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Background: Balance anesthesia as an alternative to general anesthesia because it is a less expensive, simpler procedure that is beneficial to our developing countries. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of balanced anesthesia vs general anesthesia for upper abdominal surgery. Method: This comparative study was carried out at tertiary medical hospital from June 22021 to June 2022. Where After obtaining written informed consent, a total 200 patients of ASA grading I & II selected for abdominal surgery randomly. These patients are divided two groups either by balanced anesthesia, n=100 or by general anesthesia, n=100. The patients were visited on the day before surgery for pre anesthetic cheek up. Results: During the study, majority were belonging to 41-50 years age group, 65%.In balanced anesthesia, ASA grading I and II both case 50% were noted followed by total anesthesia duration was 50 minutes – 110Minutes, operation time was 40 minutes – 100 minutes, 6-10 days was hospital duration. Whereas in general anesthesia group, ASA grading I was 75% and 25% II were noted followed by total anesthesia duration was 60 minutes – 130 Minutes, operation time was 50 minutes – 130 minutes, 8-12 days was hospital duration.In balanced anesthesia was less and delayed than general anesthesia. Respiratory pattern and consciousness not satisfactory 10% patient of general anesthesia. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, patients' consciousness and pain management capacity are better in patients undergoing upper abdominal procedures under balanced anesthesia than in patients undergoing general anesthesia in the post-operative manner.

Background: The spinal anesthesia in a lower segment cesarean section continues to provide a challenge to the anesthetist in the form of either severe hypotension caused by a big bupivacaine dose or insufficient appropriate anesthesia level conditions caused by a little bupivacaine dose. Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate the efficacy of low dose of 0.5% Bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia during lower segment cesarean section. Method: This cross sectional comparative study was carried out at tertiary medical College from January 2021 to January 2021. Where a total of 100 pregnant women were included in the study? Patients, who agreed to the study, were randomized divided into two groups: Group A patients who received an intrathecal injection of 3 mL of bupivacaine 0.5%, n=50 and Group B patients who received an intrathecal injection of 2.5 mL of bupivacaine 0.5%, n=50. The method of randomization was by coin tossing. Results: During the study, majority were belonging to 26-33 years age group, 60% and 70% were multiparous. The satisfactory surgical sensory level was achieved in all cases in both groups with the following distribution. However, Only 19% cases in Group A were indicated to have ephedrine, whereas 89% in Group B were indicated to support their blood pressure with ephedrine. There were no differences between the two groups regarding the fluid intake (894 ± 126mL) in Group A versus 720 ± 212 mL in Group C with P > 0.05). Neonatal Apgar score was 9 in the first 1 min and increased to 10 at 5 min. In addition, group A nausea and vomiting cases seen in 19% cases whereas in group B it was 23%. Conclusion: We can say that, unlike low dose, a large dose of hyperbaric bupivacaine in the spinal anesthetic for a lower segment cesarean section will result in excellent surgical circumstances with little hypotension. Further study is needed for better outcome.

Background: In Bangladesh, severe preeclamptic toxemia and eclampsia are life-threatening conditions in pregnancy that are the leading cause of perinatal maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. Objective: in this study our main aim is to evaluate the efficacy of the Spinal Anesthesia during Emergency Cesarean Section for Severe Preeclampsia and Eclampsia Patients. Method: This cross sectional study was carried out at tertiary medical hospital from January 2021 to January 2022. Total 200 cases of severe PET (n=110) and eclampsia (n=100) patients were selected by subarachnoid block for emergency LUCS. Each patient was given magsulph as prophylactic or maintenance dose and judiciously preloaded by crystalloid fluid. Results: Most of the patients belong to 31-40 years age group, 52% and 95.8% cases were multigravida. In severe PET group, intraoperative hypotension was observed in 32% cases and postoperative period hypotension was observed in 8% cases. Whereas preeclampsia group, intraoperative hypotension was observed in 31% cases and postoperative period hypotension was observed in 9% cases. In addition,maternal morbidity where acute renal failure seen in 5%, syndrome 7%, DIC 7%, abruptio placentae 12%, pulmonary edema 4%, septicemia 13%, PPH 10% and postpartum eclampsia 15%.In severe PET group, 21% cases transferred to eclampsia ward, followed by 9% shifted to ICU, 1% case was expired. Whereas, in preeclampsia group 20% cases transferred to eclampsia ward, followed by 8% shifted to ICU, 2% case was expired. In eclamptic group 7% cases were transferred to NCU, whereas 8% had PET. Neonatal mortality was observed in 3% cases. p value was found 0.000 which is very highly significant. Conclusion: With close monitoring of perioperative events, spinal anesthesia may be used as a safe alternative technique to GA or epidural in severe preeclampsia and eclampsia, even in cases of altered consciousness or restlessness in the presence of an expert and skilled anesthesiologist, reducing perioperative maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality

Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has proven to provide deep insights into the optoelectronic properties of monolayer (Formula presented.). Herein, a corresponding study is conducted on the excitonic properties of mechanically exfoliated monolayer (Formula presented.) under multivariate physical and chemical stimuli. Specifically, midgap exciton states that originate from lattice defects are characterized and they are compared to existing models. Through statistical data analyses of substrate-, temperature-, and laser-power-dependent measurements, a PL enhancement is revealed through physisorption of water molecules of the controversially discussed excited-state A biexciton ((Formula presented.)). In addition, analyses of monolayer (Formula presented.) on gold substrates show that surface roughness does not account for changes in doping level within the material. Also, a shift in the electron–phonon coupling properties that arises from thin films of water that are physisorbed on top of the samples is reported.

Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are promising vectors for gene therapy applications. Here, the AAV2 vector is produced by co-culture of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells with Sf9 cells infected with baculovirus (BV)-AAV2-GFP (or therapeutic gene) and BV-AAV2-rep-cap in serum-free suspension culture. Cells are cultured in a flask in an orbital shaker or Wave bioreactor. To release the AAV particles, producer cells are lysed in buffer containing detergent, which is subsequently clarified by low-speed centrifugation and filtration. AAV particles are purified from the cell lysate using AVB Sepharose column chromatography, which binds AAV particles. Bound particles are washed with PBS to remove contaminants and eluted from the resin using sodium citrate buffer at pH 3.0. The acidic eluate is neutralized with alkaline Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), diluted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and further concentrated with tangential flow filtration (TFF). The protocol describes small-scale pre-clinical vector production compatible with scale-up to large-scale clinical-grade AAV manufacturing for human gene therapy applications.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited monogenic red blood cell disorder affecting millions worldwide. SCD causes vascular occlusions, chronic hemolytic anemia, and cumulative organ damage such as nephropathy, pulmonary hypertension, pathologic heart remodeling, and liver necrosis. Coagulation system activation, a conspicuous feature of SCD that causes chronic inflammation, is an important component of SCD pathophysiology. The key coagulation factor, thrombin (factor IIa [FIIa]), is both a central protease in hemostasis and thrombosis and a key modifier of inflammation. Pharmacologic or genetic reduction of circulating prothrombin in Berkeley sickle mice significantly improves survival, ameliorates vascular inflammation, and results in markedly reduced end-organ damage. Accordingly, factors both upstream and downstream of thrombin, such as the tissue factor–FX complex, fibrinogen, platelets, von Willebrand factor, FXII, high-molecular-weight kininogen, etc, also play important roles in SCD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of coagulation system activation and their roles in the pathophysiology of SCD.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is caused by a point mutation in the β-globin gene that leads to devastating downstream consequences including chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic vascular occlusion, and cumulative organ damage resulting in death. SCA patients show coagulation activation and inflammation even in the absence of vascular occlusion. The coagulation factor fibrinogen is not only central to hemostasis but also plays important roles in pathologic inflammatory processes, in part by engaging neutrophils/macrophages through the αMβ2 integrin receptor. To determine whether fibrin(ogen)-mediated inflammation is a driver of SCA-associated pathologies, hematopoietic stem cells from Berkeley sickle mice were transplanted into homozygous Fibγ390-396A mice that express normal levels of a mutant form of fibrin(ogen) that does not engage αMβ2. Fibγ390-396A mice with SCA displayed an impressive reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in white blood cells (WBCs), decreased circulating inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and significantly improved SCA-associated glomerular pathology highlighted by reduced glomerulosclerosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, ischemic lesions, mesangial thickening, mesangial hypercellularity, and glomerular enlargement. In addition, Fibγ390-396A mice with SCA had improved glomerular protective responses and podocyte/mesangial transcriptional signatures that resulted in reduced albuminuria. Interestingly, the fibrinogen γ390-396A mutation had a negligible effect on cardiac, lung, and liver functions and pathologies in the context of SCA over a year-long observation period. Taken together, our data support that fibrinogen significantly contributes to WBC-driven inflammation and ROS production, which is a key driver of SCA-associated glomerulopathy, and may represent a novel therapeutic target against irreversible kidney damage in SCA.

Volume 81, no. 19, p. 10249–10257, 2007, [https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00763-07][1]. It has been called to our attention that the actin bands from Fig. 2A in Journal of Biological Chemistry 278:40778–40787, 2003, (article retracted), were reused in Fig. 1C

In open air environment, Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver can determine its position with very high accuracy. Inside a building the GPS signal is degraded, the position estimation from the GPS receiver is very erroneous and of no practical use. In this paper, we present an indoor navigation system to track the position of a pedestrian by using built-in inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors of a smart eyeglass. The device used for this project was an intelligent eye-wear "JINS MEME". Here algorithm for step detection, heading and stride estimation are used to estimate the position based on the known locations of the walker using Pedestrian Dead Reckoning method (PDR). We have used extended Kalman filters as sensor fusion algorithm, where measurements of acceleration and orientation from IMU are used to track user's movement, pace, and heading. The results showed that the level of accuracy was entirely acceptable. Average deviancy between the estimated and real position was less than 1.5 m for short range of walk was accomplished. There are some ideas for further development. Increasing the accuracy of the position estimation by palliation of stride length estimation error was identified as the most essential.

