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Background: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) has the ability of tissue characterization and can differentiate between benign and malignant tissues, including differentiation between benign post-radiotherapy changes and residual or recurrent malignancy. Objective: This study aimed to assess the role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer as an initial diagnosis and the post-treatment surveillance protocol. Patients and methods: This study was a cross-sectional analytical study including twenty-five patients who presented with laryngeal or hypopharyngeal masses, thirteen cases were pretreatment cases, and twelve cases were post-treatment cases after completion of treatment. Seven cases had a hypopharyngeal origin, and eighteen cases had a laryngeal origin. The patients were assessed using history taking, a telescopic examination of the larynx and hypopharynx, computed tomography scanning, and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging on the neck. Direct laryngoscopic examination and biopsy taking from suspicious lesions were done. Biopsies were subjected to histopathological examination with a correlation between pathological and DW- MRI radiological results. Results: DW-MRI had a 100% sensitivity, 82.4 % specificity, and 88% accuracy compared to histopathological findings of biopsies from the studied group. There was a non-significant difference between DW-MRI and biopsy findings for either pretreatment or post-treatment cases of both laryngeal and hypopharyngeal origin of the lesions (p-value > 0.05 for all). Conclusion: DW-MRI is a sensitive tool for detecting laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers in new cases and excluding tumor residual after chemo-radiotherapy in cases with suspicious lesions after completion of treatment.

Palliative care is an approach to improve the quality of life for patients and their families through the prevention and relief of suffering Purpose: to determine the effect of an educational palliative nursing interventions on selected outcomes among patients having advanced cancer. Design: A quasi-experimental design was utilized (pre and posttest). Setting: The study was carried out at the oncology department of Menoufia University Hospital at Menoufia governorate. Sample: A purposive sample of 107 adults advanced cancer patients were selected for this study. Instruments: Three instruments were used. First instrument was a structured interview questionnaire about social characteristics. Second instrument was alikert scale for functional assessment of cancer. Instrument three was center for epidemiological studies depression scale. Results: there was a highly statistically significant decrease in the total mean score of depression symptoms and an improvement in theoverall quality of life domains mean score 48.64±11.52 Vs 54.38±12.79 and 62.14±17.51. Conclusion: Patients who had advanced cancer had improved quality of life and reduced level of depression after they received the educational palliative nursing intervention on posttest and follow up. Recommendation: palliative nursing interventions should be included routinely in the management of patients with advanced cancer besides conventional therapy.

People with advanced cancer often experience physical symptoms that depend on the specific type of cancer a person has and where it has spread. Purpose: To assess the effect of a palliative nursing interventions on symptoms intensity among patients with advanced cancer. Design: A quasi-experimental research design was utilized. Setting: The study was carried out at the Oncology Department of Menoufia University Hospital at Menoufia governorate. Sample: A purposive sample of one hundred and seven adult patients with advanced cancer was selected. Instruments: Two instruments were used. Instrument one: structured interview questionnaire. Instrument two: Edmonton symptom assessment system. Results: All symptoms intensity related to cancer were reduced on posttest and follow up tests than pretest such as pain 3.81±3.72, 2.64±2.92 Vs 4.48±4.29. Conclusion: The study concluded that a palliative nursing intervention had a positive effect on reducing symptoms intensity among advanced cancer patients. Recommendation: A palliative nursing intervention should form an important component and should be included routinely in the management of patients with advanced cancer besides conventional therapy.

Background: Most men diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) are aged 50 years old or more treated by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) treatment has been associated with interconnected adverse effects as decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and a loss in the structure and strength of bone leading to osteoporosis. Exercise has been proposed as a treatment to mitigate side effects of ADT. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of weight bearing exercises on osteoporosis in prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. Patients and methods: The current study was conducted during a period of 3 months starting from 1st October 2019 till 31st December 2019.Thirty PCa patients who had osteoporosis induced by ADT were participated in this study, their ages were over 50 years old. They were selected from the Oncology Hospital Menoufia University and randomly distributed into two equal groups, group A: included 15 patients who received 30 minutes of weight bearing exercises through walking on treadmill, in addition to conventional medical care 3 days /week and group B: included 15 patients who on their conventional medical care. Results: Our study showed that there was a statistically significant improvement in BMD and T-score mean of spine, femoral neck and total femur post treatment compared to that pre-treatment in the group A and B. Conclusion: It can be concluded that weight bearing exercises had fruitful effects in cases of osteoporosis in prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy as evidenced by the significant increase in BMD and T-score mean.

