perceived Needs (HESPER) survey tool, designed by the World Health Organization for low-income countries, was administered in the three most flood-prone cities of the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Social network analysis was conducted to assess the needs perceived as the most critical needs of the affected populations in the post-flood fields. Two types of centrality figures are reported, degree centrality to depict the most critical needs and betweenness centrality to depict the needs that have the potential to impede people's attention to other needs. The results indicate that there are no formal needs assessments conducted by the government. The administration of HESPER revealed that the actual needs of the affected population are significantly different from the ones perceived as necessary by relief agencies. The affected populations reported needs that were very different and unique to their contextual requirements. The adapted HESPER version is proposed as a more suitable version for the South Asian countries based on geographical and demographic similarities.