Platelets are purified from whole blood to study their functional properties, which should be free from red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and plasma proteins. We describe here purification of platelets from mouse blood using three-fold more iohexol gradient medium relative to blood sample volume and centrifugation in a swinging bucket rotor at 400 x g for 20 min at 20 °C. The recovery/yield of the purified platelets were 18.2-38.5%, and the purified platelets were in a resting state, which did not contain any significant number of RBC and WBC. The purified platelets treated with thrombin showed up to 93% activation, indicating their viability. We confirmed that the purified platelets are sufficiently pure using flow cytometric and microscopic evaluation. These platelets can be used for gene expression, activation, granule release, aggregation, and adhesion assays. This method can be used for purification of platelets from the blood of other species as well.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is caused by a point mutation in the β-globin gene that leads to devastating downstream consequences including chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic vascular occlusion, and cumulative organ damage resulting in death. SCA patients show coagulation activation and inflammation even in the absence of vascular occlusion. The coagulation factor fibrinogen is not only central to hemostasis but also plays important roles in pathologic inflammatory processes, in part by engaging neutrophils/macrophages through the α(M)β(2) integrin receptor. To determine whether fibrin(ogen)-mediated inflammation is a driver of SCA-associated pathologies, hematopoietic stem cells from Berkeley sickle mice were transplanted into homozygous Fibγ(390-396A) mice that express normal levels of a mutant form of fibrin(ogen) that does not engage α(M)β(2). Fibγ(390-396A) mice with SCA displayed an impressive reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in white blood cells (WBCs), decreased circulating inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and significantly improved SCA-associated glomerular pathology highlighted by reduced glomerulosclerosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, ischemic lesions, mesangial thickening, mesangial hypercellularity, and glomerular enlargement. In addition, Fibγ(390-396A) mice with SCA had improved glomerular protective responses and podocyte/mesangial transcriptional signatures that resulted in reduced albuminuria. Interestingly, the fibrinogen γ(390-396A) mutation had a negligible effect on cardiac, lung, and liver functions and pathologies in the context of SCA over a year-long observation period. Taken together, our data support that fibrinogen significantly contributes to WBC-driven inflammation and ROS production, which is a key driver of SCA-associated glomerulopathy, and may represent a novel therapeutic target against irreversible kidney damage in SCA.

Imaging technique with high-sensitivity and high-spatial-resolution at single molecular level is always a desired aspect to the researchers. In association with scanning probe microscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), a new technology has shown the light of hope to achieve what was thought as unachievable earlier, named Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS). An essential tip is used in TERS to disseminate the information of the morphology of the target molecule by scanning probe technique and concurrently can magnify the Raman signal largely without any special sample preparation. Between this metal tip and surface, a ‘hot-spot’ is formed when the laser beam is applied. TERS has many applications in nanotechnology, biophotonics, and sensing etc. Generally, noble materials are used in the operation of TERS. Recently, 2D materials are showing great potential in parallel with the noble materials in producing sensors, measurement devices, conductive films, printed electronics and many more due to their extraordinary properties like strength, thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity etc. In this paper, we will compare the enhancement factor of noble and 2D materials at the vicinity of the metallic tip of TERS. Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulation method has been opted to find out the enhancement factor. For this simulation, tip radius was varied from 5 nm to 30 nm with 5 nm interval and distance between tip and substrate was varied from 1 nm to 5 nm with 1 nm interval and incident wavelength was kept constant at visible wavelength (300nm–700nm).

Baculovirus has traditionally been used for the production of recombinant protein and vaccine. However, more recently, baculovirus is emerging as a promising vector for gene therapy application. Here, baculovirus is produced by transient transfection of the baculovirus plasmid DNA (bacmid) in an adherent culture of Sf9 cells. Baculovirus is subsequently expanded in Sf9 cells in a serum-free suspension culture until the desired volume is obtained. It is then purified from the culture supernatant using heparin affinity chromatography. Virus supernatant is loaded onto the heparin column which binds baculovirus particles in the supernatant due to the affinity of heparin for baculovirus envelop glycoprotein. The column is washed with a buffer to remove contaminants and baculovirus is eluted from the column with a high-salt buffer. The eluate is diluted to an isotonic salt concentration and baculovirus particles are further concentrated using ultracentrifugation. Using this method, baculovirus can be concentrated up to 500-fold with a 25% recovery of infectious particles. Although the protocol described here demonstrates the production and purification of the baculovirus from cultures up to 1 L, the method can be scaled-up in a closed-system suspension culture to produce a clinical-grade vector for gene therapy application.