Thesis Abstract Several cytokines are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL). Given the importance of understanding the genetic predisposition involved in the pathogenesis of NHL, this work was designed to study the impact of IL-10 (-1082 G/A; rs1800896 and -819 C/T; rs1800871), IL-6 (-174 G/C; rs1800795) and CD38 (184C/G; rs6449182) gene polymorphisms on the susceptibility of Egyptians to NHL. Both loci of IL10 were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction- sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP), IL6 rs1800795 G/C was genotyped using mutagenically separated PCR (MS-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR (RFLP-PCR) was used to genotype CD38 (rs6449182 C/G) in 100 Egyptian patients and 119 controls. Plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An insignificant change in IL-10 (rs1800896 and rs1800871) genotypes were recorded. GT haplotype was significantly elevated.

Background: Understanding the molecular basis of lung cancer has led to the development of targeted agents with a significant clinical benefit. This benefit is confined to patients with specific molecular tumor characteristics. However, chemotherapy represents the backbone of treatment in fit patients and is associated with a significant overall survival prolongation and quality of life improvement. Aim: To evaluate the effect of a continuation maintenance therapy with paclitaxel in advanced NSCLC patients with weekly paclitaxel. Patients and Methods: The current study included patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (stage IIIB or IV) with performance status ≤ 2 who experienced good initial good response, or stable disease after receiving 4 cycles of paclitaxel carboplatin. Patients were randomized into 2 arms, the first arm received weekly paclitaxel (70 mg/m2) as continuation maintenance therapy for 3 weeks of 4 weeks cycle. The treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (maintenance arm). The second arm was kept under observation (observation arm). Results: There was a better lung cancer symptoms scale in the maintenance arm. Both times to progression and overall survival for the maintenance arm was higher (P value 0.16 and 0.047, respectively). Treatment-related toxicities were significantly higher in the maintenance arm as compared to the observation arm (P value

Genetic analyses have provided evidence to suggest that Bax and Bak are the essential genes for apoptosis in mammalians cells. This study aimed to search for biomarkers in breast cancer to be used as prognostic markers for the disease. The Bak and Bax genes expressions were analyzed in 23 breast cancer patients by RT-PCR technique. SSCP technique was used to detect the mobility of the abnormal fragment in Bak exon 4. PCR for Bax promoter was digested with Tau 1 restriction enzyme to identify a single polymorphism G(-248)A. The expression of Bak gene is related to several clinical factors of breast cancer. The analysis of Bax RNA showed 4 isoforms of Bax with different distributions in the normal and tumor tissues. These isoforms were Baxα, d,δ, andζ. Exon 4 had a normal pattern in all cases of breast cancer. There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency distribution of the G(-248)A genotypes in the breast cancer tissues with grade 3+high, T2 stage, lobular +other, and PR −ve subgroups. In this study, Bak expression seems to lead to development of breast cancer and affects the disease progression. Also, Bax d and Baxδcould be used as risk factor and biomarker for breast cancer with the distribution of G284A.

This corrigendum corrects the author list and affiliations of the article: Abd El Bary et al. Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Letrozole Compared with Tamoxifen as Initial Adjuvant Therapy for Postmenopausal Women with Endocrine Responsive Breast Cancer. Kasr El-Aini J Clin Oncol Nucl Med. 2009; 5(3-4): 11-17.In response to a request supported by documents from the corresponding author, the name Dr. Mohamed Elsherbini was added to the list of authors and the affiliation of Dr. Mohamed Abdeen was mentioned.The corrected version of this article replaces the primarily published one.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Since previous studies have indicated there are improvements in overall survival, the aim of this phase II clinical study was to evaluate docetaxel every three weeks plus prednisone as first-line chemotherapy for treatment of hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer (HRMPC). METHODS Thirty-five metastatic HRPC patients were treated with docetaxel 70 /m2 every 3 weeks plus oral prednisolone 5 twice daily at the clinical oncology departments of Tanta, Mansoura and Menofia University Hospitals during the period from June 2006 to December 2008. The primary endpoint was assessment of the overall tumor response rate. Secondary endpoints were assessment of PSA response rate, overall survival rate, and the time to disease progression. RESULTS The median number of cycles administered was 6 cycles. Partial response was observed in 15 patients (42.9%) with evaluable measurable disease. Median survival from protocol entry was 15 months. Median time-to-disease progression was 10 months. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) declined ≥ 50% in 9 patients (25.7%). The most common grade 3/4 toxicity associated with studied protocol was neutropenia (85.7%). CONCLUSIONS When given with prednisone, treatment with docetaxel every three weeks does not improve survival, so the benefit of docetaxel-based therapy is not clear this high risk and poor prognostic group of patients.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance and to define the optimal cutoff points of nodal ratio and number of dissected nodes in node-positive and node-negative breast cancer patients, respectively, who underwent inadequate axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Background The absolute number of involved axillary lymph nodes (LNs) is considered the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer. Over the last decade, several studies indicated that the lymph node ratio (LNR) might predict outcome better than the number of positive LNs. Patients and methods This retrospective study included 200 women with invasive breast cancer. Group I included node-positive cases with inadequate ALND; group II included node-positive cases with adequate ALND; group III included node-negative cases with inadequate ALND; and group IV included node-negative cases with adequate ALND. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to identify cutoff points of LNR in each of the node-positive groups, and number of dissected nodes in node-negative patients, classifying the patients into low-risk and high-risk groups. Results Optimal LNR cutoff points classifying node-positive patients into low-risk and high-risk groups were 0.44 for group I and 0.40 for group II with statistically significant differences in disease-free and overall survival. There were no statistically significant survival differences between groups III and IV. The cutoff point of six dissected nodes classified the node-negative patients into low-risk and high-risk groups with statistically significant differences in disease-free and overall survival. Conclusion LNR could be incorporated into the staging of breast cancer patients, especially those with inadequate axillary dissection. LNR cutoff points of 0.44 and 0.40 can be used to classify node-positive patients with inadequate and adequate axillary dissection, respectively, into low-risk and high-risk groups. For node-negative patients, oncologists can be satisfied with a number of dissected nodes as low as seven axillary LNs.

Objective The aim of this work is to estimate the frequency of different malignant diseases among the families in Manshaat Sultan village, Menoufia Government, and also estimate the depression and anxiety burden among the families of the studied patients with malignant disease. Background The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 47 and 18%, respectively, among family caregivers of patients with cancer. The psychological stress of caregiving has a negative effect not only on the health of the family caregivers but also on the health and well-being of the patients with cancer. Patients and methods The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University. In total, 356 families were identified as having one patient with cancer. There were 356 (1.424%) patients with cancer from 25 000 individuals registered in Manshaat Sultan village. Overall, 10 families were excluded for the pilot study. A total of 312 families accepted to complete the interview, with a response rate of 87.6%. Predesigned questionnaire included socioeconomic history and hospital anxiety depression scale to assess depression and anxiety burden among families of the studied patients with malignant disease. Results The result found that 312 families accepted to complete the interview in Manshaat Sultan village. The results also showed that anxiety and depression were prevalent among the selected family caregivers in the study area at 47 and 18%, respectively. Depression and anxiety significantly increased among family caregivers with low socioeconomic level in Manshaat Sultan. Conclusion Anxiety and depression among family caregivers has been associated with sex, the patient's medical problem, and financial and social level of family caregivers.